majority">Miller, J.

The defendant in error was the plaintiff in the district court, where he recovered a judgment. The suit was founded upon a negotiable promissory note, drawn by the defendants, John Atchison and Gfeo. W. Atchison, on the 7th August, 1841, for $1,000, and payable to the order of Samuel B. Knapp two years after date, and indorsed in blank by him to E. C. Knapp, and by him in blank, through which indorsement the plaintiff made title. The defendants, to maintain their defense, called two witnesses, who proved that the note sued on was received by the plaintiff from the receivers of the Bank of Mineral Point; that it was at one time in the hands of said receivers as part of the assets of said bank, and was delivered to the plaintiff in payment of or in exchange for paper liabilities of said bank then held by him. The defendants then offered in evidence a bill of exchange, dated January 30, 1841, drawn by Samuel B. Knapp upon Harvey St. John, in favor of Josiah A. Hoonan or order, for $600, payable at five days’ sight, and indorsed by 1SToonan to Henderson or order, and by him to Douglass, and by him to Horton; the payment of which said bill, 'on the 27th April, 1841, the defendants guaranteed in thirty days, and on the twenty-ninth of May thereafter its payment is acknowledged by Horton. The defendants also offered in evidence one other bill of exchange, dated Mineral Point Bank, March 27, 1841, drawn by Samuel B. Knapp, cashier, for $500, upon J. Smith Homans, in favor of them, the said de*50fendants, and payable sixty days after date. Said bill was indorsed in blank by tbe defendants to Isaac C. Allen and Clifton & Co.

Tbe court decided tbat tbe note sued on, being a negotiable promissory note, tbe fact tbat it came into tbe possession of tbe bank, and was by tbe receivers of tbebank transferred by delivery, before it came due to the plaintiff, a bona fide bolder, for a valuable consideration, it could in no way be invalidated in tbe bands of such bolder; and tbat be could recover on tbe note in this suit against tbe makers, without regard to any defense which might be set up by or between tbe other parties. Tbe court further decided tbat ‘£ tbe bill offered in evidence by tbe defendants in offset, bearing date and becoming mature previous to tbe date of tbe note sued on, tbe presumption was tbat all demands of tbe defendants against tbe bank previously to tbe date of said note bad been settled between tbe defendants and tbe bank. Tbe court further decided, tbat tbe receivers could legally give circulation to tbe note as proven.”

The first and principal question' raised in this case is upon tbe delivery over of tbe note in suit, by tbe receivers of tbe bank, to tbe plaintiff.

Usually receivers are parties appointed for tbe benefit of tbe creditors of a bank, with power and authority to collect and pay over to them tbe assets. In law, tbe cboses in action of tbe bank are in their possession for tbe creditors, and to all intents and purposes are tbe property of tbe creditors. Baxter v. Bishop, 3 Wend. 13. Tbe receivers bold the property and assets of tbe bank in trust for tbe creditors, as tbe agents of tbe court. This court decided in Hagedon v. The Bank of Wisconsin, ante, tbat an attachment could not be levied upon tbe assets of tbe bank, at tbe suit of one creditor of tbe bank, after tbe appointment of a receiver. In the opinion delivered, tbe court remarked tbat “the receiver was appointed to take possession of tbe assets, and keep them safe for those legally entitled to them; and is bound by *51his bond to account for them. The receiver is a mere récipient or trustee of the property, without power to assign it, or exercise any acts of ownership over it but those of a bailee, and has but a qualified property in it. It is no argument in favor of the plaintiff in error that the ownership of the property attached was not divested from the bank, if the property was in gremio legis, which it then was. If the charter of the bank shall be declared forfeited, it will become necessary to distribute the assets among its creditors, and to accomplish which it is absolutely necessary that the law should take possession of the funds.” These remarks are perfectly correct upon the facts of that case. The receiver was merely a temporary or conditional receiver or recipient of the assets during the pendency of the suit, and had no authority to disburse the funds, or divide the assets to and among the creditors, until the termination of the suit, and after a decree of forfeiture of the charter.

The extent of the authority of the receivers of the Bank of Mineral Point, when they had possession of this note, is not shown, but it is presumed that they had full power to disburse the assets and divide them to and among the creditors, in the absence of proof on the subject, and from the fact that this note was paid over to a creditor of the bank in negotiation of his claim. And what time this note was in their possession is not shown. When and how they settled their accounts, or whether or not the creditors have all been paid, nowhere appears. The presumption is that the receivers have discharged the duties of their office. There is nothing in the case to raise even a presumption of fraud or mismanagement, or waste or favoritism. The delivery over of this note to the plaintiff in payment of his debt does not show it. The plaintiff could not have compelled them to deliver him this note in such payment, but they could. do so voluntarily, being responsible to the other creditors for waste or misappropriation of the fund, in case of a deficiency of assets. Whether there was a deficiency of *52assets is not shown ; hence the presumption is that the plaintiff was legally entitled to the full amount of this note.

Such transactions on the part of executors and administrators are common, but are always voluntary and at their risk. It is a short and legal manner of settling the claims of a creditor, if no one is injured thereby. The plaintiff had a just claim against the bank, and he could legally receive this note in payment thereof. The defendants cannot raise this as an objection to his title thereto, or his right to receive the amount of it.

The bills of exchange are dated and made payable some months before the date of this note. For aught that appears, they came to the hands of the defendants and were in their possession before the date of the note, and before it became the property of the bank. No doubt the presumption arises that they would not have given their note to Knapp (or to him for the bank) if such were the case, if they then held the bills of exchange against him or the bank unsatisfied. But be that as it may, there cannot be any essential error in that part of the opinion of the court. There can be no objection to it as a principle of law. The note in suit is a negotiable promissory note, indorsed and transferred to the plaintiff before due, in the ordinary course of business, for a valuable consideration, without notice, the defense offered could not be received against him, either in payment or offset. Swift v. Tyson, 16 Pet. 1; Baxter v. Bishop, 3 Wend. 13; Smith v. Von Loan, 16 id. 659; Raymond v. Wheeler, 9 Cow. 295. It is therefore, the opinion of the court that the judgment be affirmed. Ordered accordingly.

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