Milgram v. Loew's, Inc.’s Empirical Analysis
192 F.2d 579 · 1951
Citation profile
69 federal appellate · 8 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 102 later decisions — most recently March 2012 · most notably Lindy Bros. Builders, Inc. of Phila. v. American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp. (1973), 113 F. Supp. 265 - T. C. Theatre Corp. v. Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. (1953)
69 federal appellate · 8 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 15 U.S.C. § 1 (§ 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act) · 15 U.S.C. § 15 (§ 4 of the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914) · 15 U.S.C. § 16 (§ 5 of the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914) · 15 U.S.C. § 26 (§ 16 of the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914)
Relies on United States v. United States Gypsum Co. · Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures, Inc. · United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. · Federal Trade Commission v. Cement Institute · Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 102 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“each distributor has thus acted in apparent contradiction to its own self interest ... for the conduct of the distributors is, in the absence of a valid explanation, inconsistent with decisions independently arrived at.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. 408 F. Supp. 1075 - American Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Delta Communications Corp. · In Re Baby Food Antitrust Litigation Jacob Blinder & Sons, Inc., Wiseway Super Food Center, Inc., Super Center, Inc., United Brothers Finer Foods, Inc., L.L. Harris Wholesale Grocery, Peter J. Schmitt & Co., 3932 Church Street Supermarket, Inc., Arleen Food Products Co., Inc., Rubin Brooks and Sons, Inc., (d.c. Civil No. 92-Cv-05495). Jacob Blinder & Sons, Inc., on Behalf of Itself and All Others Similarly Situated v. Gerber Products Company H.J. Heinz Company Ralston Purina Company Bnnc Corporation, (Now Dissolved) Fka Beech-Nut-Nutrition Fka Beech-Nut Foods Corporation (Now Dissolved) Fka Baker/beech-Nut Corporation (Now Dissolved) Bcn Corporation, (Now Dissolved) Fka Beech-Nut Corporation Nestle Holdings, Inc. (Newark New Jersey Civil No. 92-Cv-05495). Peter J. Schmitt Co., on Behalf of Itself v. Gerber Products Company H.J. Heinz Company Ralston Purina Company Bnnc Corporation, (Now Dissolved) AKA Beech-Nut-Nutrition AKA Beech-Nut Foods Corporation (Now Dissolved) AKA Baker/beech-Nut Corporation (Now Dissolved) Bcn Corporation, (Now Dissolved) AKA Beech-Nut Corporation Nestle Holdings, Inc. (Newark New Jersey Civil No. 93-Cv-00047). Wiseway Super Food Center, Inc., on Behalf of Itself and All Others Similarly Situated v. Gerber Products Company H.J. Heinz Company Ralston Purina Company Bnnc Corporation, (Now Dissolved) AKA Beech-Nut-Nutrition AKA Beech-Nut Foods Corporation (Now Dissolved) AKA Baker/beech-Nut Corporation (Now Dissolved) Bcn Corporation, (Now Dissolved) AKA Beech-Nut Corporation Nestle Holdings, Inc. (Newark New Jersey Civil No. 93-Cv-00048). Super Center, Inc., on Behalf of Itself and All Others Similarly Situated v. Gerber Products Company H.J. Heinz Company Ralston Purina Company Bnnc Corporation, (Now Dissolved) AKA Beech-Nut-Nutrition AKA Beech-Nut Foods Corporation (Now Dissolved) AKA Baker/beech-Nut Corporation (Now Dissolved) Bcn Corporation, (Now Dissolved) AKA Beech-Nut Corporation Nestle Holdings, Inc. (Newark New Jersey Civil No. 93-Cv-00049). United Brothers Finer Foods, Inc., on Behalf of Itself and All Others Similarly Situated v. Gerber Products Company H.J. Heinz Company Ralston Purina Company Bnnc Corporation, (Now Dissolved) AKA Beech-Nut-Nutrition AKA Beech-Nut Foods Corporation (Now Dissolved) AKA Baker/beech-Nut Corporation (Now Dissolved) Bcn Corporation, (Now Dissolved) AKA Beech-Nut Corporation Nestle Holdings, Inc. (Newark New Jersey Civil No. 93-Cv-00050). L.L. Harris Wholesale Grocery, a Partnership, on Behalf of Itself and All Others Similarly Situated v. Gerber Products Company H.J. Heinz Company Ralston Purina Company Bnnc Corporation, (Now Dissolved) AKA Beech-Nut-Nutrition Corporation (Now Dissolved) AKA Beech-Nut Foods Corporation (Now Dissolved) AKA Baker/beech-Nut Corporation (Now Dissolved) Bnc Corporation, AKA Beech-Nut Corporation (Now Dissolved) Nestle Holdings, Inc. (Newark New Jersey Civil No. 93-Cv-00051). 3932 Church Street Supermarket, Inc., an Illinois Corporation, on Behalf of Itself and All Others Similarly Situated v. Gerber Products Company H.J. Heinz Company Ralston Purina Company Bnnc Corporation, (Formerly Known Successively as Baker/beech-Nut Corporation, Beech Nut Foods Corporation, and Beech Nut Nutrition Corporation) (Now Dissolved) Bnc Corporation, (Formerly Known as Beech-Nut Corporation) (Now Dissolved) Nestle Holdings, Inc. (Newark New Jersey Civil No. 93-Cv-0320). Arleen Food Products Co., Inc., on Behalf of Itself and All Others Similarly Situated v. Gerber Products Company H.J. Heinz Company Ralston Purina Company Bnnc Corporation, (Formerly Known Successively as Baker/beech-Nut Corporation, Beech-Nut Foods Corporation, and Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation) (Now Dissolved) Bnc Corporation, (Formerly Known as Beech-Nut Corporation) (Now Dissolved) Nestle Holdings, Inc. (Newark New Jersey Civil No. 93-Cv-0407). Rubin Brooks and Sons, Inc., on Behalf of Himself and All Others Similarly Situated v. Gerber Products Company H.J. Heinz Company Ralston Purina Company Bnnc Corporation, (Formerly Known Successively as Baker/beech-Nut Corporation, Beech-Nut Foods Corporation and Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation) (Now Dissolved) Bnc Corporation, (Formerly Known as Beech-Nut Corporation) (Now Dissolved) Nestle Holdings, Inc. (Newark New Jersey Civil No. 93-Cv-00802). Jacob Blinder & Sons, Inc., Wiseway Super Food Center, Inc., Super Center, Inc., United Brothers Finer Foods, Inc., L.L. Harris Wholesale Grocery, Peter J. Schmitt & Co., 3932 Church Street Supermarket, Inc., Arleen Food Products Co., Inc., Rubin Brooks and Sons, Inc., in No. 98-5125“[I]n this modern era of increasing subtleties, it is rare indeed for a conspiracy to be proved by direct evidence. There is no dispute over the proposition that circumstantial evidence will sustain a finding of conspiracy.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Our starting point in analyzing the evidence is the complete unanimity with which all the distributors refused to license features on first run to plaintiff and the substantial unanimity with which they gave the Boulevard [plaintiff's drive-in theater] a 28 day [delayed showing] status. * * * This uniformity in policy forms the basis of an inference of joint action.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.