2 U.S.C. § 441
Section 441 · Repealed. Pub. L. 94283, title I, 112(1), May 11, 1976, 90 Stat. 486
Applied in 41 court decisions — leading case Federal Election Commission v. Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (1981)
Most recently applied in Pasquale Deon, Sr. v. David Barasch (May 2020)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
Section, Pub. L. 92–225, title III, § 320, formerly 311, Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 19; renumbered 321, Pub. L. 93–443, title II, § 208(a), Oct. 15, 1974, 88 Stat. 1279; renumbered 320, Pub. L. 94–283, title I, § 105, May 11, 1976, 90 Stat. 481, provided penalties of not more than $1,000 fine or not more than 1 year imprisonment, or both for violations of this subchapter. See section 441j of this title.