Abbott v. Equity Group, Inc.

¶7BARKSDALE, Circuit Judge:

¶8This appeal from a summary judgment turns for the most part on the reach of the federal securities laws for entities that are not the primary parties for securities violations, and on the relief vel non to be accorded parties who, subsequent to entry of judgment, raise a new theory of liability. Investors in Courtside Ltd., a Louisiana partnership formed to acquire and operate an apartment community in Houston, Texas, brought suit against, inter alia, The Home Insurance Company and The Graham Company. As to them, they alleged that Home and Graham’s continued participation as surety and bonding agent respectively for the Courtside transaction, despite their knowledge of misrepresentations and material omissions in the Private Placement Memorandum, violated, inter alia, federal securities laws and rendered the investors’ indemnity agreements with Home unenforceable. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Home and Graham and refused, post-judgment, to allow a new theory of liability to be raised. We AFFIRM.

¶9I.

¶10In 1984, the Equity Group, Inc., formed Courtside, becoming the managing general *616partner.1 Limited partners were required to execute a subscription agreement, which, inter alia, emphasized that the investment involved “a high degree of risk and special risks”. The purchase price per unit investment was a combination of cash ($1,500)2 and credit, consisting of two promissory notes for approximately $38,000 (first note) and $7,000 (second note).

¶11To obtain financing from Hibernia National Bank and Security Savings and Loan Association, Courtside pledged the limited partners’ first notes to Hibernia as collateral; the second, to Security. As additional security, in late December 1984, Home, through its agent, Graham,3 issued a financial guarantee bond in favor of each bank as permitted assignee, with the Courtside investors as principals, and the partnership (Courtside) as obligee. The bonds obligated Home to pay Hibernia up to $3,941,025 and Security up to $1,050,000.

¶12Home received a premium of $257,060 for its issuance of the bonds (total obligation of almost $5 million). In addition, Home required each investor to execute a pledge of partnership interest to Home, and sign an indemnity agreement protecting Home against, inter alia, all losses in connection with the bonds.

¶13Graham, as agent for Home, required that each investor execute a limited partner’s application for financial guarantee bond, and thus reviewed their creditworthiness. Home reserved the right to approve the language in any financial guarantee bond as well as in the general partner indemnification agreement, the limited partner indemnification and security agreement, and the remarketing agreement.

¶14It is undisputed that neither Home nor Graham had direct communication with limited partners or their advisors prior to their investment in the partnership; rather, Equity solicited the limited partners primarily through the Private Placement Memorandum (PPM) (twice supplemented), and oral presentations. Alleged misrepresentations and material omissions in Equity’s solicitation initiatives form the basis of this action. As for Home and Graham’s involvement, the investors primarily rely on a legal memorandum prepared for Graham by the Duane, Morris & Heckscher (Duane Morris) law firm.

¶15In the course of analyzing the transaction for Home, Philip Glick, vice president of Graham, sent a copy of Equity’s PPM to Duane Morris for review, specifically requesting Donald Auten, a lawyer in the tax section,4 to “review the contents of this Memorandum and provide us with your comments on the structure and adequacy of disclosure, the reasonableness of the tax position taken and the adequacy of the tax opinion relative to the tax discussion”. Glick also welcomed “any other observations you [Auten] may have relative to the tax structure and legal disclosure in relation to other projects you may have seen”.

¶16Auten prepared a 15 page memorandum (Duane Memo); he stated in his deposition that he was singularly responsible for its contents, and that he based his analysis solely on his review of the PPM.5 The Duane Memo began by stating that “[o]ur overall reaction to the adequacy of the disclosure in the PPM from a securities standpoint is that the PPM would appear deficient in several material respects and should be supplemented”. Among the items mentioned were (1) the absence of discussion and analysis relating to the prior history of the project;6 (2) *617troublesome tax issues arising from an appraisal showing a fair market value ($12,700,-000) in excess of the arm’s length purchase price ($10,249,250); (3) inconsistent calculations of expected proceeds upon sale of the project in 1992 or 1994; (4) the risks to the investors and to Home of a procedure allowing the partnership to hold an interim closing, providing that Equity purchase any remaining Units (up to 146) on the final closing date;7 (5) the failure to explicitly disclose the true effective interest rate (17%) with respect to the new money under the wraparound mortgage;8 and (6) the need to include an exculpatory statement in the PPM precluding the investors’ reliance on Home in making their investment decisions.

¶17In September 1984, Gliek (Graham) wrote a letter to Equity regarding changes to the PPM. He included several suggestions set forth in the Duane Memo, including the need to insert disclaimer language in the PPM and surety related documents. Shortly thereafter, Gliek wrote a follow-up letter to Equity and attached a copy of the Duane Memo, noting that “this Memorandum highlights some additional technical corrections which we feel should be made in the Equity Group Offering Memorandum from a specific tax and securities disclosure standpoint”. Gliek requested Equity’s “cooperation with us in including these changes in the supplement”, and related that,

[flrom past experience we have found that obtaining another viewpoint on our clients’ Memorandums has often resulted in some worthwhile improvement, both from a legal and marketing standpoint. I hope these comments will be helpful to you and that they -will provide additional comfort to the Home Insurance Company in conjunction with the issuance of its bond.

¶18The first supplement to the PPM was released on November 21, 1984. It incorporated disclaimer language providing that Home and Graham “have not made any investigation ... as to the merits ... and make no representation nor express any opinion with respect thereto ... ”, along with an explicit acknowledgement that investment decisions were made without reliance on the surety (Home) or its agent (Graham). In addition, the supplement emphasized the investors’ unconditional obligation to Home under the indemnity agreement. It did not, however, incorporate a number of the other changes suggested in the Duane Memo.

¶19During the latter part of 1984, 40 of the Courtside units remained unsold, with the offering period scheduled to end on January 24, 1985. Four Louisiana general partnerships (E-C One, E-C Two, E-C Three and E-C Four) were formed to purchase the unsold units. Hibernia loaned the funds to each E-C partnership, requiring the Equity principals to become E-C partners and requiring each non-Equity partner in the E-C partnerships to execute a solidary continuing guarantee of the entire Hibernia loan. Home agreed to act as surety for the Hibernia loan. The formation of the E-C partnerships was disclosed in the second supplement to the PPM, issued on January 18, 1985.9

¶20*618Subsequent to the expiration of the offering on January 24, 1985, Courtside experienced financial problems and ultimately declared bankruptcy. Because Courtside failed to meet its financial obligations, the banks called the investors’ notes. The investors (limited partners) defaulted, thus obligating Home to make payments under the terms of each bond. Home, in turn, looked to the investors for a full accounting, pursuant to the indemnity agreements.

¶21In September 1986, over 40 Courtside investors brought suit against, inter alia, Equity, Home, and Graham. The complaint was amended several times, resulting in a third supplemental and amended complaint filed in March 1987. The investors made claims under, inter alia, violations of §§ 12(2) and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. § 77a et seq. (1933 Act); §§ 20(a) and 10(b) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78a et seq. (1934 Act), along with Rule 10b—5; the Louisiana Blue Sky Law, La.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 51:701 et seq.; and state law (Louisiana) for fraud and negligent misrepresentation. They sought damages and rescission. Home counterclaimed for enforcement of the indemnity agreements.10

¶22As noted earlier, the suits were based on the contention that Equity induced plaintiffs’ investments through misrepresentations and omissions in the PPM, and misleading oral presentations. Specifically, they maintained that Equity, inter alia, misrepresented its financial health; the condition, location, occupancy, tenancy and fair market value of the property; and the soundness of the investment (i.e. “virtually risk free”).

¶23After over four years of discovery and pretrial motions, Equity, as well as other defendants, announced settlement. (All defendants ultimately settled, except for the Gerald Teel Company, Hibernia, Home, and Graham.) That day, the court granted judgment on Home and Graham’s motion to reconsider its earlier denial of summary judgment on the remaining issues,11 thereby disposing of plaintiffs’ ease and granting Home’s claims for enforcement of the indemnity agreements. The court issued written reasons approximately four months later (January 1990).

¶24Over the next two years, the parties disputed issues of costs, interest, attorney’s fees, and amounts due Home. Therefore, final judgment was not entered until January 1992. Ten days later, plaintiffs moved for a new trial. Upon denying plaintiffs’ motions to file a supplemental memorandum raising a new theory of liability, and for reconsideration of same, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for a new trial. Since then, all but five of the plaintiffs have settled.12

¶25II.

¶26Appellants challenge the district court’s disposition of the summary judgment motions, and also assert error based on the court’s post-judgment rulings.

¶27A. Summary Judgment

¶28We review a summary judgment de novo. E.g., Degan v. Ford Motor Co., 869 F.2d 889, 892 (5th Cir.1989). It may be granted if there is “no genuine issue as to *619any material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law”. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). “[T]he substantive law will identify which facts are. material”. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).

¶29The movant has the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of material fact issues. Topalian v. Ehrman, 954 F.2d 1125, 1131 (5th Cir.1992), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 82, 121 L.Ed.2d 46 (1992). To avoid summary judgment, the nonmovant must adduce evidence which creates a material fact issue concerning each of the essential elements of its case for which it will bear the burden of proof at trial. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2552-53, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). “[A] dispute about a material fact is ‘genuine’ ... if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party”. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. at 2510. We resolve all factual inferences in favor of the nonmovant. Began, 869 F.2d at 892. Needless to say, unsubstantiated assertions are not competent summary judgment evidence. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. at 2553.

¶301. Controlling Person

¶31Sections 15 of the 1933 Act13 and 20 of the 1934 Act14 impose liability on “controlling persons” for securities violations committed by those under their control. Appellants maintain that material fact issues remain concerning Home and Graham’s liability as “controlling persons”. As discussed infra, we have no ruling by the district court of an underlying securities violation and thus assume a violation for purposes of our analysis.

¶32The parties disagree on the elements for a prima facie case under §§ 15 and 20.15 Specifically, appellants take issue with Home and Graham’s assertion, based on G.A. Thompson & Co., Inc. v. Partridge, 636 F.2d 945 (5th Cir.1981), and Schlifke v. Seafirst Corp., 866 F.2d 935, 949 (7th Cir.1989), that this circuit has adopted the two part test of Metge v. Baehler, 762 F.2d 621 (8th Cir.1985), cert. denied, Metge v. Bankers Trust Co., 474 U.S. 1057, 106 S.Ct. 798, 88 L.Ed.2d 774 (1986).

¶33In Thompson, our court held that an officer and director, who owned 24% of the company, and was apparently involved in the day-to-day coordination of loan gathering,16 had the “requisite power to directly or indirectly control or influence corporate policy”, and, thus, was a controlling party. 636 F.2d at 958. In so doing, our court rejected the contention that actual participation in the transaction underlying the violation was a prerequisite for a prima facie case, noting that “[l]aek of participation and good faith constitute an affirmative defense”. Id.At the same time, it noted that our precedent was “ambiguous on whether ‘effective day-today control’ is required”, and, without deciding the issue, noted that the evidence established sufficient day-to-day control. Id.at 958 n. 24.

¶34*620In Metge, the Eighth Circuit subsequently established a two-prong test for a prima facie case for controlling person liability: (1) “that the defendant [ ] actually participated in (i.e. exercised control over) the operations of the corporation in general”; and (2) “that the defendant possessed the power to control the specific transaction or activity upon which the primary violation is predicated, but [plaintiff] need not prove that this later power was exercised”. 762 F.2d at 631 (internal quotations omitted) (emphasis in original).17 The court cited Thompson only as support for its rejection of a “ ‘culpable participation’ requirement, which requires a showing that [the defendant] actually participated in the alleged violation”. Id. at 631.

¶35It is clear that Thompson did not definitively address prong one of the Metge test, ie. a required showing that the defendant exercised control over the general operations of the wrongdoer; nor did it adopt the two prong Metge test, as urged by appellees in reliance on the Seventh Circuit’s opinion in Schlifke, 866 F.2d at 949; and, conversely, Metge did not cite Thompson as support for its formulation of prong one (only, as stated supra, as support for prong two).

¶36Thus, the law is somewhat more unsettled as to prong one than Home and Graham would have it. Our decision in Dennis v. General Imaging, Inc., 918 F.2d 496 (5th Cir.1990), however, provides some guidance on that narrow ground. There we adopted a district court opinion, which interpreted Thompson as requiring a plaintiff, for a pri-ma facie ease, to show “actual power or influence over the controlled person”.18Id. at 509.

¶37Dennis is consistent with Metge to the extent that both require a separate showing of control over the controlled entity (Equity); but appellants insist that our circuit only requires that they show Home and Graham’s power to control Equity, not the actual exercise of that power. We need not presently analyze the above distinction because, even assuming that only the former applies, a reasonable jury could not so find based on the record before us.

¶38According to the affidavits of John MacGregor (assistant vice president of Home), and Glick (Graham), neither Home nor Graham nor their respective employees and representatives were stockholders, directors, officers, employees, or partners of Equity; they did not attend its board or committee meetings; they were not involved in decisions by Equity to purchase properties for syndications to investors; they were not involved in operations of properties purchased by Equity or its affiliates; and they were not otherwise involved in the general operations of Equity, including business, financial and marketing plans.

¶39Appellants fail to contradict these statements with evidence of Home and Graham’s power to control the general affairs of Equity. Graham’s involvement with the issuance of financial guarantee bonds for other Equity projects,19 and correspondence reflecting that Equity kept Graham informed of the status of the Courtside offering, as well as others, do not indicate that Graham had such power, even assuming its participation in such discussions.

¶40Appellants’ remaining evidence is less persuasive, as it narrowly relates to Home and Graham’s involvement in the Courtside transaction.20 Although appellants make *621much of Home and Graham’s influence over the formation of the E-C partnerships, see infra, and the statement in an internal Graham memo (dated March 6, 1986) from Thomas Pine to Glick that, “[w]ithout Home, Courtside wouldn’t have been done”, this evidence is not probative of Home and Graham’s influence beyond the Courtside transaction. Accordingly, summary judgment on this claim was proper.

¶412. Aider and Abettor

¶42Appellants maintain that fact issues remain concerning Home and Graham’s liability under § 10(b) of the 1934 Act21 and Rule 10b-5.22 Those who aid and abet securities fraud are subject to Rule 10b-5 liability; but, we have emphasized recently that this “added layer of liability ... is particularly proble-matic_ We should be exacting in determining whether aider and abettor liability can be demonstrated”. Akin v. Q-L Invest., Inc., 959 F.2d 521, 525 (5th Cir.1992).

¶43To establish liability, the plaintiff must show (1) that the primary party committed a securities violation; (2) that the aider and abettor had “general awareness” of its role in the violation; and (3) that the aider and abettor knowingly rendered “substantial assistance” in furtherance of it. Abell v. Potomac Ins. Co., 858 F.2d 1104, 1126 (5th Cir.1988) (internal quotations omitted), vacated, Fryar v. Abell, 492 U.S. 914, 109 S.Ct. 3236, 106 L.Ed.2d 584 (1989).23

¶44For the first element, we again assume underlying securities fraud. See notes 27 and 28, infra. Underlying the other two elements — “general awareness” and “knowing substantial assistance” — is a single scienter requirement that varies on a sliding scale from “recklessness” to “conscious intent”. Abell, 858 F.2d at 1126-27. The plaintiff must show conscious intent, unless there is some special duty of disclosure, or evidence that the assistance to the violator was unusual in character and degree. Akin, 959 F.2d at 526, 531.24 In the latter two instances, a recklessness standard applies.25Id.

¶45Throughout the district court proceedings, appellants maintained that Equity violated § 10 and Rule 10b-5 by inducing appellants to invest in Courtside through oral and writ*622ten misrepresentations.26 Their aiding and abetting allegations were based on Home and Graham’s continued participation in the Courtside transaction despite their receipt of the Duane Memo, which, according to appellants, provided a blueprint of Equity’s fraud.

¶46The district court concluded that the summary judgment record lacked probative evidence of Home and Graham’s “substantial assistance” in the alleged violations,27 relying primarily on its findings that they did not owe appellants a duty of disclosure, and that the activities described were simply “grist of the mill”. We agree, and stress that appellants also failed to meet the scienter requirement underlying the latter two elements of the prima facie case.28

¶47First, we address appellants’ assertion that Home and Graham had a duty to disclose the contents of the Duane Memo. They urge, inter alia, that this duty of disclosure arises from Home’s status as their surety. Home and Graham counter by stating that generally, a surety has no legal duty of disclosure. As our court noted in Akin, the “theory” of liability based on a special duty of disclosure is “mushy and difficult to apply”, as the source and scope of such a duty is not based on any textual provision of the securities laws, but “appears to be a specie of federal common law”. 959 F.2d at 526. We thus refrain from specifically defining the disclosure obligations of a surety and its agent; rather, applying relevant factors annunciated by our court in First Virginia Bankshares v. Benson, 559 F.2d 1307 (5th Cir.1977), cert. denied, Walter E. Heller & Co. v. First Virginia Bankshares, 435 U.S. 952, 98 S.Ct. 1580, 55 L.Ed.2d 802 (1978), and applied by other circuits, see Arthur Young & Co. v. Reves, 937 F.2d 1310, 1330 (8th Cir.1991), cert. denied, Reves v. Ernst & Young, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 1165, 117 L.Ed.2d 411 (1992); Jett v. Sunderman, 840 F.2d 1487, 1493 (9th Cir.1988); Rudolph v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 800 F.2d 1040, 1043 (11th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 946, 107 S.Ct. 1604, 94 L.Ed.2d 790 (1987),29 we conclude that Home and Graham did not have such a duty.

¶48We first examine the parties, “relative access to the information to be disclosed”. First Virginia Bankshares, 559 F.2d at 1314. To be sure, the summary judgment record reflects that Home and Graham were privy to additional information due to their involvement with the issuance of the bonds, and from Graham’s prior dealings with Equity; however, as stated, the standard is “relative access to the information to be disclosed”. Id.(emphasis added). Because appellants neglect to demonstrate that such access supplied Home and Graham with superior knowledge of the allegedly misleading aspects of the PPM,30 this factor does not weigh in their favor.31

¶49We next examine the benefit derived from the sale of securities. Home and Graham received a premium of $257,060 for bonding a risk of almost $5 million. Given the risk of loss, this factor only slightly supports a duty to disclose.

¶50As for the third factor, “the defendant’s awareness of plaintiffs reliance on defendant *623in making its investment decisions”, id.,appellants once again misconstrue their burden. They must set forth evidence that they relied on Home and Graham in making their investment decisions, not that they relied on misrepresentations in the PPM. There is no evidence that potential investors viewed Home and Graham’s involvement as approval of the merits of the investment, or otherwise relied on Home and Graham, much less evidence that Home and Graham were “generally aware” of such reliance. Rather, Home’s identity as surety was not revealed until the first supplement to the PPM, which also contained a disclaimer specifically included to prevent such reliance.32 Needless to say, this factor does not support a duty to disclose.

¶51Finally, we can quickly dispose of the fourth factor, “the defendant’s role in initiating the purchase or sale”, id.,as it is undisputed that neither Home nor Graham had contact with investors regarding their investment decisions. In sum, we conclude from our analysis of the above factors that Home and Graham did not owe appellants a duty of disclosure.

¶52Appellants next maintain that even if Home and Graham lacked a duty to disclose, their participation in the formation of the EC partnerships constituted “substantial assistance”, unusual in scope and degree; thus, they need not prove conscious intent, only recklessness. Once again, we disagree.

¶53Although there is evidence that Home and Graham were included in discussions regarding, the possible failure to fully subscribe Courtside by the closing date, we agree with the district court that there is no evidence that their role extended beyond that of a surety and bonding agent. Rather, the only evidence of involvement by Home and Graham was their refusal to bond the remaining 40 units under one partnership, and subsequent agreement to bond the units under four partnerships (the E-C partnerships); decisions central to their designated function. We thus consider the above assistance, even if substantial, see Insurance Co. of North America v. Dealy, 911 F.2d 1096, 1101 (5th Cir.1990) (“the routine extension of a loan does not amount to substantial assistance”), to be merely “grist of the mill”.33

¶54Because appellants failed to establish either a duty of disclosure or atypical assistance, they must provide evidence of conscious intent, rather than recklessness. (In considering whether they meet this burden, we assume, without deciding, that Home and *624Graham’s involvement constituted substantial assistance.) The record is devoid of such evidence; thus, summary judgment is appropriate. See, e.g., Krim v. BancTexas Group, Inc., 989 F.2d 1435, 1449 (5th Cir.1993) (internal quotations omitted) (“Summary judgment, to be sure, may be appropriate, even in cases where elusive concepts such as motive or intent are at issue, ... if the nonmoving party rests merely upon conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, and unsupported speculation.”).

¶55With apparently good intentions, Graham forwarded the Duane Memo to Equity, and suggested that Equity incorporate its counsel’s suggestions. Home and Graham’s continued participation, despite Equity’s failure to adopt some of the suggestions, does not signal their intent to further the fraudulent scheme.34 As we stated in Abell, 858 F.2d at 1128, “[a]roused suspicions ... do not constitute actual awareness of one’s role in a fraudulent scheme. Moreover, to prove plainly that an alleged abettor intended to violate the securities laws, plaintiffs must prove more than that the abettor recklessly ignored danger signals”.

¶56Likewise, Home and Graham’s receipt of a reasonable premium for participation in the transaction does not supply a motive. We agree with the Second Circuit that “almost any entity playing a role in a securities transaction will have some economic motivation for doing so”. National Union Fire Insurance Co. v. Turtur, 892 F.2d 199, 207 (2d Cir.1989).35

¶57In sum, in view of the lack of evidence of intent, the district court properly disposed of appellants’ aiding and abetting claim.36

¶583. Fraud and Negligent Misrepresentation

¶59Appellants maintain Home and Graham’s failure to disclose misrepresentations and material omissions in the PPM, brought to their attention through the Duane Memo, constitutes negligent misrepresentation under Louisiana law.37 To prevail, Louisiana requires proof of actual reliance. Abell, 858 F.2d at 1131 (applying Louisiana law).38 Upon reviewing the summary judgment record, we agree with the district court that there is no evidence of reliance on those *625aspects of the PPM specifically discussed in the Duane Memo.39

¶60In fact, on appeal, appellants do not challenge the court’s finding on reliance;40 rather, for both fraud and negligent misrepresentation, they focus solely on the erroneous proposition that duty of care is a complex issue of fact not suitable for summary judgment. See Commercial Nat Bank, 566 So.2d at 1140 (stating that the existence of a duty is a question of law); see also Hibernia Nat. Bank v. Carner, 997 F.2d 94, 98 (5th Cir.1993) (“it is insufficient for the nonmov-ant to argue in the abstract that the legal theory involved in the case encompasses factual questions”). Needless to say, this assertion of error is wholly without merit.

¶614. Indemnity Agreements

¶62Appellants maintain that fact issues remain concerning the enforceability of their indemnity agreements.41 Relying on National Union Fire Insurance Co. v. Turtur, 892 F.2d 199 (2d Cir.1989),42 they urge that where a surety receives an indemnity agreement from the investor in return for bonding the investor’s obligations, and the separate subscription and indemnity agreements are executed contemporaneously, fraudulent inducement in the subscription agreement renders .the indemnity agreement likewise fraudulently induced and thus unenforceable. Finding no basis for the foregoing proposition under federal or Louisiana law,43 we reject it.

¶63In Dealy, we held that an indemnity agreement is unenforceable due to fraud in the subscription agreement where the surety was “a party to the fraud [as an aider or abettor] or a coconspirator in it”. 911 F.2d at 1100.44 We thus apply the reasoning of Dealy, and *626conclude that because appellants have failed to produce more than a scintilla of evidence of Home and Graham’s involvement in the alleged fraud, see supra, federal law does not provide a defense.

¶64Our analysis of Louisiana law produces the same result. Even if we construe the indemnity and subscription agreements as interdependent,45 we conclude that appellants, at a minimum, must meet the requirements of La.Civ.Code.Ann. art 1956, which provides: “Fraud committed by a third person vitiates the consent of a contracting party if the other party knew or should have known of the fraud”.46Cf. Breaux v. Equity Group, 1989 WL 1764 *2, 1989 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 235 *5 (E.D.La.1989).

¶65To satisfy article 1956, appellants must not only show that a reasonable jury could find the requisite knowledge based on the Duane Memo (and subsequent insertion of exculpatory language in the PPM), but, also, that eiTor resulting from the alleged misrepresentations and material omissions contained in the PPM, and referenced in the Duane Memo, “substantially influenced that consent”. La.Civ.Code.Ann. art. 1955. Because the summary judgment record is lacking on evidence of reliance, see supra note 39, appellants’ fraud defense fails. See In re J.M.P., 528 So.2d 1002, 1010 (La.1988) (stab-ing that to vitiate consent on the ground of fraud, “the party who asserts that the obligation is null must prove some type of causal relationship between his consent and the vice that influenced it”).47

¶66Appellants next assert that even if the indemnity agreement is independent, rather than interdependent, and thus unaffected by fraud in the inducement of the subscription agreement, it does not obligate them to indemnify Home. A contract of indemnity is construed in accordance with the general rules governing contract interpretation — “[w]hen the words of a contract are clear, unambiguous, and lead to no absurd consequences, the contract is interpreted by the court as a matter of law.” Carter v. BRMAP, 591 So.2d 1184, 1188 (La.App. 1st Cir.1991) (emphasis in original). “Agreements to indemnify are strictly construed and the party seeking to enforce such an agreement bears the burden of proof.” Liem v. Austin Power, Inc., 569 So.2d 601, 608 (La.App. 2d Cir.1990).

¶67The indemnity agreement provides:

The [investor] will protect, indemnify, and save harmless [Home] from and against any and all liability, loss, costs, damages, fees of attorneys, and other expenses which [Home] may sustain or incur under *627or in connection with the Bonds hereunder, or in connection with this Agreement, for:

(e) all demands, liabilities, losses, charges and expenses of every kind, which [Home] may become liable to pay or have paid by reason of or in consequence of the execution by [Home] of the Bonds in favor of the [investor].

¶68The referenced bonds provide that “[a] default occurs regardless of whether the Principal for any reason shall have no legal obligation to discharge his, her or its obligations under the Notes to the Obligee or the Permitted Assignee whichever holds the Note(s) which are guaranteed in part by the Surety”. (Emphasis in original.) In the same paragraph, Home waives its defenses to payment.48

¶69In view of this language, we conclude that the indemnity agreement encompasses fraud; however, even if we accept appellants’ assertion that the contract is ambiguous and thus look outside the contract to discern the parties’ intent, appellants nonetheless fail to create a material fact issue. The first supplement to the PPM evidences Home’s intent that the indemnity agreement impose an unconditional obligation on the investors.49 Appellants, on the other hand, did not adduce evidence demonstrating their intent. Accordingly, uncontradicted evidence establishes that the indemnity agreements do not provide a defense to enforceability. See Carter, 591 So.2d at 1192 (granting summary judgment where nonmovant failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to the contract’s proper interpretation).

¶70We summarily dismiss appellants remaining two bases for nullifying their obligations.50 First, appellants’ reliance on codal suretyship arguments is misplaced. They seek to nullify the indemnity agreements, not their obligation to Home arising from Home’s issuance of the bonds.51 As stated in Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. Melikyan, 430 So.2d 1217, 1221 (La.App. 1st Cir.1983), a contract on indemnity is different from a contract on suretyship:

The contract of indemnity forms the law between the parties and must be interpreted according to its own terms and conditions .... [I]n an indemnity contract, the principal and indemnitors can be bound to the surety in any manner they elect in consideration of the surety issuing the bond covering the principal obligation.52

¶71Second, we reject appellants’ attempt to void the indemnity agreements pursuant to § 29(b) of the 1934 Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78cc(b).53 The indemnity agreements, *628standing alone, were not made or performed in violation of the securities laws.54See Regional Properties, Inc., 678 F.2d at 561 n. 16.

¶72In sum, appellants failed to establish a material fact issue regarding the enforceability of the indemnity agreements. Accordingly, in view of their plain meaning, we conclude, as a matter of law, that the investors are obligated to Home, and thus affirm the summary judgment. In so doing, we complete our review of the summary judgment, and turn to appellants’ contentions concerning the district court’s post-judgment rulings.

¶73B. Post-Judgment Rulings

¶74Appellants object to the rulings on their attempt to rely on a newly raised legal theory as a basis for reconsideration of the summary judgment. Judgment was entered on January 31, 1992. Ten days later (February 10), appellants moved for a new trial (Fed. R.Civ.P. 59), reiterating arguments presented in their pre-judgment motions.

¶75A month later (March 9), appellant-investor Turnbull enrolled new counsel, who, on March 27, filed a motion for leave to file a supplemental memorandum in support of the February 10 motion. The supporting memorandum, adopted by the other plaintiff-investors, asserted for the first time that Home and Graham had aided and abetted Equity in violation of Rule 10b-9, issued under § 10(b) of the 1934 Act.55 The court denied the motion for leave to supplement, stating that “[t]he issues raised in this supplemental memo have never been presented before”. Turnbull requested reconsideration.

¶76On April 1, the parties argued the merits of the original (February 10) motion for a new trial. In addition, Turnbull urged that the court consider the Rule 10b-9 theory presented in the supplemental memorandum (which the court had not allowed to be filed), and gave a brief overview of the applicable law. The court agreed with Home and Graham that Rule 10b-9 had not been raised in six years of litigation, and thus refused to consider the new theory/issue. The court also denied the motion for a new trial.

¶77Appellants do not dispute the district court’s disposition of their motion for a new trial; rather, they object to its refusal to consider Turnbull’s supplemental memorandum. For starters, they contend that simply by raising § 10(b) early on, they put in issue any and all rules adopted pursuant to it. Obviously, this contention is totally without merit. It goes without saying that, in order to be properly raised, an issue must be more specifically framed than as appellants claim. Otherwise, the court, not the parties, would be charged with deciding which claims should be pursued.

¶78Appellants also use more specific approaches to attempt to save this new issue. “[A] trial court may in the exercise of its sound discretion allow a tardy amendment stating an additional ground for a new trial.” Dotson v. Clark Equipment Co., 805 F.2d 1225, 1228 (5th Cir.1986) (emphasis in original). The district court certainly did not *629abuse its discretion, considering the basis for the motion, the length of delay, and the lack of explanation for not having timely raised the issue.

¶79First, we agree with the district court that the Rule 10b-9 theory is “new”. (In fact, at the April 1 hearing, Turnbull’s counsel admitted that a new theory was being presented: “I suggest that all the facts are before the Court, have been before the Court, and this is simply another theory” (Emphasis added.)) As is apparent from Turnbull's post-judgment efforts and brief on appeal, appellants’ theory requires the assertion of legal issues not previously raised;56 the introduction of additional evidence;57 and the analysis of a different law.58

¶80The court was under no obligation to permit appellants to interject a new legal theory, without explanation, after they had failed to do so during three years of discovery, two additional years between the court’s granting summary judgment and entering judgment, and almost two months following that entry. See Allied Bank-West, N.A. v. Stein, 996 F.2d 111, 115 (5th Cir.1993) (internal quotations omitted) (“[mjotions for new trial cannot be used to argue a case under a new legal theory”); Simon v. United States, 891 F.2d 1154, 1159 (5th Cir.1990) (stating same with respect to a motion to alter or amend);59see also Russ v. International Paper Co., 943 F.2d 589, 593 (5th Cir.1991) (denying Rule 59(e) motion for reconsideration because plaintiff did not explain his failure to submit evidentiary materials prior to judgment).60 As stated, the district court did not abuse its discretion.

¶81*630III.

¶82For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is

¶83AFFIRMED.