¶1dissenting: Concurs tbat tbe motion to dismiss was properly denied. Tbe evidence, as recited by tbe court in tbe charge, is as follows: Tbe sberiff, in pursuance of information received, went to Mortimer to look for tbe still; this defendant was at his store; when tbe sberiff passed by tbe rear end of tbe store and turned tbe corner of tbe store be saw a gun1 standing there, and when be got to tbe next ‘corner of tbe store be saw tbe defendant; be passed on a few steps and looking-back saw tbe defendant go into the bouse, and returning with tbe gun, go up in tbe direction of tbe still, while tbe sberiff was going down a further way by tbe railroad; in a minute or two, or a short time, be beard a gun *755fire, and looking back saw the smoke and the defendant nnbreacbing, or breaching, his gnn; the defendant was standing between the rails of the railroad track, and fired his gun again, but he was not shooting at anything ; he held the gun up and fired in the air; the sheriff then proceeded to the still, which he found with the fire in the furnace, and everything as if running except that the still had been taken out and was gone. The defendant left his gun in an old house along the road, and that night he was seen to go there with a light and search around in the house and go away.
¶2There was ample evidence justifying the court in submitting the case to the jury. It needs no authority in this State, that one who aids and ahets in a misdemeanor can be convicted of the offense charged in the hill. In S. v. Horner, 174 N. C., 792, it is said: “It makes no difference whether defendant was a principal in the first degree, or in the second degree, as aider and abettor. The latter is but a lower grade of the principal offense, viz., the distilling and manufacturing of liquor. An aider and abettor is denominated in the books as principal in the second degree.”
¶3In S. v. Ogleston, 177 N. C., 542, Allen, J., charged the jury: “Under this act, notwithstanding the charge is for the manufacture of spirituous liquors, you can convict either of the defendants for aiding and abetting the manufacturing of spirituous liquors.” This charge was sustained by the Court.
¶4It is assigned as error that the judge charged the jury: “Gentlemen of the jury, it does not mean the State is required to satisfy you beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was that morning making that particular run; but if he had been manufacturing liquor in the State of North Carolina, at any time in the last two years, he would be guilty.”
¶5I cannot concur that “the only evidence offered by the State was that the defendant fired his gun to give warning on this particular occasion.” There were many additional circumstances from which the jury could infer that the aiding and abetting had existed prior to this time. The sheriff, when he went up by the rear of the defendant’s store, in passing around the corner saw the gun standing there, and the defendant, who was near by, went to the house, got the gun, and went by a short cut in the direction of the still. The sheriff heard the gun fire, saw the smoke from the gun, and defendant unbreaching his gun. lie saw him fire the gun again, though he was not shooting at anything; the sheriff then went to the still and found fire still in the furnace, and everything as if running, except that the still itself was taken out and gone. This evidence was sufficient to submit to the jury the question whether the defendant had previous knowledge of the illicit manufacturing of liquor, and was under an agreement to give warning of the approach of officers. If not, why *756did, be have his gun ready at hand, and why did he go by a short cut near the distillery and give notice by firing his gun off twice, and then hide his gun and go back that night secretly to get it? To any reasonable man there can be but one inference, and that is that there was pre-concert between him and the parties actually running the still, for they left the still “with the fire in the furnace, and he found everything as if running, except that the still was taken out and was gone.” There was, therefore, ample evidence from which the jury could draw the inference that the defendant, within two yeans prior to that particular moment, had been engaged, or was aiding or abetting those who were engaged, in running this illicit distillery. This conduct was not that of a man acting on a sudden impulse. The defendant put on no evidence.
¶6This principle that the aider and abettor, like the receiver of stolen goods, is liable as principal, is older than the sommon law. Those who have read the old Latin reader Via Latina will remember this incident copied from an historian, who wrote 2,500 years ago, at a time when thoso captured in battle were slain, and not made slaves (as was later the case for several centuries). Said the historian: “Tubicen ab hosti-bus captus, ‘Net me:/ i/nquit ‘interficitej nam inermis sum, ñeque quid-quam habeo praeter hanc tubamAt hostes, ‘Propter hoc ipsum/ in-quiunt 'te interimemus, quod, cum ipse pugnandi sis imperitus, alios ad pugnam incitare soles.’ Fábula docet non solum maléficos esse pnn-iendos, sed etiam eos qui alios ad male faciendum incitentThis, briefly rendered into English, is as follows: “A trumpeter captured by the enemy said, ‘Do not kill me, for I am unarmed and have nothing except this trumpet.’ But the captors readied: ‘For that very reason we will slay you, because when the order comes for battle, you .only incite others to fight.’ This teaches us that not only those who do evil should be punished, but more especially those who encourage others to. do evil, should suffer.”
¶7It is also assigned as error that the court charged the jury: “If the State has satisfied you that this man was aiding and abetting, if not himself manufacturing, it would be your duty, to convict,” and erred in leaving out the words “beyond a reasonable doubt.” This is not just to-the learned judge who no less than eleven times in this somewhat brief charge told the jury they must acquit the defendant unless they found him guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt.” The charge must be taken as a whole.
¶8In the opening of the charge Judge Ilarding charged: “In this case you can convict the defendant for the manufacture of liquor, or for aiding and assisting in the manufacture of liquor; that is the law in this State. The burden is on the State to satisfy you beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty.” This was not only said eleven *757times in the charge, but the charge objected to above, with its context, reads as follows, and is the conclusion of the charge: “If the State has satisfied you that this man was aiding and assisting; if not himself manufacturing liquor, it would be your duty to convict; if the State has failed to satisfy you, give him the benefit of the doubt and acquit him.
¶9“I say, as I have said so many times, a reasonable doubt does not mean any doubt or suspicion, or an indefinite, vague, visionary information you may take of it; a doubt on the part of anybody else; you should refuse to convict; but if you have such a doubt; if the evidence in this case raises in your mind, as would be raised in the mind of a reasonably thinking man when he comes to consider all the evidence in this, all the facts surrounding the situation; if you have a reasonable doubt as to the defendant’s guilt, give him the benefit of the doubt and acquit him.
¶10“If the State has satisfied you beyond a reasonable doubt, and your discretion says so, it is your duty to convict him; just as it is your duty to acquit him if the State has failed to so satisfy you. Eetire and take your verdict.”
¶11Thus the instruction that the jury must acquit the defendant unless they find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt is not only given eleven times in the charge, but three times in the immediate context following that paragraph and closing the instructions to the jury, and, in addition, as part of the very same sentence (which part is omitted by defendant’s counsel in assigning error) the court said that the jury must give the defendant “the benefit of the doubt and acquit him.”