ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
Appellate Court
People v. Hoffman, 2012 IL App (2d) 110462
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption CHRISTOPHER T. HOFFMAN, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. Second District
Docket No. 2-11-0462
Filed October 31, 2012
Rehearing denied December 21, 2012
Held The trial court did not err in refusing to give defendant’s proposed
(Note: This syllabus nonpattern instruction stating that he could be found guilty of violating
constitutes no part of an order of protection only if the jury determined that he acted with
the opinion of the court knowledge and intent where the applicable pattern instructions were
but has been prepared given.
by the Reporter of
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kane County, No. 08-CM-5362; the
Review Hon. Linda S. Abrahamson, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Thomas A. Lilien and Bruce Kirkham, both of State Appellate Defender’s
Appeal Office, of Elgin, for appellant.
Joseph H. McMahon, State’s Attorney, of St. Charles (Terry A. Mertel
and Laura E. DeMichael, both of State’s Attorneys Appellate
Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
Panel JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Zenoff and Schostok concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 In violation of the explicit terms of an order of protection, defendant, Christopher T.
Hoffman, sent text messages to his estranged wife concerning matters such as a family
vacation, tickets to a concert, and the broadcast of a movie on television. Based on these acts,
defendant was charged with violating the order of protection (720 ILCS 5/12-30(a) (West
2008)). A jury was impaneled, and, following the close of all of the evidence, the jury was
given the Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions (IPI) that apply in cases where a defendant is
charged with violating an order of protection. The jury was not given the non-IPI instruction
that defendant proposed, which specifically indicated that he could be found guilty of
violating the order of protection only if the jury found that he acted with knowledge and
intent. The jury found defendant guilty, and he moved for a judgment notwithstanding the
verdict (725 ILCS 5/116-1 (West 2008)), arguing, among other things, that the jury should
have been given his proposed non-IPI instruction. The trial court denied the motion and
sentenced defendant to, among other things, 24 months of probation. Defendant timely
appeals, claiming that the jury should have been given his proposed non-IPI instruction. We
disagree, and, thus, we affirm.
¶2 The facts relevant to resolving this appeal are as follows. Jacquelynn Hoffman,
defendant’s estranged wife, testified that she had an interim order of protection against
defendant and that, when that order was entered, defendant had agreed to its terms.
According to the order of protection, defendant could contact Jacquelynn only about matters
concerning the parties’ children, visitation with the children, and the Internet connection that
Jacquelynn and the children shared.
¶3 Between August 21, 2008, and August 23, 2008, defendant contacted Jacquelynn at least
seven times. In text messages defendant sent to Jacquelynn during that time, defendant asked
to come to the marital home where Jacquelynn and the children lived so that he could
retrieve various items. Additionally, in these text messages, defendant expressed his
dissatisfaction with Jacquelynn involving her attorney in the parties’ legal matters, advised
Jacquelynn that he had two tickets to a concert that he could give to her, proposed that the
parties and their children go on a vacation together, encouraged Jacquelynn to watch a movie
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that was being televised, and told Jacquelynn, against his attorney’s advice, how his attorney
planned to defend him. At the end of many of these text messages, defendant expressed his
love for Jacquelynn. When asked how she felt when she received these messages, Jacquelynn
testified that the messages were harassing and that she felt threatened by them.
¶4 Officer William Holmeyer testified that he was on duty at the front desk of the police
department when Jacquelynn came to the police station to turn over custody of the parties’
children to defendant for visitation. At that time, Jacquelynn told Officer Holmeyer about the
text messages she had received from defendant. Officer Holmeyer examined the content of
the text messages and reviewed the interim order of protection. Thereafter, defendant arrived
at the police station, and Officer Holmeyer asked defendant about the text messages he had
sent to Jacquelynn. Defendant admitted that he had sent the text messages, and he told
Officer Holmeyer that he knew the messages were “outside the bounds of” the interim order
of protection.
¶5 During the jury instruction conference, the State offered jury instruction No. 14, which
was based on Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 11.78 (4th ed. 2000)
(hereinafter, IPI Criminal 4th No. 11.78). That instruction provided:
“To sustain a charge of violation of an order of protection, the State must prove the
following propositions:
First proposition: That [defendant] contacted Jacquelynn Hoffman; and
Second proposition: That an order of protection prohibited [defendant] from
committing that act; and
Third proposition: That the order of protection was in effect at the time [defendant]
contacted Jacquelynn Hoffman; and
Fourth proposition: That at the time [defendant] contacted Jacquelynn Hoffman, he
had been served notice of the contents of an order of protection or otherwise had
actual knowledge of the contents of the order.
If you find from your consideration of all the evidence that each one of these
propositions has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the defendant
guilty.
If you find from your consideration of all the evidence that any one of the
propositions has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the
defendant not guilty.”
¶6 Defendant offered an alternative to this instruction. That instruction stated:
“To sustain the charge of violation of an order of protection, the State must prove the
following propositions, beyond a reasonable doubt:
1) That [defendant] committed an act that was prohibited by a trial court in a valid
order of protection, entered pursuant to the provisions of the Illinois Domestic Violence
Act of 1986 [(750 ILCS 60/101 et seq. (West 2008))].
AND
2) Such act occurs after [defendant] had been served notice of the contents of the
order, or otherwise had acquired knowledge of the contents of the order.
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AND
3) As the offense of violating an order of protection is not a strict liability offense,
the State is also required to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, both actus reas [sic], Latin
for a ‘guilty act,’ and mens rea, Latin for a ‘guilty mind.’ A guilty mind is often referred
to by the layman as ‘criminal intent,’ or knowingly [and] intentionally committing a
criminal act.
If you find from your consideration of all of the evidence that each one of the above
3 conditions has been proven, beyond a reasonable doubt, then you should make the
finding of fact that the defendant is guilty as charged.
If you find from your consideration of all of the evidence that any one of the above
3 conditions has not been proven, beyond a reasonable doubt, then you should make the
finding of fact that the defendant is not guilty.” (Emphases in original.)
¶7 Over defendant’s objection, the trial court determined that the State’s instruction should
be given instead of defendant’s. At the close of all of the evidence, the jury was given the
State’s instruction Nos. 13 and 14. Instruction No. 13, which was based on Illinois Pattern
Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 11.77 (4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter, IPI Criminal 4th No.
11.77), provided:
“A person commits the offense of Violation of an Order of Protection when, having
been served notice of the contents of the Order of Protection or otherwise having actual
knowledge of the contents of the order, he commits an act which was prohibited by a
court in an order of protection.”
¶8 At issue in this appeal is whether the trial court erred when it did not give the jury
defendant’s non-IPI instruction. “The function of jury instructions is to convey to the jury the
correct principles of law applicable to the evidence so the jury can apply the proper legal
principles to the facts and arrive at a proper conclusion based on the law and the evidence.”
People v. Rebecca, 2012 IL App (2d) 091259, ¶ 69. “ ‘In reviewing the adequacy of
instructions, [the appellate] court must consider the jury instructions as a whole to determine
whether they fully and fairly cover the law.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Nutall,
312 Ill. App. 3d
620, 633 (2000)).
¶9 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 451(a) (eff. July 1, 2006) delineates when non-IPIs may be
given. Specifically, that rule states:
“Whenever Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal (4th ed. 2000) (IPI Criminal 4th),
contains an instruction applicable in a criminal case, giving due consideration to the facts
and the governing law, and the court determines that the jury should be instructed on the
subject, the IPI Criminal 4th instruction shall be used, unless the court determines that
it does not accurately state the law.” (Emphasis added.) Id.
See also Rebecca, 2012 IL App (2d) 091259, ¶ 69.
¶ 10 “The decision to give or refuse a non-IPI instruction is a matter within the sound
discretion of the trial court.” Id. “An abuse of discretion occurs in refusing to give a non-IPI
instruction where there is no IPI instruction applicable to the subject and the jury was left to
deliberate without proper instructions.” Id. “Refusal to give a non-IPI instruction does not
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constitute an abuse of discretion if there is an applicable IPI instruction and/or the essence
of the refused instruction is covered by the instruction given.” Id.
¶ 11 Here, defendant argues that his non-IPI instruction should have been given to the jury
because the applicable IPI instructions do not accurately state the law. That is, defendant
argues that the applicable IPI instructions are inaccurate because they do not indicate the
mental state with which a defendant must act in order to be found guilty of violating an order
of protection. We disagree.
¶ 12 In addressing defendant’s argument, we begin by noting that criminal offenses generally
are comprised of two components: (1) a voluntary act; and (2) a mental state. People v.
Martino, 2012 IL App (2d) 101244, ¶ 13. Strict liability offenses are those that impose
criminal liability on a defendant without providing that the defendant must have acted with
a certain mental state when the crime was committed. See People v. Langford, 195 Ill. App.
3d 366, 368 (1990); see also 720 ILCS 5/4-9 (West 2008). As defendant correctly notes,
violating an order of protection is not a strict liability offense. People v. Davit, 366 Ill. App.
3d 522, 525 (2006). Thus, in order to prove a defendant guilty of violating an order of
protection, the State must prove both the voluntary act and the appropriate mental state. What
defendant misses, however, is that the IPI instructions supply the jury with the mental state
that is necessary to find a defendant guilty of violating an order of protection.
¶ 13 IPI Criminal 4th No. 11.77 and IPI Criminal 4th No. 11.78, which were the instructions
given to the jury, are premised on section 12-30(a) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Code) (720
ILCS 5/12-30(a) (West 2008)). This section of the Code delineates the elements of the
offense of violating an order of protection. Specifically, this section indicates that a
defendant violates an order of protection when “[the] defendant (1) committed an act
prohibited by an order of protection, or failed to commit an act ordered by an order of
protection, and (2) he had been served notice of or otherwise acquired actual knowledge of
the contents of the order.” (Emphasis added.) People v. Mandic, 325 Ill. App. 3d 544, 547
(2001) (citing 720 ILCS 5/12-30(a) (West 2000)). As can easily be seen, the mental state
required is that the defendant had “actual knowledge” that his acts were prohibited. People
v. Hinton, 402 Ill. App. 3d 181, 183-84 (2010); see also 720 ILCS 5/4-5 (West 2008)
(recognizing knowledge as a mental state).
¶ 14 In line with section 12-30(a) of the Code, IPI Criminal 4th No. 11.77 and IPI Criminal
4th No. 11.78 provide that, when a defendant acts in contravention of an order of protection,
he may be found guilty of violating the order of protection if he had actual knowledge of the
order of protection’s terms. As relevant here, these instructions, when read together, advised
the jury that, in order to find defendant guilty of violating the order of protection, the jury had
to find that defendant was given notice of or otherwise had actual knowledge of the contents
of the order of protection, that the order of protection prohibited defendant from contacting
Jacquelynn, that defendant contacted Jacquelynn,1 and that the order of protection was in
effect when defendant contacted Jacquelynn. Thus, the instructions properly stated the law.
1
Defendant does not assert that the instructions were defective for failing to specify that he
had to have contacted Jacquelynn voluntarily, nor does he deny that he did so.
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¶ 15 Defendant argues that the IPI instructions “only inform[ ] the jury [that] the defendant
must have been served with the order of protection or had actual knowledge of the contents
of the order.” Defendant insists that “[k]nowledge of the contents of an order of protection
and knowledge that a person is violating that order are two separate and distinct concepts,
and the instruction[s] omit[ ] the latter concept.” We believe that defendant’s view presents
a distinction without any real difference. When a defendant has knowledge of the contents
of an order of protection, it necessarily follows that, when he does some act in contravention
of the terms of the order of protection, he does so with knowledge that those acts are
prohibited. See Hinton, 402 Ill. App. 3d at 185 (noting that the knowledge necessary to find
a defendant guilty of violating an order of protection arises when the defendant is “aware and
conscious of the order of protection”).
¶ 16 Given that IPI Criminal 4th No. 11.77 and IPI Criminal 4th No. 11.78 correctly state the
law applicable to a violation of an order of protection, we conclude that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion when it refused to give the jury defendant’s proposed non-IPI instruction.
¶ 17 For these reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County is affirmed.
¶ 18 Affirmed.
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