2 Cal. 3d 765 - Westbrook v. Mihaly’s Empirical Analysis
1970
Citation profile
332 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 342 later decisions — most recently January 2018 · most notably 13 Cal. 3d 804 - Nga Li v. Yellow Cab Co. (1975), 11 Cal. 3d 1 - D'AMICO v. Board of Medical Examiners (1974)
332 state decisions — followed in 10 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 26 U.S.C. § 103 · 42 U.S.C. § 1971 (Civil Rights Act of 1957)
Relies on Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. · Griffin v. People of the State of Illinois · Reynolds v. Sims · McGowan v. State of Maryland Gallagher · Shapiro v. Thompson
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 342 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“first establish [es] that it has a compelling interest which justifies the [order] and then demonstrate[s] that the [order is] necessary to further that purpose.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“bear some rational relationship to a conceivable legitimate state purpose,”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“No county, city, town, township, board of education, or school district, shall incur any indebtedness or liability in any manner or for any purpose exceeding in any year the income and revenue provided for such year, without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified electors thereof, voting at an election to be held for that purpose ...”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.