BEED tI. HOLLIDAY.
825
days thereafter, $200 when the profits amounted to that sum, and the remaining $400 when half the prof\ts reached that amount. It is unfortunate that at this time the defendant did not obtain a license from the complainant; he was doubtless misled as to his rights and supposed he was purchasing not only the apparatus but the right to operate it. The court, however, must construe the contract according to its true legal import. Sherwood could, of course, convey no more than he himself possessed. What he possessed was a "shop right" for Buffalo, a mere personal license. It was not assignable and gave him no right to authorize others to use the process, except in the manner expressly stipulated. Rubber 00. v. Goodyear, 9 Wall. . 788; Troy Fact. v. Oorning, 14 How. 193; Searls v. Bouton, 12 FED. REP. 140. After the agreement was executed the machine and fixtures were owned by the defendant. They were operated in his place of business. Sherwood had no title to them; he was not a partner of the defendant or associated in business with him in any legal sense. His only interest was to see that the defendant paid him the $800 pursuant to the terms of the contract. Upon this proof r am constrained to hold that the defendant has infringed. The other defenses of a technical character have been carefully examined but it is thought that none of them are well founded.· It follows that there must be a decree for the complainant with a reference to a master.
REED
and another v.
HOLLIDAY.
(C'ircuit Court, W. D. Penn81/lvania. January 31,188.4.) 1. COPYRIGHT-ACT OF CONGRESS.
The act of congress secures to the proprietor of a copyright the" sole liberty" of printing, etc., and vending the copyrighted book, and this is inconsistent with a right in any other person to print and vend material and valuable portions of said work taken veroatim. therefrom. .
2.
BAME-INFRINGEMENT-TEXT-BoOKs-KEY FOR USE OF TEACHERS.
A key, purporting to be for the use of teachers, to copyrighted text-books which contain an original method by which instruction in the English language is made interesting and effective by the use of sentences formed into diagrams under certain rules and principles of analysis, in which key are transcribed from the original works, diagrams, and also all the lesson-sentences arranged in diagrams according to said rules, is an infringement of the copyright.
S. 8AME-INJUNCTION......WHAT MUST liE SHOWN. Upon an application for an injunction to restrain infringement, it is not necessary to show that the piratical work is a substitute for the original. 4. SAME-INTENTION. Intention is a matter of no moment if infringement otherwise appears. Ii. B.AME-INJUNCTION-WHEN GRANTED. If a plaintiff shows infringement of his copyright the court will grant an injunction without proof of actual damage.
I
326
FEDERAL REPORTEB.
. In :Eq\ll\Y. '" Sur motion for preliminary W. F. Mc.Gqok for complainants. ' , . W m. Bla kely, for defendant. ACHESON, J. The plaintiffs are the proprietors of the copyright--.. secnred to them according to the provisio'lls of the act of congressof two text-books, for the use of, schools, of which they are the joint authors and compilers, entitled "Graded Lessons.in English" and Lessons in English," which contain an original method by which instruction in the English language is made interesting an<l effective by the use of sentences formed into diagrams under certain rules and principles of analysis within the easy comprehension of pupils. The general method employed is the arrangement of a single. sentence in each lesson in the form of a diagram, and it is required of the pupils that a number of other sentences contained in each lesson shall be written out by them in the form of diagrams in accordance with the laws of the English language as laid down, eiplained, and amplified in said works. It is. shown that these text-books have been favorably received and extensively used by practical educators in different parts of the country, and that the sales thereof have been large and remunerative to the plaintiffs., The defendant has published, exposed to sale, and sold, and continues so to do, a work called "A Teacher's Manual to accompany Reed & Kellogg's English Lessons, as prepared by Robert P. Holliday." This work purporte to be a key to the plaintiffs' text-books, for the use of teachers and private students. It is a volume of 236 pages, (including preface, remarks, and index,) of which 188 pages consist of sentences formed into diagrams. Forty of these diagrams, forming a distinguishing feature and characteristic of the plaintiffs' said works, are exact copies therefrom, and the remainder are made up by transcribing from the plaintiffs' wOl'ks literally, and in the order in which they there appear, the lesson-sentences composed or selected by the plaintiffs, and arranging these sentences in diagrams upon the principles and under the rules laid down by the plaintiffs in their above-named ""orks. The defendant shows that teaching grammar with the aid of diagrams did not originate with the plaintiffs, and that the system appears in works anterior to theirs j fO t example, in "Burtt's Practical English Grammar" and "Clark's Practical Grammar." This is not controverted. All that the plaintiffs claim is that the particular, method set forth and explained in their works is original. But the defendant has not contented himself with copying the plaintiff's diagrams merely. He has appropriated bodily the lesson-sentences composed or compiled by them, and which constitute substantial parts of their works. True, the defendant has not copied the whole, and perhaps not the larger portion, of .either of the works of the plaintiffs. He has, however, incorporated in his book material portions of each, and this constitutes infringement, (Folsom v. Marsh,
· REED' V. lIo'LLIDU.
827
2 Story, 100; Greene v. Bishop, 1 Clift 186,) unless· the defendant can justify himself upon some principle consistent with the entirety of ownership which the author has in his copyright. This the dEi· fendant attempts to do. He alleges that his book is not intended to supersede the plaintiffs' work, or to infringe their copyright; that it is a mez:e key to accompany the plaintiffs' text.books, and to be used ,in connection therewith; and that in fact it does not supersede them. Intention, howeyer, is a ,matter of no moment if infringement otherwise appears. Roworth v. Wilkes, 1 Camp. 98; McLean v. Fleining, 96U. S. 245. Nor is it to show, upon an application for aninj unction. to restrain infringement, that. the violation of the copyright is so extensive that the piratical work is a substitute for the original work. Bohn v. Bogue, 10 Jur.420. The act of congress secures to the proprietor of the copyright the "sole liberty" of. printing, etc., and vending the copyrighted book, and this certainly is inconsistent with a right in any other person to print .alldvend'material and valuable proportions of such work taken What difference, then, does it make that the defendant's work takes the·· form of a key to the plaintiffs' text-books? By what· right may he thus appropriate the fruits of the plaintiffs' talents, labors, and industry? Granted that the defendant has produce<l a serviceable key to aid the instructor. This no more entitl(ls. him to take, t6liimself, and publish the literary matter covered by the plaintiffs' copyright, than does the fact thaf. second inventor has ,made an im. provement on a patented give him the right to use such machine during the life of thejirstpatent. .... .. ' . '.. The defendant, in opp6sition to the pre.i;lent motion,a.sserts, further, that tbe plaIntiffs sustain no damages by reason of the' sale of his work, but, on the contrary,' are benefited thereby, .as the key promotes the sale of the original works., The opinion of at least, one witness coincides with this theory. But 'the plaintiffs vety different view of the effect of the sale of the key, and they allege that it will prove highly detrimental to them in this, that the fact that a full key to all the work to be done by the pupils using these text-books iEl on public sale, and within reach of the pupils, will impa.ir the popularity, usefulness, and' sale of said works. I c(:mfessthat this strikes me as a consequence very likely to follow the general sa,le of the defendant's book. But, at any rate, the defendant has nri'right to subject the plaintiffs to such risk.. Moreover, ifa plaintiff shows infringementof his copyright, the court will grant an injunction without proof of actual damage. Tinsley v. Lacy, 32 L. J. Ch. 536. The motion for a preliminary injunction must prevail. Let a decree therefor be drawn. .
828
FEDERAL REPORTER.
THE
ST.
LAWRENOE.
(Dlsl.rict C'ourt, W. D. PennsylfJania. 1. WHARVES-RIGHT TO MOOR VESSELS.
January 23,1884.)
:.I.. SA.I>lE-POSITION OF STEAM-BoAT.
a.
A steam-boat lying at a wharf-boat at the public landing of Pittsburgh, threw her stern out in the way of a descending coal-tow, when she might have lain broadside to the wharf-boat, and thus afforded a sufficient passage-way for the tow-boat and tow. A collision occurring, he!d, that the steam-boat was answerable to the owner of a coal-boat thereby lost. In case of a collision between a coal-tow and a vessel wrongfully the channel-way, the previous fault of another vessel, in and throwmg out of shape the coal-tow, is not to be imputed to the tow-boat, if the latter were free from blame. An innocent party who sustains loss by reason of the concurrent negligence of two vessels may pursue and recover the entire damages from either wrongdoer.
SAME-OOLLISION WITH Tow.
4.
SAME-MuTUAL FAULT-DAMAGES RECOVERARLE FROM ErrIllllR VESSEL.
In Admiralty. Knox et Reed, for libelants. Barton et Son, for respondents. ACHESON, J. The St. LawrencEi, a steamer plying in the Pittsburgh and Cincinnati trade, early on the morning of March 31, 1883, came into the port of Pittsburgh, landing at the Phillips wharf-boat, which lies at the public wharf, her usual place for receiving aud discharging cargo and passengers. This wharf-boat is at the north shore of the Monongahela river, 840 feet below the Smithfield Street bridge. 'fhe head of the St. Lawrence was to the wharf-boat, and she lay quartering out in the river, her stern projecting into the coal-hoat channel. A barge at the lower end aud two tow-boats immediately above the wharf-boat prevented the St. Lawrence, upon her arrival, from getting broadside against the wharf-boat. Andrew Hazlett, the mate of the St. Lawrence, testifies, however, that these tow-boats moved away between 8 and 9 o'clock that morning. The Monongahela river was rapidly rising to a coal-boat stage, when the St. Lawrence came into port,and by 7 o'clock had reached a stage of 9 feet, and by 10 o'clock that morning had reached 11 feet. The rise was altogether out of the Monongahela river, and hence the current was exceedingly rapid. Descending coal-tows customarily used the span between the first and second old piers of the Smithfield Street bridge, and at that particular time it was the only open span, the others being then closed by piles and trestle-work, the bridge being in process of reconstruction. The "Robinson fleet" of coal-boats, etc., (Jonsisting of upwards of 40 pieces, lay in the river moored to the