IIATHER V. A.MERICAN EXPRESS 00.
MATHER
v.
AMERICAN EXPRESS UO.
10ircuit Oourt, N. D. illinois. --,1880.) COMMON CARRIER-LThlITATION OF LIABILITy-REFUSAL TO DISCI,OSllI
VALUE OF GOODs.-A statute of the state of Illinois, which prohibits a common carrier from limiting its common law liability, does not prevent such carrier from limiting its liability where the shipper refused to inform the carrier of the value of the goods at the time they were shipped.
BLODGETT, D.J. This case was tried by the court without lit jury, upon an agreed state of facts, the facts being, in substance, that a package containing two gold watches and five gold chains, and worth something over $500, was delivered to the agent of the Southern Express Company, at Bethany, Georgia, directed to the plaintiff in this city.· The Southern Company accepted the package and forwarded it to Cairo, in this state, where it was delivered to the American Express Company, who undertook its transportation to this city, the Southern Express Company not running to this point. No value was marked upon the package. The receipt given to the consignor stated, "Value asked but not given." The package 'Yas lost after arriving in this city, by theft, by reason of its not having been treated as a valuable package and placed in the safe where it would have been placed if its true value had been marked upon it. Suit is brought by the plaintiff, and the question is as to the extent of the recovery to which he is entitled. The defendant admits that it is liable to the amount of $50, there being a provision in the receipt given for this package that where the value of a package is not stated or disclosed to the company the liability shonld be limited to $50. The plaintiff insists that the case comes within the provisions of the act of 1874· of the legislature of Illinois, which prohibits any ." Whenever any property is received ty a 'lommon carrier to be trans· ported from ODe pliwe to another, within or without this state, it shall not be lawful for such carrier to limit his common law liability sl;tfely to deliver such property at the place to which the same is to he transported by any stipulation or limitation expressed in the receipt given fOlsuch property." Rev. St. of Ill. (1874) c. 27, p. 268. .
v.2,no.1-4
50
REPORTER.
(lommon carrier from limiting its liability. I do not think, in the first place, that this case comes within that provision, because this was a contract of carriage made in ·the state of 'Georgia, and the parties could make any contract which the laws of the state of Georgia permitted them to make, and the laws of that state allowed a carrier to limit his liability. Wallace v. Superintendent, 39 Ga. 617. But, waiving the ,question as to whether this contract is to be construed by the laws of Georgia or Illinois, I do not think that the statute of TIlinois intended that a common carrier should be prevented from limiting its liability where it asked for the value of the commodity of which it undertook the transportation, and the information requested is withheld. It to me tllat is one of those reasonable precautions which a common carrier has a right to demand; and where a sealed or closed package is presented, and the value is ,asked, and the consignor refuses to disclose it, the carrier has a right, it seems to me, to limit its liability to a fixed sum, and say that it will undertake the transportation on the assumption that it is not worth over a certain sum. It seems to me competent for a common carrier, under the TIliDois statute, to require a shipper of goods to state. the value which he puts upon them, and to stipulate that in case of loss the liability of the carrier shall not exceed the amount so fixed; and if this can be done, I can see no good reason why the carrier may not say that when the shipper refuses to ·disclose the value the liability of the carrier should not exceed .a certain amount. This is equivalent to a special agreement between the parties that, for the purpose of the contract of oCarriage, the value of the goods is fixed at $50. The facts in this case show that the sender of the package was in the habit ·of shipping packages by the Southern Express Company, and this clause restricting liability to $50, where the value was nOl ·disclosed, was in all their receipts given for packages taken for shipment, and must have been known to him. The contract which was given to him by the agent stated that the 'Value was asked but not given. It is true the package was marked "watches," but the
KIMDALL
V. TUDOB 00.
51
values of watches vary so widely that no presumption that the :value of the shipment exceeded $50 is raised by the statement of its contents. I must therefore assume that the consignor was content to accept the sum of $50 as the equivalent of the contents of this package, if it was lost in transit. True, the proof shows it to have been worth more than that, but it also shows that the charges of the carrier were regulated by the values, and that there was a difference in the care taken of packages when the value was stated and those on which no value was stated; and it seems to me so reasonable that a carrier should be lmtitled to know the value of property whi({h it undertakes to transport, that I cannot believe the legislature of Illinois intended to prohibit the limitation of liability made by this contract, when the consignor refused to disclose the value. The issue is found for the plaintiff, and damages assessed at $50; and plaintiff must recover costs, as this suit originated in the state court, and was removed to this court by defendant. NOTE.-8ee MusfA' v. A.merican Express 00.1 FED. REP. 382.
KnmALL
and others v. THm TUDOR COMPANY.
(Circuit Oourt, D. Maine. --,1880.) COl'lTRACT-DEMURRAGE-OoN8TRUCTION.
Assumpsit by the owners of the ship Eclipse against the. Tudor Company, upon the following account annexed to the writ: "For 7 days' demurrage, at $127.37 per day, $892.99." This was amended at the trial to nine days' demurrage, at ,the same rate, $1.148.13. / On the sixth of July, 1878, the plaintiffs, through Mr. Burt, a broker of Boston, chartered the ship, which was then building at Bath, to the defendants, to carry a cargo of ice from Wiscasset, :Maine, to Madras and Calcutta. The contract was made orally by ?lfr.Burt with Mr. Field, duly acting