American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey Lander v. Schundler’s Empirical Analysis
Citation profile
3 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 19 later decisions — most recently June 2025
3 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Lemon v. Kurtzman · Marks v. United States · Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. P Casey P Casey · Agostini v. Felton Chancellor Board of Education of the City of New York · Lynch v. Donnelly
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 19 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“the Supreme Court’s decisions regarding holiday displays have been marked by fine line-drawing, and therefore it is not easy to determine whether particular displays satisfy the Court's standards. Under these circumstances, the mere fact that city officials miscalculate and approve a display that is found by the federal courts to cross over the line is hardly proof of the officials’ bad faith. Although the original Jersey City display was ultimately struck down, no Supreme Court or Third Circuit precedent clearly established that it was unconstitutional until the prior panel handed down its decision, and therefore the city officials' decision to erect that display, which had been put up for decades, can hardly be viewed as evidence of an intent to flout the Establishment Clause.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“in evaluating the message conveyed by the modified ... display to a reasonable observer, the general scope of [the city's] practice regarding diverse cultural displays and celebrations should be considered.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“of a practice is relevant because it provides part of the context in which a reasonable observer evaluates whether a challenged governmental practice conveys a message of endorsement of religion.'”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.