Morrison v. Comm'r

¶2MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

¶3VASQUEZ, Judge: Respondent determined the following deficiencies in and accuracy-related penalty on petitioner's Federal income taxes: ¹

¶4                   Penalty

¶5     Year    Deficiency   Sec. 6662(a)      1999    $ 87,780     $ 17,556

¶6     2000      4,075       --

¶7After concessions, ²*54 the issues for decision are: (1) Whether payments made on behalf of petitioner or disbursements directly to petitioner by Caspian Consulting Group, Inc., during 1999 and personal charges petitioner made on a company credit card in 2000 were constructive dividends; and (2) whether petitioner is liable for an accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a)³ for 1999.

¶8FINDINGS OF FACT

¶9Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of facts and the attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. Petitioner resided in Belmont, California, at the time he filed his petition.

¶10Petitioner owned 40 percent of the outstanding stock of Caspian Consulting Group, Inc. (Caspian). Petitioner provided "technical services and expertise to … [Caspian's] service and support teams." Nariman Teymourian (Mr. Teymourian) owned the remaining 60 percent of the Caspian stock.

¶11During 1999, Caspian paid $ 40,000 to the Internal Revenue Service and $ 8,000 to the California Franchise Tax Board to satisfy petitioner's tax liabilities. Caspian also made disbursements of $ 200,000 and $ 32,623 directly to petitioner during 1999. These payments and disbursements will hereinafter be referred to as the 1999 payments and disbursements.

¶12During 2000, petitioner charged $ 26,338 to a company*55 credit card for personal items (2000 personal charges). Petitioner reimbursed Caspian $ 14,059 through payroll deductions in 2000.

¶13OPINION

¶14Petitioner does not assert that section 7491(a) shifts the burden of proof to respondent. Petitioner also did not satisfy the requirements of section 7491(a)(2). Therefore, petitioner bears the burden of proof. Rule 142(a).

¶15Petitioner contends that the 1999 payments and disbursements and the 2000 personal charges were loans. Respondent determined that the 1999 payments and disbursements and the 2000 personal charges were constructive dividends to petitioner.

¶16The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit defines a loan as "' an agreement, either express or implied, whereby one person advances money to the other and the other agrees to repay it upon such terms as to time and rate of interest, or without interest, as the parties may agree.'" Commissioner v. Valley Morris Plan, 305 F.2d 610, 618 (9th Cir. 1962) (quoting Natl. Bank v. Fid. & Cas. Co., 131 F. Supp. 121, 123, 71 Ohio Law Abs. 553 (S. D. Ohio 1954)). The Court of Appeals determines whether a transaction is a loan by examining the transaction as*56 a whole. See Bloom v. I. C. Sys., Inc., 972 F.2d 1067, 1068 (9th Cir. 1992); Estate of Chism v. Commissioner, 322 F.2d 956, 960 (9th Cir. 1963), affg. Chism Ice Cream Co. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1962-6.

¶17In Welch v. Commissioner, 204 F.3d 1228, 1230 (9th Cir. 2000), affg. T.C. Memo. 1998-121, the Court of Appeals found the following seven factors relevant in determining whether a transaction qualified as a true loan:

   (1) whether the promise to repay is evidenced by a note or other



   instrument; (2) whether interest was charged; (3) whether a



   fixed schedule for repayments was established; (4) whether



   collateral was given to secure payment; (5) whether repayments



   were made; (6) whether the borrower had a reasonable prospect of



   repaying the loan and whether the lender had sufficient funds to



   advance the loan; and (7) whether the parties conducted

   themselves as if the transaction were a loan. …

¶18The seven factors are nonexclusive, and no single factor is dispositive. Id. The seven factors form a general basis upon which the Court of Appeals analyzes*57 transactions. Id.

¶19A factor evidencing a loan is the lender's charging the borrower interest. A partner of the accounting firm that prepared petitioner's individual income tax return and Caspian's corporate income tax return testified that the $ 14,059 deducted from petitioner's salary was a payment for the interest that accrued in 2000 on the 1999 payments and disbursements. The partner testified that in 2000 interest accrued at the rate of 6.2 percent. We find that this factor weighs in favor of petitioner.

¶20Repayments to the lender from the borrower are evidence of a loan. Petitioner partially repaid his debt in 1999 by transferring $ 53,869 to Caspian. Petitioner credibly testified that he repaid the balance of the 1999 payments and disbursements and the 2000 personal charges. We find that this factor weighs in favor of petitioner.

¶21A loan may exist if the borrower had a reasonable prospect of repaying the loan and if the lender had sufficient funds to advance the loan. Petitioner's 1999 payments and disbursements totaled $ 280,623. Petitioner's 2000 personal charges totaled $ 26,338.

¶22Petitioner reported adjusted gross income of $ 132,351 and $ 159,973 in 1999 and 2000, respectively. *58 We find that petitioner had a reasonable prospect of repaying the advanced amounts.

¶23The corporate income tax returns for Caspian listed taxable income of $ 1,257,491 and $ 360,116 for 1999 and 2000, respectively, and total income of $ 4,839,233 and $ 11,414,363 for 1999 and 2000, respectively. We conclude that Caspian had sufficient funds to advance the amounts. Therefore, this factor weighs in favor of petitioner.

¶24The conduct of the parties may indicate the existence of a loan. The conduct of petitioner and Caspian was consistent with the existence of a loan. Petitioner repaid the entire loan. Petitioner testified that the 1999 payments and disbursements were used to purchase a house and pay tax liabilities. The 2000 personal charges were used for personal expenses. We find that this factor weighs in favor of petitioner.

¶25After reviewing the above factors, we conclude that the 1999 payments and disbursements and the 2000 personal charges were loans.

¶26Pursuant to section 6662(a), a taxpayer may be liable for a penalty of 20 percent on the portion of an underpayment of tax (1) attributable to a substantial understatement of tax or (2) due to negligence or disregard of*59 rules or regulations. Sec. 6662(b).

¶27We have found for petitioner on the issue of whether the 1999 payments and disbursements were loans. Therefore, there is no underpayment of tax for 1999 on which a penalty may be imposed. Sec. 6662(d)(1)(A). Accordingly, we do not sustain respondent's penalty determination.

¶28To reflect the foregoing,

¶29Decision will be entered under Rule 155.