United States v. Windom’s Empirical Analysis
19 F.3d 1190 · 1994
Citation profile
56 federal appellate · 3 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 78 later decisions — most recently January 2022 · most notably United States v. Canoy (1994), United States of America v. Clarence Richardson Jr (2000)
56 federal appellate · 3 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 924 · 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Jackson v. Virginia · Carnegie v. United States · Missouri v. Continential Insurance Cos. · United States v. Lovasco · Bibby v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 78 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[M]ere proximity to the drug[s], mere presence on the property where [the drugs are] located, or mere association ... with the person who does control the drug[s] or the property on which [they are] found, is insufficient to support a finding of possession.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[wjhoever, during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime (including a crime of violence or' drug trafficking crime which provides for an enhanced punishment if committed by the use of a deadly or dangerous weapon or device) for which he may be prosecuted in a court of the United States, uses or carries a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such crime of violence or drug trafficking crime, be sentenced to imprisonment for five years.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.