Miller v. Reed’s Empirical Analysis
176 F.3d 1202 · 1999
Citation profile
29 federal appellate · 14 district · 15 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 104 later decisions — most recently August 2025 · most notably Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky (2009), Civil Liberties for Urban Believers v. City of Chicago (2003)
29 federal appellate · 14 district · 15 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1291 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Bell v. Burson · Employment Division Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. L Smith · City of Boerne v. Flores · Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah · Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Assn.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 104 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“free exercise plaintiff must make out a colorable claim that a companion right has been violated.”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“burdens on a single mode of transportation do not implicate the right to interstate travel.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[involves] not the Free Exercise Clause alone, but the Free Exercise Clause in conjunction with other constitutional protections”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.