United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 19-3384
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United States of America
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Anthony Phillip Mitchell
Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Southern District of Iowa - Des Moines
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Submitted: January 15, 2021
Filed: June 29, 2021
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Before LOKEN, GRASZ, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
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GRASZ, Circuit Judge.
In a blocked-off alley in downtown Des Moines, barbs became blows when
Anthony Mitchell swung at Georan Churchill. After that fight, the district court1
1
The Honorable John A. Jarvey, Chief Judge, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of Iowa.
revoked Mitchell’s supervised release and handed down a 24-month sentence. We
affirm.
I. Background
After serving a 48-month sentence for unlawful firearm possession, see 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), Mitchell began a 36-month supervised-release term. Mitchell
faced revocation if he committed another federal, state, or local crime during this
term.
In late September 2019, Mitchell and two friends drove into a Des Moines
alley, not realizing it was blocked off. Moments before, Churchill and a friend had
walked into the same alley.
Churchill and Mitchell disagreed about much of what happened next,
including whose friend “started” the fight and how. But they agreed that their friends
exchanged harsh words and, while both Mitchell and Churchill tried, neither
managed to prevent their friends from exchanging punches. Churchill captured a
twenty-six-second video of the escalating tension on his phone.
According to Churchill, Mitchell grabbed him from behind, threw him to the
ground, and then kicked his face repeatedly. He also testified that he never swung
at Mitchell nor turned toward him. Churchill said that he left the alley with a
concussion, broken bones in his face, and a cut on his face which required stitches.
A photo taken soon after the fight shows swelling, stitches, and cuts on his face. In
court, while Churchill’s eye still looked swollen and red, he said that an intervening
fall caused his on-the-stand appearance.
Mitchell’s testimony differed. He thought that one friend screamed for help
while multiple people attacked his other friend. While running to help his friends,
Mitchell saw Churchill turning around with his hand “flying towards” Mitchell’s
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face. Mitchell responded by punching Churchill in the nose and then “kept running.”
Mitchell denied kicking Churchill.
When the government learned about the fight, it asked the district court to
revoke Mitchell’s supervised release. The government alleged that Mitchell violated
Iowa law by willfully injuring Churchill. See Iowa Code § 708.4(2). After hearing
evidence and arguments, the district court found that the government proved by a
preponderance of the evidence that Mitchell violated his supervised release. That
finding relied on Churchill’s testimony, which the district court viewed as “credible
in every respect.” It pointed to Churchill’s video, a 911 call, and Mitchell’s
admissions as corroborating evidence. In the district court’s view, Churchill’s video,
his injuries, and his conduct contradicted Mitchell’s testimony.
At sentencing, the government asked for a 24-month sentence, which the
parties agreed fell within the appropriate range under the United States Sentencing
Guidelines Manual, as well as a 6-month supervised-release term. Mitchell asked
for “much less” but did not ask for a specific sentence.
The district court decided on 24 months with no supervised release. In doing
so, it considered “good things[,]” like Mitchell’s strong work ethic. It also
considered Mitchell’s “history of problems[,]” including his “repeated” and
“escalating” supervised-release violations. And because Mitchell’s “conduct” and
“not the classification” guided its sentencing decision, the district court said that it
would “do the same thing” even if the conduct did not amount to a willful injury
under Iowa law.
II. Discussion
Mitchell asks us to reverse the district court’s supervised-release revocation
and the sentence it imposed. This record does not support either request.
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A. Willful Injury
Under Iowa’s willful-injury statute, “[a]ny person who does an act which is
not justified and which is intended to cause serious injury to another commits willful
injury[.]” Iowa Code § 708.4(2). The statute then assigns different state felony
classes based on the injury caused—a class C felony for causing a “serious injury”
and a class D for causing a “bodily injury[.]” 2
Id. § 708.4(1)–(2).
Another provision in the same chapter defines “serious injury” to include a
“bodily injury.” Id. § 702.18(1)(b) (cleaned up). A “bodily injury”: (1) “[c]reates a
substantial risk of death”; (2) “[c]auses serious permanent disfigurement”; or
(3) “[c]auses protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or
organ[.]” Id. The Iowa Supreme Court has broadly read “bodily injury” as meaning
“to cause ‘physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition.’” Jima v.
Barr, 942 F.3d 468, 472 (8th Cir. 2019) (quoting State v. McKee,
312 N.W.2d 907,
913 (Iowa 1981)); accord State v. Gordon,
560 N.W.2d 4, 6 (Iowa 1997).
B. Revocation
The district court had discretion to revoke Mitchell’s supervised-release term
if it found, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he violated a condition of that
term. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3). We review the district court’s revocation decision
for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Boyd,
792 F.3d 916, 919 (8th Cir. 2015).
And we review its underlying fact-finding—whether Mitchell violated his
supervised release by committing a new state crime (
Iowa Code § 708.4)—for clear
error. Boyd,
792 F.3d at 919.
2
After first charging Mitchell with a class D felony, the local police, in
consulting with the county attorney, later bumped it up to a class C felony.
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Mitchell argues that insufficient evidence supported the revocation decision
because, as he asserts, the government did not prove the underlying state crime’s
intent and injury elements.
First, in asserting that he acted in self-defense, Mitchell argues that the
government needed—but failed—to prove that he intended to seriously injure
Churchill.3 Even if we agreed with Mitchell’s premise, sufficient evidence existed
to satisfy the intent element. The district court viewed Churchill’s testimony as
unequivocally credible. See United States v. Carothers, 337 F.3d 1017, 1019 (8th
Cir. 2003). By determining that other evidence (e.g., the video, the 911 call,
Mitchell’s admissions, and Churchill’s injuries) corroborated Churchill’s testimony
and contradicted Mitchell’s, “the district court implicitly found that [Churchill’s]
testimony was credible and that [Mitchell’s] was not credible.”
Id. “Because
credibility determinations are ‘virtually unreviewable on appeal,’” Mitchell’s first
argument fails.
Id. (quoting United States v. Hernandez,
281 F.3d 746, 748 (8th Cir.
2002)).
Next, Mitchell argues that the government did not prove the serious-injury
element. He highlights the absence of any medical witnesses. He also notes that
while Churchill’s face may have looked injured at the revocation hearing, Churchill
hurt himself subsequent to the alley fight.
We conclude that the record contains enough evidence to satisfy the serious-injury element via the broad definition for “bodily injury.” See McKee, 312 N.W.2d
at 913. Mitchell admitted to punching Churchill in the face. And the post-fight
photo shows Churchill’s face—with swelling, stitches, and cuts—before he injured
himself.
3
We decline the invitation to raise the burden of proof from preponderance of
the evidence to clear and convincing. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3).
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For these reasons, Mitchell has not shown that the district court clearly erred
in its finding that he, more likely than not, committed a new state crime. As a result,
we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in revoking his supervised
release.
C. Sentencing
Mitchell next challenges the substantive reasonableness of his 24-month
sentence. Because we presume that a within-Guidelines sentence is reasonable,
Mitchell must rebut that presumption and show that he should have received a lower
sentence. See United States v. Goodale, 738 F.3d 917, 926 (8th Cir. 2013).
Mitchell argues that his employment during his supervised release should
have factored more heavily into his sentence. The district court recognized
Mitchell’s strong work ethic and his consistent employment. It also considered his
repeated supervised-release violations and his conduct in the alley fight. Even
though Mitchell may have preferred for the district court to give more weight to his
work ethic and employment status, we cannot say that the district court abused its
discretion in weighing other factors more heavily. See United States v. Campbell,
986 F.3d 782, 808 (8th Cir. 2021).
III. Conclusion
We affirm the district court’s judgment.
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