In re Gardiner’s Empirical Analysis
171 F.2d 313 · 1948
Citation profile
3 federal appellate ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 27 later decisions — most recently March 2019 · most notably Catalina Marketing International Inc v. Coolsavingscom Inc, Catalina Marketing International, Inc. v. Coolsavings.com, Inc. (2002)
3 federal appellate ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on In re Britton · In re Lee
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 27 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“It is trite to state that the patentability of apparatus claims must be shown in the structure claimed and not merely upon a use, function, or result thereof.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.