86
FEDERAl. REPORTER.
selected tor convenience. The master's account shows that the total amount of judgments rendered against the warranties of the defendant in the Agnelly and Monsseaux suits is 576,707.72. This amount, though less than the evidence shows is -requisite to indemnify the complainant, cannot Le disturbed. It is, to the extent of the periods covered thereby, binding alike upon the complainant and lhe defendant, A study of his report, ana the records of the causes introduced in evidence, shows that, when the complainant recovered the land, she recovered rents for only a portion of the period of her dispossession, often a small one, as the tenants had been in occupation only varying fractions oHime since 1837. Tho proof shows that the earlier intermediate grantees whG' occupied it are either insolvent, dead, without representatives, or, after search, cannot be found. The balance of the amount, viz., $1,045,363.78, which is the aggregate of the rents and profits which would, with 'c4.·dinary good management, have been received from the unimproved lots,-i. e., for those periods not covered by the possessory judgments,-is derived from a detailed statement of the rents from each lot, the yearly rental being 5 per cent. upon 70 per cent. of the price of adjudication in 1837. This rate, according to the conclusion of the court, as stated above, is short of what the evidence shows is the true measure of the rent by 30 per cent.;'i. e., that the yearly rent, as established by the evidenco, is 5 per cent. upon 100 per cent. of the full price of adjudication and sale. The correction required is made by adding 30 per cent. of this sum, where, as has been said, the computation has been made upon a basis of 70 per cent. The amount to be recovered, therefore, would be as follows: For improved and unimproved land already in juu!!ments. For balance of rents. unimprovetlland, Total, $ 576,707 92 1,348,959 91 $1,925,667 83
POl' which last amount, and the costs which nave beeu taxed in the Agnelly and Monsseaux suits, with interest upon that portion which arises from the yearly sums .for rent from J;:;,nuary 10, 1881, the complainant must have a decree.
STATES
v.
BEEBEE
and others. 1
(Circuit Court, E. D. Arkansas. June, 1883.) 1. EQUITy-LAPSE OF
cient defense, even in the absence of any statute of limitations, and without necessary reference to any question of laches. 1From the Colorado Law Reporter.
It is a general principle of equity that lapse of \ime may constitute a suffi.
TBrn
AS A DEli'ENSE.
UNITED STATES V. BEEBEE.
37
2.
SAME-PRESUMPTION AS TO DEATH OF WITNESSES.
'When the lapse of time has been so great as to afford a presump- ' tion that the witnesses are dead, and the proofs lost or destroyed, a court of equity will refuse to undertake the task of ascertaining the facts and atfording a remedv; and this, not because of any statutory limitation, or hecl:U"e of laches merely:1Jut upon glounds of public policy and for the peace of society. Lapse of time may be a sufficient. defense to a suit Instituted in the name of the United States. When the government becomes a party to a suit in its courts, it is bound by the same principles that govern individuals. 'When the United l:'ltates voluntarily appears in a ceurt of justice, it at the Sl"ne time voluntarily submits to the iaw, and pla"es itself upon an equality with otller litigants.
3.
THE UNITED STATES BOUND BY THESE RULES.
The facts are sufficiently stated in the opinion. Cum.mings J; Bilker and Liberty Bartlett, for complainant. U. M. e.t G. B. Rose, Clark J; Williams, and J. ,",t. Moore, for respondents. MCURAIW, J. The demurrer raises, for the first time in a federal court, the important question whether any lapse of time will constitute a bar, or a sufficient defense, to a suit in equity, brought in the name of the United States. This suit is bronght to cancel and set aside certain land patents executed by the United States, on the ground that the same were obtained by fraud. The patents attacked as fraudulent were issued about 43 years before the filing of the bill, and many of tile alleged matters of fact, concerning which it would be necessary to take proofs, in order to determine the question of fraud, transpired more than 60 years before the filing of the bill, as appears from its allegations. The claims of the Philbrook heirs, which it is alleged were unlawfully and fraudulently set aside by the action of the land department, had their inception in November, 1815. The frauds alleged to have been perpetrated by C. W. Beebee and Chester Ashley consisted, as alleged, in inducing the register of the land-office to believe that the settlers on the land had consented to the issuance of the patents; and it appears that whatever they did to this end was done prior to October, 1838. Both the parties charged to have actually participated in the fraud are long since dead, and we may assume that most, if not all, the witnesses who could testify from personal knowledge concerning it are likewise dead. The city of Little Rock, now the capital of Arkansas, has been built upon the land, and hundreds of innocent purcha')ers have bonght and paid for portions of it upon the faith of the patent of the United States. The land is covered with the homesteads of many hundreds of families. It has been thus occupied in many instances by tile present holdocE and their predecessors for more than a generation. A court of equity cannot contemplate with any degree of favor the proposition that this land sball, at this late day, be declared a part of the publie d?main, or granted to claimants who have so long slept npon thei! rIghts. It must, however, be conceded that, as a general rule, thE
38
FEDERAL REPORTER.
United States is not bound by any statute of limitations not imposed by congress, or chargeable with laches. The following cases, cited by counsel for plaintiff, abundantly Sl'pport this general ,doctrine: U. S. v. Kirkpa,trick, 9 Wheat. 720; Clwutealt, 13 Wall. 92; Gausscn v. U. S. 97 U. S. 584; U. S. v.Thompson, 98 U. S. 486. These are all, it is true, actions at comm.on law, but the same doctrine must, no doubt, prevail in equity, where the statute of limitation is sought to be interposed, in analogy to a like limitation at law. Unless, therefore, this defense can be supported upon some principle of equity juris;:Jrudence, separate and distinct from any state statute of limitat:ons, and from any considerations based alone upon the laches of the public agents of the government, it must fail, however .disastrous to the rights of innocent parties, and however inequitable the consequences may be. We are thus brought to the consideration of the question whether a lapse of time so great as to afford a clear presumption that all'the witnes£les to the transaction in controversy are dead, and all proof lost or destroyed, will of itself constitute a bar to a suit in equity, independently of any statute of limitations, and without regard to any question of laches; or, in other words, should a court of equity refuse to entertain a bill in equity upon the sale ground that the lapse of time has been so great as to make it impossible to ascertain the facts and apply the remedy, by reason of the death of the witnesses and the loss or destruction of proofs? In my judgment, the doctrine that a court of equity will not entertain a claim so stale as to be not capable of satisfactory proof, must stand as one applicable alike to all suitors; it rests not upon any statute of limitations, nor upon any doctrine of laches alone, although the fact of laches may always appear; it rests rather upon the sound rule that no court should ever entertain a controversy after the ravages of time have destroyed the evidence concerning it. A party called upon to answer to a charge of fraud committed by his ancestors, or those through or under whom he claims, more than 40 years before the commencement of the suit, need not plead the technical bar ofihe statute of limitations or the laches of the complainant; it is enough if he; alleges that tho ::laim is stale; and insists that by reason of tue long delay in bringing suit the witnesses by wbom he might bave ex.plained the transaction are dead. To compel him to submit his rights to adjudication under such circumstances would be abhorrent to the.-principles of equity, not becatlse'of any statutory bar or any laches merely, LutLecause the great lapse of time is evidence' against the complainant and in favor of tbe defendant, and because it is contrary to equity and good consciencetbat any person should be brought into court to answer for a fraud alleged to have been committed by othp.Ts before he was born, and so long ago as to make it impossible for hIm to find living , witnesses who have personal knowledge of the facts. Under such
m\ITED STATES
BEEBEE.
89
circumstanCJR a court of equity ought to presnme that the persons who were of the facts could, if living, explain them so as to disprove the charge of fraud. It is well settled that possession of land for a long period of time will raise a pl'esumption of a grant which will be enforced as against" the government, (,vlayol' v. Horner, "Oowp. 102; Ja.ckson v. 10 Johns. 380; Lewis" v. San Antonio, 7 Tex. 304; 3 Starkie, 1221; 2 Whart. Ev. § 134-8; Roe v. Ireland, 11 East, 280;) and if a grant is to be presumed by reason of tile "lapse of time, when there is no other evidence of a grant eXfl.ept that afforded by long possession, it would seem that, upon similar grounds, the validity of a grant which is shown to have been actually executed, and under which possession has been held for an equally long periodoftime, should be presumed. The authorities support the proposition that lapse of time may be a good defense in equity, independently of any statute of limitations, and they show that the doctrine rests not alone upon latches; it is often put upon one or all of the following grounds, namely: First, that courts of equity must, for the peace of society and upon grounds of public policy, discourage stale demands by refusing to entertain them; second, that lapse of Erne will, if long enough, be regardeJ as evidence against the stale claim equal to that of credible witnesses, and which, being disregarded, would in a majority of cases lead to unjust judgments; third, that, after the witnesses who had personal knowledge of the facts have all passed away, it is impossible to as· certain the facts, and courts of eqmty will, on this ground, refuse to undertake such a task. Thus Mr. Justice STORY says: "A defense peculiar to courts of equity is founded on the mere lapse of time and the staleness of the claim, in cases where uo statute of limitations tlirectly covers the case. In such cases courts of equity act sometimes by analogy to the law, and sometimes act upon their own inherent doctrine of discouraging, for the peace of society, antiquated demands, by refusing to interfere when there has been gross laches in prosecnting rights, or long allll unreasoaahle acquiescence in the assertion of adverse rights." 2 Story, Eg. !,:i:W.
And in Maxwell v. Kennedy, 8 How. 221, the supreme court of the United States, in answer to the argument that there was no statute of limitations applicable to the case at bar, said: "'We think the lapse of time, upon the facts stated in the bill and exhibits, is, upon principles of equity, a bar to the relief pra)"ed,wlthout reference to the direct bar of a statute of limitations."
Again, in Clarke v. Boorman's E:c'rs, 18 Wall. 50\), the same court said: "Ewry principle of justice and fair dealing. of the security of rights long recogn1.3ed, of repose of society, aud the intelligent administration of justice, forbids us to enter upon an inquiry into that transaction 40 years afler it oc· curred, when all the parties interested had li \'ed and died without complain·
FEDERAL RErORTER. ing of it, upon the suggestion of a construction of a will different from that held by the parties concerned, and acquiesced in by them throughout all this time." . . ..
In Browli v. Co. of Buena Vista, 95 U. S. 161, the same doctrine is expressed in these words: "The lapse of time carries with it the memory: and life of witnesses. thEe muniments of evidence, and other means of proof. The rule which gives it the effect prescribed is neeessary to the peace, repose, and welfare of society. A departure from it would. open an inlet to the evils intended to be excluded."
In IIanvoolr,v. Railroad Co. 17 Wall. 78, the doctrine is concisely and clearly stated thus: "Without referring to any statute of limitations, the courts have adopted the principle that the delay which will defeat a recovery must depend upon the particular circum:>lances of each case."
In Badger v. Badger, 2 Vl all. 94, the court saicl: "But there is a defense peculiar to courts of equity, founded on lapse of time and the stalene:>s of the claim, where no statute of limitations covers the case. In such cases courts of equity act upon their own inherent doctrine of disc0U1'agiug, for the peace of society, antiquated demands, and retuse to interfere where there has been gross laches in prosecuting the claim, or long acquiescence in the assertion of adverse rights."
In Boone v. Chiles, 10 Pet. 248, the rule is thus laid down: mands, and independent of the statute; it will refuse to give relief where a party has long slept on his rights, and where the possession of the property claimed has been held in good faith, without disturbance, and has greatly increased in valne." 'A court of chancery is said to act on its own rules in regard to stale de-
In Wilson v. Anthony, 19 Ark. 16, cited with approval' by the supreme court of the United States in Sultiran v.Railroad Co. 94 U. S. 811, the doctrine is well stated thus: .. The chancellor refuses to interfere, after an unreasonable lapse of time, from considerations of pu1Jlic policy, and from the dilficulty of doing entire justice when the original transactions have iJecome obscured iJy time, and the evidence may iJe lost."
. And see Elmend01f v. Taylor, 10 Wheat. 173; Hume v. Beale's Ex'r, 17 Wall. 343; Hall v. Law, 102 U. S. 465; Godden v. Kim. melt, 99 U. S. 210. Numerous other authorities might be cited to the same effect, but these are sufficient. In view of these authorities, and upon reason, I hold it to be a general principle of equity that lapse of time may constitute a sufficient defense, even in the abs:)nce of any statute of limitations, and without necessary reJerence to any question of laches. Such being the law, it is clear that lapse of time may be a sufficient defense to a suit instituted in the name of the government. It is well settled that when the United States becomes a party to a suit in the courts J and voluntarily submits its rights to judicial de-
41
termination, it is bound uy the same principles that govern individuals. When the United States voluntarily appears in a court of justice, it at the same time voluntarily submits to the law, and places itself upon an equality with other litigants. U. S. v. Fossatt, 21 How. 450; 'l'he Floyd Acceptances, 7 Wall. 675; U. S. v. Barker, 12 Wheat. 55:.1. In Mitchel v. U. S. 9 Pet. 711, the court said: --"By common law the king has lIO right of entry on land which is not g\1I' n to his gUbjeets; the king is put to his inquest of otBce or information uf intrusion in all cases where a subject is put to his action. 'fheir right is the same, though the king has more convenient remedies in enforcing his. If the king has no original right of possession to laud, he cannot acquire it without ottice funnd, so as to annex it to his domain."
And see U. S. v. State Bank, 96 U. S. 36; U. S. v. Bostzrick, 94 U. S. 66. "The principles which govern inquiries as to the conduct of indivilluals in respect their are eqnally applicable where the United States are a party." U. S. 94 U.S. 217.
In the case of The Siren, 7 Wall. 159, the court said: "But, although direct snits cannot be maintained against the United States 01" agn.inst their property, yet when the United States institute a suit they waive their exe,uptioll so far as to allow a presentation by the defendant of set-offs, legal and equitalJle. to the extent of the demand made or property claimed; and when they proceed in 1'em, they open tu consideration all claims and in regitru to the property libeled."
And in the same case it was said that the government, by its appearance in court, "waives its exemptions and submits to the application of the same principles by which justice is administered between private suitors." See, also, Bnrbank v. Fay, 65 N. Y. 62; Osbo1'1le v. Bank of U. S. 9 Wheat. 870; U. S. v. Macdaniel, 7 Pet. 1; Brent v. Bank of TVashingtim,10 Pet. 615. In the latter case the court declares that there'is no reason why the United States should be exempted from a fundamental rule of equity subject to which its courts administer their remedy, and it is said: "'l'hus compelled to come into equity for a remedy to enrOlee a legal right, the United States must come as other suitors, seeking, in the administration of the hw of equity, relief," etc. The same doctrine was laid down in strong langailge by Attorney General Hiack in Reside's Case, 9 Op. Atty. Gen. 204-, and also in the case of People v. Clarke, 10 Barb. 120. In the latter case, which was a bill instituted by the attorney of New York to cancel certain patents granted before the revolution, the C0urt said: "If the qnestions in this case may be deemed to belong' to a cO:lrt of equity, I cannot persuade myself that they are, therefore, n'ever to be put at rest by lapse of time. It would lJe an alarminj.t dtAltrine to hold that every man in the st.1.te who hollIs any land under a grant !Jt:.fore til(' revolutiun may be
turned out of possession !ly the if a king was cheatcu who, one or two hunureu since, mmle the grant."
42
FEDERAL REPORTEr..
See, also, upon this point, Mayor of Hull v. IIorner,Cowp. 110, decided by Lord MANSFIELD. . These considerations lead to the conclusions-First, that the lapse of time constituteS\ a good defense to this suit, upon the general principles of equity above stated, and which would be rdministered as between two citizens litigating in this tribunal; and, second, that the United States is bound by the same law. These conclusions render it unnecessary to consider the other important questions discussed by counsel. The court, however, deems it proper to say, in view of SDme remarks of the counsel for respondents, that, in opinion, the official action of the attorney general in directing that the bill be filed, cannot properly be made the subject of adverse criticism. The bill was filed upon the recommendation of the secretary of the interior, for the declared purpose of having the questions which were being pressed upon the attention of the land department in connection with the claims of the Philbrook heirs, determined by the judicial department of the government. Those questions are important and unsettled. An appeal to the courts was, therefore,entirely proper The demurrer to the bill is lmstained; and, unless the complainant asks leave to amend, there will be a. decree for respondents, dismissing the bill. CALDWELL,
J., being interested, took no !Jurt
III
this
See Speidel! v. Henrici, 15 FED. REP. 753, and note, 758.
ADAMS,
Trustee, and another, Assignee, v.
CRITTENDEN
and others.1
(Circuit Court, N. D. Alabama.
1881.)
1.
INJUNCTION.
It is neither regular nor proper to issue a perpetual injunction. at the first hearing of a cause, where no evidence was taken or considered, and an injunction so issued will be considered as only.
JURISDICTIO:'< 1:'< BANKRUPTCY.
After the property of a bankrupt has been sold and the proceeds received, and neither the court, nor the assignee, nor the creditors have any further interest in it the court will not interfere, at the instance of the purchaser, to prevent, b; injunction, parties from asserting any claims they may have, or pretend to ha,-e, against the property in any of the courts of the several states; and this, notwithstauding no final distribution has been made in the bankruptcy. The bankrupt court "ill not interfere where no advantage can result to the bankrupt's estate. H elEitt v. Norton, 1 ".oods, 71. distinguished.
In Equity. 1
Reported b.r Joseph P. Hornor, Esq., of the Xew Orleans bar.