majority"> Ali.eN, J.

"We were impressed by tbe argument of tbe learned counsel for tbe plaintiff, urging us to bold that tbe provision in tbe deed of trust directing tbe surplus of tbe proceeds of tbe sale of land to be paid to J. "W. Bailey and wife, M. E. Bailey, their executors and administrators, created an estate by tbe entireties, and that upon the death of J. W. Bailey tbe whole of tbe surplus belonged to bis wife by right of survivorship; but this question is foreclosed against tbe plaintiff by the decision in Harrington v. Rawls, 136 N. C., 66.

In tbe Harrington case tbe land belonged to tbe wife, Mrs. Briley, and she and her husband, J. A. Briley, conveyed tbe same by mortgage to secure a debt in which there was a power of sale, with direction in the mortgage that in tbe event of a sale, and after tbe payment of tbe debt, the mortgagee should “pay over tbe surplus, if any, to J. A. Briley and wife, Elsie.” Tbe land was sold after tbe death of Mrs. Briley and there was a net surplus arising from tbe sale of $1,920.65, and the question was raised as to who was entitled to tbe surplus. The Court, dealing with this question, said: “Had tbe land been sold prior *674 to tlie wife’s deatlx, the surplus would have passed to her administrator as personalty. But being sold after the death of the wife, it had previously to such sale descended to her heirs charged with the mortgage and the husband’s tenancy by the curtesy, and the surplus must be treated as realty. The provision in the mortgage, 'pay over the surplus, if any, to J". A. Briley and wife, Elsie,’ means only, as in other joint mortgages, 'as their several interests shall appear.’ It is not a conveyance of any interest by one mortgagor to the other.”

This case is also authoritative against the ruling of his Honor dividing the surplus equally between the plaintiffs and the. defendants, as it construes the direction to pay to the husband and wife as meaning “as their interest may appear,” and the rights of the parties in the surplus must therefore be determined according to their rights in the land at the time of the execution of the deed of trust.

At the time the deed of trust was executed the title to the land was in J. W. Bailey, but he held it under a deed executed to him by the plaintiff nine days before their marriage, in which the consideration is stated to be “$791 and my maintenance during my natural life.”

The meaning and effect of a provision for maintenance, frequently found in deeds and wills, have received different constructions, depending on the placing of the provision and upon other terms of the instrument in which it appears.

In some of the cases it is dealt with as a personal covenant (Taylor v. Lanier, 7 N. C., 98; Ricks v. Pope, 129 N. C., 55; Perdue v. Perdue, 124 N. C., 163; Lumber Co. v. Lumber Co., 153 N. C., 50), in others as constituting a charge on the rents and profits from the lands (Gray v. West, 93 N. C., 442; Wall v. Wall, 126 N. C., 408), and in others ás a charge on the land itself (Laxton v. Tilly, 66 N. C., 327; Helms v. Helms, 135 N. C., 171).

In the Lanier case, which is typical of the first class, the provision for maintenance was not named as a part of the consideration for the deed, but was an independent stipulation and agreement.

In Gray v. West, which belongs to the second class, the provision was that “Arey Gray is to have her support out of the land,” and in Wall v. Wall there was a conveyance of land with a reservation of the care and support of the daughter of the grantor.

The case of Laxton v. Tilly is in all material respects like the one before us. In that case it is stated in the deed that it is made “for and in consideration of the sum of $200 and the faithful maintenance of the said Thomas Laxton and wife, Polly Laxton,” and the Court said: “The maintenance of the plaintiff is not a charge upon the personalty of the estate of Levi Laxton, deceased, in the hands of the defendant, his administrator’, but it is a charge upón the land which *675 Thomas Laxton sold to Levi Laxton with the stipulation that Levi should support the plaintiff.”

This case and other authorities are reviewed in the case of Reims v. Reims, and while there was additional language in the deed considered in that case, it was held, independent of this, that a provision for maintenance in a conveyance of land is' a charge -upon the land,- the Court saying: “The uncertainty into which title would be thrown is a strong reason for construing provisions for support as covenants and not conditions is recognized by the courts. To treat them as mere personal covenants, having no security for their performance save the personal liability of the grantor, would often lead to injustice, leaving persons who had made provisions for support in old age or sickness without adequate protection or relief. The courts have almost uniformly treated the claim for support and maintenance as a charge upon the land, which will follow it into the hands of purchasers. In this way the substantial rights of both grantor and grantee are preserved. ‘The grantee by accepting the deed and entering into possession under it becomes bound by the agreement providing for the support of the grantor, and the provision for support thus becomes equivalent to a life annuity.’ ”

Of course, in this case the purchaser at the sale under the deed of trust takes the title free from the charge, because the plaintiff executed the deed of trust; but the charge would exist as to the surplus not needed for the payment of the debt secured.

We are therefore of opinion that the provision for maintenance in the deed executed by the plaintiff to J. W. Bailey was a charge upon the land conveyed in the deed, and that at the time the deed of trust was executed Bailey was the owner in fee, subject to the charge, and that after a sale the charge was transferred from the land to the surplus.

If so, and if the surplus is realty, as was held in the case of Harrington v. Rawls, supra, the plaintiff is entitled to dower in the surplus, and, in addition, can charge the surplus with her support during her life, to be paid out of the income or the principal sum.

The costs will be divided between the plaintiff and the defendants.

Eeversed.

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