Irving Houston Hawkins v. Franklin Freeman’s Empirical Analysis
195 F.3d 732 · 1999
Citation profile
33 federal appellate · 10 district · 17 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 96 later decisions — most recently March 2025 · most notably Moran v. Clarke (2002), 155 N.C. App. 462 - Toomer v. Garrett (2002)
33 federal appellate · 10 district · 17 state decisions — followed in 13 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Wolff v. McDonnell · Coleman v. Thompson · Roe v. Wade · Teague v. Lane · Daniels v. Williams
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 96 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“history, tradition and precedent demonstrate[] that the right asserted was one entitled to substantive due process protection.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“asking whether the challenged conduct was”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage“'reluctant to expand the concept of substantive due process because guideposts for responsible decision-making in this uncharted area are scarce and open-ended.' " Id. (quoting Washington v. Glucksberg , 521 U.S. 702 , 720, 117 S.Ct. 2258 , 138 L.Ed.2d 772 (1999) ) (Courts should thus "exercise the utmost care whenever we are asked to break new ground in this field.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.