¶1The principal question in these cases is whether the defendant D’Arcy can be held to pay any further sum under a written contract of sale made between the parties, or is entitled to recover back what he has already paid, on the ground that he bought the property at auction, at which unknown to him fictitious bids were made to raise the price, and in consequence of which he was deceived and defrauded.
¶2*552As a verdict was ordered for the assignee the evidence is to be considered in the light most favorable to this contention.
¶3It was understood by the parties to these suits that there was to be a final sale of the rights of the debtors in the property described in the contract, to be held at the office of the assignee, and at the time appointed they and other creditors of the debtors attended. The property was offered for sale by the assignee and bids were called for, and made by different persons. It appears that in response to this call by the assignee some of the creditors would bid, then the bidding would cease for a time, and they would leave the room apparently for consultation between themselves ; after which they returned and bidding would be resumed.
¶4All the proceedings appear to have been conducted with great deliberation and a period of four hours elapsed between the time when the property was put up and when it was sold.
¶5The conduct of the bidders and the manner of bidding does not seem to have aroused at the time any suspicion in the mind of D’Arcy that the sale was not being fairly conducted, and it is to be noted in this connection that during all this period his counsel was present to assist and advise him, so far as advice might be deemed necessary.
¶6Finally the successful bid or offer was made by the buyer and accepted by the assignee in writing; and this was followed by, and formed the basis of, the contract in suit.
¶7While some of the conditions that attended the sale are unusual yet the characteristic features of a sale by auction are found. At a time duly appointed, and announced, property to which the vendor had a good title is openly put up, and offered for sale, bids are made, and it is sold to the highest bidder. Such a sale must be considered and treated as having been made by auction.
¶8It was clearly the purpose of the assignee and of the creditors present and who made bids, to realize for the property the highest obtainable price; and in good faith, by proper means, they might lawfully carry out this purpose in • order to prevent a sacrifice of the estate of the insolvent debtors. Phippen v. Stickney, 3 Met. 384, 388, 389.
¶9But a'combination by them to enhance the price to be obtained by fictitious bids at a sale to be made without reserve to the *553highest bidder, would be a fraud practised upon those who bid without knowledge of the arrangement, and give to the buyer a right to avoid the sale. Curtis v. Aspinwall, 114 Mass. 187.
¶10From the testimony of one of the witnesses it might be inferred that some of the bids made by the creditors and before the final bid of the defendant D’Arcy to whom the property was struck off, were of this character; and in his answer in the first case which must be taken to state the position taken by him at the trial, he relies upon this by-bidding to avoid the sale. But he does not aver that these puffers were employed by the assignee, or acting in his behalf, or that their conduct was known to him. He alleges that they were employed by the creditors of the estate in whose behalf the property was put up and offered for sale.
¶11His offer of proof of evidence which was excluded
¶12If the scheme outlined was to be put through, by-bidding would have been fatal to its success, as it was not desired to enhance the price of the property to be sold, but the purpose was to enable the defendant D’Arcy to get it as cheaply as possible, provided he made certain payments to the assignee.
¶13As assignee, the plaintiff Rowley held by a good title the property of the debtors to be properly administered and applied in their behalf to the payment of their debts, and also repre*554seated the rights of the creditors that all the property of the-debtors should be ascertained, turned into money, honestly accounted for, and paid over to them to the extent of the indebtedness proved, less the proper expenses of administration and distribution; and in all suits and proceedings in which the estate was involved it was his duty to appear, represent, and act for them.
¶14Upon the assignment being made to him of the property of the insolvent debtors, he was vested with an absolute title to their estate which he could sell either by public auction, or at private sale so as to convey a good title to the purchaser. Pub. Sts. c. 157, §§ 46, 50. Tuite v. Stevens, 98 Mass. 305. Crowley v. Hyde, 116 Mass. 589.
¶15The control of the sale was wholly in his power and under his direction, and no other person on the evidence could legally release any bidder from the obligation incurred by his bid. And the creditors who made the fictitious bids could not as between themselves provide immunity from any risk of being held personally liable, for their several offers.
¶16For anything that appears in the case each bidder could have been required by the assignee to take and pay for the property, if it had been struck off to him.
¶17All of the evidence is recited in the exceptions and fails to show any misrepresentations by the assignee, or that he knew of and participated in the conduct and purpose of the creditors at any time before the final bid was made and accepted, and the written contract executed and delivered. The essential element of fraud which must be shown on the part of the vendor, or of the person who absolutely controls and directs a sale by auction in order to avoid it, is absent.
¶18And as the assignee is not shown to have either procured or assented to the fictitious bids, the sale is not voidable on the part of the buyer, and must stand. Peck v. List, 23 W. Va. 338, 388. National Bank of Metropolis v. Sprague, 5 C. E. Green, 159, 165. McMillan v. Harris, 110 Ga. 72. Towle v. Leavitt, 23 N. H. 360. Rigg v. Schweitzer, 170 Penn. St. 549. East v. Wood, 62 Ala. 313. Veazie v. Williams, 8 How. 134.
¶19Exceptions overruled.
¶20 The offer of proof referred to was in substance, that at certain interviews Rowley stated to D’Arcy, that he could and would control the auction sale at which he proposed to sell the Willow Park rights, so that D’Arcy could buy them at a nominal price, provided Rowley should receive an additional sum from D’Arcy of $1,000, to go in part to himself, in part to one Danishevsky, in part to one Pinkoffski, and possibly to a few others of the creditors of Berkman Brothers ; that at this time Rowley stated that the date had been set for the auction sale; and that this was the sale which subsequently was appointed for November 15 and adjourned to November 23, 1898, at which time the fraud complained of was alleged to have been perpetrated.