Epstein v. United States’s Empirical Analysis
174 F.2d 754 · 1949
Citation profile
70 federal appellate · 3 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 91 later decisions — most recently June 2018 · most notably Bender v. Southland Corp. (1984), United States v. Frost (1997)
70 federal appellate · 3 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation · Pepper v. Litton · Geddes v. Anaconda Copper Mining Co. · McGourkey v. Toledo & Ohio Central Railway Co. · Washburn v. Green
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 91 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Actual fraud has been defined as intentional fraud, consisting in deception intentionally practiced to induce another to part with property or to surrender some legal right, and which accomplishes the end designed. It requires intent to deceive. (Citations omitted). . . . Constructive fraud is a breach of legal or equitable duty which in spite of the fact that there is no moral guilt resulting from the breach of duty, the law declares fraudulent because of its tendency to deceive others, to violate public or private confidence or to injure public interests.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[T]he receipt of such returns by a director without disclosure of interest to the board of directors does not constitute the perpetration of an active, intentional fraud upon his corporation where there is good faith, fair dealing, and benefit to the corporation of which he is a director.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“concluded that the failure to make (a) disclosure did not clothe ... (the) otherwise fair course of dealing with intentional fraud, dishonest in purpose, and inconsistent with moral uprightness.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.