majority">FOX, J.

This is a suit begun on the first day of“ April, 1901, by appellant against respondent, before a justice of the peace. The cause of action, as amended and upon which the trial was had, is as follows:

*714“Plaintiff for cause of action says that the defendant, on the 27th day of March, 1901, wrongfully, unlawfully and without right, dumped and piled a lot of waste and refuse matter upon and within the right-of-way of the Louisiana, Bowling Green and Ashley gravel road, the sama being a public road leading from said Bowling Green to Ashley in said Pike county, at or about the point on said road where the same leads through the village or town of St. Clement in said Pike •county, said waste and refuse matter consisting of paper and other refuse matter (which said pile of paper and straw was an object naturally calculated to frighten horses of ordinary gentleness), and was so piled and •dumped by the defendant within a few feet of the main line of travel upon said road. That the defendant permitted said pile of waste and refuse matter to so remain until the'27th day of March, 1901 (for a space of time of four hours), and that on said last-named date plaintiff was travelling upon said road — in a one-horse buggy — and that said horse became frightened at said pile or dump of waste and refuse matter, and violently swerved and lunged, threw the buggy over and violently •■dragged and threw the plaintiff out of said buggy. Wherefore. plaintiff asks judgment for two hundred ■and fifty dollars and for costs.”

Upon the trial the plaintiff’s testimony was substantially as follows:

“I am now and was on the 27th day of March last working for my cousin, Luke Emerson, as his ^housekeeper. St. Clement is on the gravel road beween Bowling Green and Luke Emerson’s house. On March 27th, last, I was driving with Luke Emerson on the gravel road in a one-horse top-buggy, the top being up, going home from Bowling Green, and was passing through St. Clement at good dusk; was just jogging along and when we got just opposite defendant’s store, the horse suddenly stopped, turned his head towards defendant’s store, then made a lunge away from the store and upset *715the buggy and threw us out. I was thrown over Mr. Emerson. My head struck the ground; I was stunned. The next thing I knew I was sitting up. My face was all blood and the side of my head paining me. The horse ran on down the road. My attention was attracted to what the horse looked at when he stopped before he lunged. I saw white paper, light paper and straw. It was just scattered near the roadside, the gravel. Some of it was nearly up to the main line of travel. Besides the paper, there was some straw or hay, something of that kind — rubbish. It was piled four or five feet from the edge of the gravel part. There was a slight wind; the paper seemed to be in motion from the wind. The horse turned the buggy over as quickly as it possibly could be done. Mr. Emerson helped me up and across the road into defendant’s store. As we went to the store, I saw paper and straw; went through it — passed right by it. The defendant was in the store. I asked defendant why he threw all that rubbish out there. I said it was just stuff to frighten people’s horses and maybe kill somebody. He said he intended to burn it, but there were some horses hitched out there, and he was afraid he would scare them. The side of my head was hurt, which I have never gotten over, and my lip was cut; my left arm and shoulder was hurt. My health was all right before this, but since my head has been troubling me and it has made me nervous. The horse we were driving was a gentle horse. I have driven him a great deal. ’ ’

The doctor who was called to see plaintiff after the injury testified that her injuries were serious, and he doubted if she ever fully recovered.

George Evans, witness for plaintiff, testified as follows : “Am a merchant in Bowling Green. Heard defendant testify in the justice court; was on the jury. He said the paper and straw came out of some-crates and barrels. He said he commenced piling it out next to the gravel road about four o’clock and burned it *716about seven. I am acquainted with the character of the packing about queensware.' The paper isn’t any account, pretty near worthless for wrapping and the' straw might be used for bedding. ’ ’

Witness Jack Tumilty. testified substantially as. follows: “I heard defendant testify in the justice court. As well as I remember he said he was unpacking sometime after one o’clock and burned it between seven and eight o’clock. He said he piled it out in front and about fifteen feet from the store. Defendant said he was unpacking all that afternoon. He said that as he unpacked the queensware he piled up the refuse matter, the straw and the paper. He also said he was out there keeping that stuff piled up and not letting it get scattered over the country. ’ ’

Defendant testified in his own behalf, and stated, substantially, that “on the 27th day of March, last, I was unpacking some queensware, began about four o’clock; there was also some glassware; it was packed in paper and straw; the queensware was packed in. straw; I took the refuse matter out and piled it up, within fifteen! feet from the store and thirty-five feet, from the center of the gravel; I piled it there and burned it up; I piled it and burned it on my own premises ; after I got done unpacking it, I burned it up or had the boys burn it up.. The paper and straw was piled up there in the first place, that was piled first, but then they scattered it; somebody run over it with a wagon; that is what they told me; no, I don’t know, I never saw it; I raked it up in a pile together. I went out and saw it was scattered and and I went out with a rake and raked it up in a pile and as soon as I had it there I went and hunted a plank to make a shelf to put the queensware on; and when I was making the shelves, it was dark already, and Miss McClure and Luke Emerson came in and said I piled some stuff out there and scared the horses and turned the buggy over. I don’t know whether it turned it over or didn’t; *717I expect it did, the horses got scared. It was about half past six; somewhere right there; I couldn’t say for positive; just dark. The stuff was burned where it was piled; I did not repile it to burn it; I did not rake it ■up when it was burned; I raked it up when it was scattered. ”

Other witnesses were introduced by defendant, who corroborated, in the main, the testimony of the defendant, and it is unnecessary to reproduce their testimony here.

At the conclusion of the testimony, the court, at the request of the plaintiff, gave instructions numbered 1 and 3, as follows:

“1. The court instructs the jury that if they shall believe from the evidence in the cause that the defendant, on or about the 27th day of March, 1901, dumped and piled a lot of waste and refuse matter, consisting ■of paper and straw, upon and within the right-of-way ■of the Louisiana, Bowling Oreen and Ashley gravel road, at or about the point on said road where the same leads through the village or town of St.’ Clement, and that the defendant permitted said pile of waste and refuse matter to so remain piled for the space of one hour ■or more, and that said pile of waste and refuse matter, ■consisting of paper and straw, was an object naturally calculated to frighten horses of ordinary gentleness; and if the jury shall further find from the evidence that plaintiff on said date was travelling upon said road in a one-horse buggy, and that said horse became frightened'-at said pile of waste and refuse matter, and in such fright, swerved and lungéd and turned the buggy, in which plaintiff was travelling, over during such swerving and lunging, and threw plaintiff out of it, and on to the ground, whereby plaintiff was cut, bruised or wounded, then in such case the verdict of the jury must be for the plaintiff.”

“3. The court further instructs the jury that if you shall find for the plaintiff under the instructions *718heretofore given, you will allow her.such damages, not exceeding the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars, as seems to you right and proper under all the facts and. circumstances in evidence. In estimating her damages yon have a right to consider the bodily and mental pain, if any, endured by plaintiff from the injury and fright of plaintiff, if any, medical bills and bills for nursing which she bas incurred or paid and the probable future-injury, if any, to her health or body, whether permanent or otherwise, resulting from defendant’s wrongful act, if the evidence shows the circumstances to exist.”

Plaintiff requested the court to give instructions, numbered 4 and 5, which were refused. They were as follows:

“4. Although the jury may believe from the evidence in the cause that defendant piled said lot of waste and refuse matter upon the side and five feet of the Louisiana, Bowling Green and Ashley gravel road, yet if the jury shall further .'believe and find from the evidence in the cause, that part of said waste and refuse matter became separated and scattered from the said pile, and became and was upon the said road, and shall further believe that said part or parts of waste and refuse matter so upon said road, was an object naturally calculated to frighten horses of ordinary gentleness, and that plaintiff’s horse being driven upon said road as set out in instruction numbered 1, given for plaintiff herein, became frightened at said part or parts, of said waste and refuse matter, and in such fright swerved and lunged and during such swerving and lunging, turned plaintiff’s buggy over and threw plaintiff out and upon the ground, thereby cutting, bruising and wounding plaintiff, then in such case the verdict of the jury must be for the plaintiff.

“5. The court further instructs the jury that although they may believe from the evidence in the cause that the defendant dumped and piled the lot of waste and refuse matter, consisting of paper and straw, near *719to and along the side of and five feet of the side of the Louisiana, Bowling Oreen and Ashley gravel road, yet this fact will not excuse the defendant if the jury shall further find and believe from the evidence in the cause, that defendant piled and dumped such lot of waste and refuse matter upon open and uninclosed ground, .adjoining to said road and used by the public, and permitted same to so remain' piled and dumped for an unreasonable space of time, and that such pile of waste and refuse matter was an object naturally calculated to frighten horses of ordinary gentleness, and that the plaintiff while driving upon said road in a one-horse buggy, the horse hitched to the buggy became frightened at part or parts of said waste and refuse matter scattered and separated from said pile, and in such fright, said horse swerved and lunged and during such swerving and lunging, turned said buggy over and threw plaintiff to the ground and out of said buggy, whereby plaintiff was cut, bruised and wounded, then in such case the verdict of the jury must be for the plaintiff.”

The following instructions were given at the request of the defendant:

“1. The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence in the cause that the paper and straw claimed to have been placed upon the margin of the highway by the defendant, was not of a character calculated to frighten a horse of ordinary gentleness, they will then find for the defendant.

“2. The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence in the cause that the pile of paper and straw mentioned in evidence was not upon the highway, but upon defendant’s own premises, they will then find for the defendant.

‘ ‘ 3. The court instructs the jury that before plaintiff can recover in this action, she must show by the greater weight of the evidence, that the defendant on the 27th day of March, 1901, piled a lot of waste and *720refuse matter upon and within the right-of-way of the Louisiana, Bowling Green and Ashley gravel road, and that said waste and refuse matter was naturally calculated to frighten horses of ordinary gentleness, and unless plaintiff has shown both of these facts by the greater weight of evidence, then your verdict should be for the defendant.”

Upon the submission-of the cause to the jury, they returned a verdict finding the issues for the defendant.

From the judgment rendered in accordance with the verdict, plaintiff prosecuted her appeal to the St. Louis Court of Appeals,., and it appearing to that court that a constitutional question was involved, the cau*¡e was certified to this court, and the record is now before us for consideration.

OPINION.

The record in this cause presents four propositions for our consideration:

First. It is contended that instructions numbered 1 and 3, given in behalf of respondent, were erroneous for the reason that the directions of the court embraced an issue not authorized by the pleading or the evidence.

Second. It is urged that instructions numbered 1 and 2,.for respondent, are inconsistent with each other and calculated to mislead the jury.

Third. It is insisted that the court erred in the refusal of instructions numbered 4 and 5, requested by appellant.

Fourth. That the verdict was erroneous because returned by only nine of the members of the jury.

Upon the first proposition, it is insisted that the failure of the court to amplify, in its instructions numbered 1 and 3, the subject by stating that the “-paper and straw, refuse matter, ’ ’ so upon the highway was an object naturally calculated to frighten horses of ordinary gentleness, while being driven along the high*721way, was error. In other words, to state the proposition more clearly, it is contended that the failure of the court, in its directions to the jury, to locate the refuse matter upon the highway, as the object calculated to frighten horses, constituted error. "We can not give our assent to this contention. The issue presented by the pleading and the case tried was as to the refuse matter placed upon the highway by defendant, and whether it was naturally calculated to frighten horses of ordinary gentleness, and it is clear, when the jury were told that the pile of refuse matter must be of * that character naturally calculated to frighten horses of ordinary gentleness, that such directions had reference to refuse matter upon the highway. That was the issue before the jury and they could not, without doing violence to their intelligence, have understood that it referred to refuse matter located anywhere else.

The jury, by instruction numbered 1, given upon the request of the plaintiff, were fully advised as to the issue upon trial; it was unnecessary in each and every instruction, in speaking of the refuse matter, to use the terms “upon the highway,” for it is too plain for discussion that every intelligent juror understood the court, when speaking of .the refuse matter as applicable to this case, as referring to an object naturálly calculated to frighten horses and to have referred to an object located upon the highway. The instructions complained of in no way conflict with plaintiff’s instruction numbered 1.

It is next insisted that instructions numbered 1 and 2, given for respondent, are inconsistent with each other. This is a misconception of the true purpose of those instructions.

It will be noted that the defense to this action was along two lines: first, that the refuse matter alleged to have been piled up on the highway was not of a character calculated to frighten a horse of ordinary *722gentleness; second, that the pile of refuse matter complained of was not upon the highway, but upon defendant’s own premises. The instructions criticised simply presented both lines of defenses. While both propositions may have been embraced in one declaration, we are unable to discover wherein the error consists by stating them separately.

It is a common practice, in defenses to actions, for the court by separate instructions to require the jury to find all the essential elements necessary to fully establish the cause of action stated in the complaint.

There was no error in the action of the court in its refusal of instructions numbered 4 and 5. While we fully approve the repeated rulings of this court that technical rules applicable to pleading in courts of general jurisdiction are dispensed with in causes before justices of the peace, yet it is essential, in actions of this character, that the statement of the cause of action should be sufficiently specific to advise the opposite party of the nature of the claim made, in order that preparation may be made upon an intelligent basis to meet the demand and cause of action suggested by the complaint. We have in this case an action for damages for injuries resulting in the maintenance upon the public highway of a nuisance or, at least, of something approaching the nature of a nuisance. The cause of action as stated in the complaint specifically charges that the pile or dump of refuse matter was by the defendant placed upon and within the right-of-way of the public road. The instructions refused seek a recovery upon an entirely different ground, that is, on the ground of a different character of negligence.

If it was a windy day and the defendant carelessly and negligently piled or dumped straw and paper upon his own premises, upon open and uninclosed ground near the public highway, and the injury resulted from this negligence, he certainly had the right to know, from the statement of the cause of action, that he would *723be required to meet this character of charge of negligence. An examination of the cases cited by learned counsel for appellant, as supporting this contention, will demonstrate that they are distinguishable from the case at bar.

There is no merit in the constitutional question presented, in respect to nine of the jurors returning the verdict. That proposition was finally settled in Grabbert v. Railroad, 171 Mo. 84, and uniformly approved by subsequent cases.

This cause was tried in the circuit court of the county in which the injuries complained of occurred. The witnesses were before the jury, and it was the province of the triers of the facts to determine the credibility of the witnesses, and the weight to be attached to their testimony. The court, by its instructions, fairly covered the issues on trial; there was a verdict for the defendant, and we are not disposed to disturb that verdict.

The judgment of the trial court should be affirmed, and it is so ordered.

Gantt, P. J., concurs; Burgess, J., absent.

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