State v. Roth’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

24 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 24 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. ““A citizen informant is ‘someone who volunteer[s] information, [does] not want anything in return for the information, and [is] not at risk or in fear of going to jail.’ [Citation.] ‘We have recognized that citizen informants are presumed reliable, and that their reliability should be evaluated from the nature of their report, their opportunity to hear and see the matters reported, and the extent to which it can be verified by independent police investigation.’ [Citation.] Generally, a confidential informant is known to the police officer, but his or her identity is concealed from the magistrate. [Citation.] *** ‘A named “citizen informant” differs significantly from a *** confidential informant whose identity is being protected.’ [Citation.] However, while a confidential informant does not enjoy the same presumed reliability as a citizen informant, he or she is still considered more reliable than an anonymous informant. Indeed, we have previously stated that ‘[t]he most reliable tip is *** one relayed personally to the officer.’ [Citation.] An anonymous informant is one unknown to both the investigating officer and the magistrate.” Roth, 674 N.W.2d at 500 .”

   2 later decisions quote this exact passage
   e.g. 383 Ill. App. 3d 327 - People v. Bryant · 389 Ill. App. 3d 500 - People v. Bryant

2. “Stale information of previous misconduct does not establish probable cause that similar or other improper conduct is continuing to occur.... Staleness is determined after reviewing the particular facts of each case, and passage of time may be unimportant to the validity of probable cause when the course of conduct is of a protracted or continuous nature.... Drug use can also be a habituating and continuing offense.”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage
   e.g. State v. Nelson

3. “A citizen informant is “ ‘someone who volunteers] information, [does] not want anything in return for the information, and [is] not at risk or in fear of going to jail.’ ” State v. Roth, 2004 ND 23, ¶ 10 , 674 N.W.2d 495 (quoting State v. Rangeloff, 1998 ND 135 , ¶ 4 n. 3, 580 N.W.2d 593 ). Information provided by a citizen informant is presumed reliable. Id.”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage
   e.g. City of Dickinson v. Hewson