¶1There is no doubt as to the general principle, that he, who has received money, and is ex aquo el bono not authorized to retain it, may be made to refund it in an action of assumpsit. (1.)
¶2The person who receives money for the sale of personal property, when the title was in a third person, comes within this general principle. 2 D. & E. 369.—1 D. & E. 732.—6 do. 606.—2 East 241.—2 Es. Ca. 640.—Peak’s Ca. 94, 109.
¶3We say personal property ; for, in sales of real estate, as the title appears on record, and may be secured by cove*63nants, the rule is otherwise. Doug. 654, Bree vs. Holbeck.—1 Mass. Rep. 65, Gates et al. vs. Winslow.
¶4And the cases, which by some have been thought contradictory, are merely instances where the instruments of conveyance hare been considered void by some defect in form, or by being made in pursuance of a prior agreement, which, with all done under it, is on failure of title, held to be rescinded. Burr. 2639.-3 Bos. & Pull. 162, 131.—1 Es. Ca. 150.—2 do. 639.—7 Mass. Rep. 32, Fowler vs. Shearer.
¶5But the sale of patents, though required to be recorded, (1) is the sale of mere personal property ; and hence, on a failure of title to the patent, the money received for it by the vendor, cannot be retained, unless some equitable circumstance, or some technical rule interpose, to make the case an exception to the general principle.
¶6In the present case, the title to the patent is supposed to have failed, because the assignment of it from the original patentees was never recorded; and the decision in Bliss and others vs. Negus, (2) countenances this position.
¶7But the act of Congress does not, in direct terms, declare the assignment void if unrecorded. Its language resembles that in most statutes, concerning the record of deeds of real estate ; and, in relation to these last, it is every where held, that, without recording, the title passes between the parties, and is void only as to creditors, and those who afterwards purchase from the grantor without notice.
¶8We see no reason against an adoption of the same rule under the act of Congress. (3)
¶9It ivas argued, also, that the title to the patent failed ; because differences existed between the patent itself, and the description of it in the conveyance to the plaintiff. But it was admitted, that those differences were only circumstantial. Hence the patent was sufficiently identified, and no presumption arose, that the variations were intended as fraudulent affirmations, in respect to the character of the patent. 1 N. H. Rep. 349, Case vs. Morey.—2 Barn. & Ald. 345, Rex vs. Wheeler.
¶10lt was contended, likewise, that the principles of the patent had before been used and known ; and hence, that the patent right failed under the express provisions of the act of Congress, passed April 17th, 1800.
¶11It is doubtless true, that the patent, under such circumstances, fails, though the prior use of its principles, may not have been known to the patentee.(l) Because the public is not benefited by a patent, for what was before “ known and used and the profits of what was before “ known and used,” should not be monopolized by one individual.
¶12But the word “ principles,” as employed in the act of Congress, does not mean merely the elementary principles of bodies, as earths, alkalies, &c. ; or of mechanic power, as the wheel, lever, screw, &c.; or of power obtained by water, fire, air, &c. Because scarcely any machine, medicine or utensil, could be constructed or operate, without the aid of some such principles.
¶13It means, not only elementary principles, but the application of them. 1 N. H. Rep. 348.-2 Hen. Bl. 463.—3 Wheaton (Apx. 15.)—1 Mason 447.-2 Gallison 51.—8 D. & E. 95, Hornblower vs. Bolton.
¶14Tiñere must be the discovery of new principles, or the employment of old ones in a new proportion, or in a new ' process, or to a new purpose. That is, to use the language of the great renovator of the arts and sciences, there must be “ an invention of farther means, to indow the condition (i and life of man with new powers or works.” 2 Lord Bacon’s Works, 199, (Shaw’s edition.)
¶15Under these views of the true construction of the Act of Congress, the evidence as to the originality of this patent, can hereafter be submitted to a jury, unless, o* the other testimony in the case, the defendants shall appear in all events to be discharged. We are inclined to think that they are so discharged. For on a supposition, that the patent was not original,and that the right has thus failed,yet it is to be remembered, that the plaintiff, when sued for the consideration, enjoyed an opportunity to prove this fact, and to de*65feat a recovery of the very money he now seeks to regain. »
¶16It does not appear, that the notes had been negotiated, or the defence precluded by any other circumstance. Hence, if it was not made, the omission arose from such accident as would entitle him to a new trial, or from such ignorance and neglect as are irremediable.
¶17The point in issue in both actions is identically the same, that is, the right of the defendants to the consideration money for the patent; and it is well settled, that no question, unless by review, new trial, or appeal, can be twice litigated between the same parties, 1 N. H. Rep. 33.— Whittmore vs. Whittmore, (ante.)—9 John. Rep. 233.— Parker vs. Colcord, (ante.)
¶18But if the plaintiff, in bis conveyance, had a covenant concerning the title of the patent, he may still resort to a higher and distinct remedy on the covenant.(l)
¶19Whether he could sustain a special assumpsit on an implied warranty, if no covenant exists, is a question which need not now be discussed. 1 N. H. Rep. 76, Robison et al. vs. Crowninshield.
¶20On the facts of this case, a further question might arise as to the sum of $68,6»; because that sum ivas paid previous to the institution of any suit; and, therefore, does not fall within the reasons of the above principle.
¶21But, in Taylor vs. Hare, (4 Bos. Pul. 260) it was held, that though the title to a patent failed, yet the purchaser could not recover back the consideration paid, if any benefits were derived from the use of the patent, and the communications which accompanied it.
¶22We see no insuperable objection to this rule, when the benefits were equivalent, and the purchaser not liable for them to any prior patentee. How these facts were in the present instance, has not been settled by the jury. Yet this distinction as to the sum paid before suit not having been taken at the trial, and the cause being still open fo review, we shall render
¶23Judgment on the verdict.
¶24 Greeuleaf 352, (semb.) Lloyd v. Jewell et al.