[Cite as State v. McDaniel,
2012-Ohio-3286.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO :
Plaintiff-Appellee : C.A. CASE NO. 2010 CA 13
v. : T.C. NO. 09CR299
CASEY A. McDANIEL : (Criminal appeal from
Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 20th day of July , 2012.
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NICK A. SELVAGGIO, Atty. Reg. No. 0055607, Prosecuting Attorney, 200 North Main
Street, Urbana, Ohio 43078
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
MICHAEL R. PENTECOST, Atty. Reg. No. 0036803, 117 S. Main Street, Suite 400,
Dayton, Ohio 45422
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
..........
DONOVAN, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Casey A. McDaniel appeals a decision of the
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Champaign County Court of Common Pleas overruling her motion to suppress filed on
February 17, 2010. A hearing was held on the motion on February 23, 2010. On March 1,
2010, the trial court issued a written decision overruling the motion. After pleading no
contest to one count of possession of heroin, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A)(C)(6)(a), a
felony of the fifth degree, McDaniel filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court on May
20, 2010. For the following reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
{¶ 2} The incident that forms the basis for the instant appeal occurred at
approximately six p.m. on Friday, October 30, 2009, when Sergeant Steve Eck of the
Mechanicsburg Police Department initiated a traffic stop of a vehicle operated by McDaniel
after he noticed that the driver’s side headlight was not functioning. Upon approaching the
vehicle, Sgt. Eck asked McDaniel for her license, registration, and proof of insurance. Sgt.
Eck testified that out of concern for his safety, he asked McDaniel if he needed to be
concerned about anything in the vehicle. McDaniel did not immediately respond. As a
result, Sgt. Eck repeated his question. Upon being asked a second time, McDaniel admitted
that she had a marijuana pipe, but stated there was nothing else in the vehicle. Sgt. Eck
testified that McDaniel handed the pipe over to him, and he ordered her out of the vehicle.
{¶ 3} After McDaniel exited the vehicle, Sgt. Eck testified that he observed a cut
section of straw on the driver’s seat that had been covered by McDaniel’s right thigh.
When Sgt. Eck asked McDaniel what substance was in the straw, she responded that it was
heroin. McDaniel also stated that the straw was old, and she no longer used heroin. Sgt.
Eck testified that he then arrested McDaniel, placed her in the back of his cruiser, and
informed her of her Miranda rights. Along with another officer who arrived at the scene,
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Sgt. Eck performed a more thorough search of the vehicle, wherein he discovered two
additional straws also containing heroin.
{¶ 4} Following her indictment on December 10, 2009, for possession of heroin
and possession of drug paraphernalia, McDaniel filed a motion to suppress which was
subsequently overruled by the trial court. On March 8, 2010, McDaniel plead no contest to
one count of possession of heroin. As part of the plea deal, the possession of drug
paraphernalia count was dismissed. The trial court found McDaniel guilty of possession of
heroin and sentenced her to three years of community control. It is from this judgment that
McDaniel now appeals.
{¶ 5} Initially, we note that McDaniel’s original appellate counsel submitted a
brief pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738,
87 S.Ct. 1396,
18 L.Ed.2d 493,
asserting that no arguably meritorious issues existed for appeal. After conducting an
independent review of the record, we identified two potential issues, to wit: (1) whether the
evidence offered at the suppression hearing affirmatively established the lawfulness of the
initial stop for the headlight violation, and (2) whether McDaniel was unlawfully detained
after the basis for the stop had dissipated. Accordingly, we set aside the Anders brief and
appointed new counsel to represent McDaniel. In addition to the potential issues we
identified, McDaniel argues that any statements she made to police were involuntary and
made without the benefit of her Miranda warnings.
{¶ 6} McDaniel’s sole assignment of error is as follows:
{¶ 7} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE.”
[Cite as State v. McDaniel, 2012-Ohio-3286.]
{¶ 8} In regards to a motion to suppress, “the trial court assumes the role of trier of
facts and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate the credibility of
witnesses.” State v. Hopfer, 112 Ohio App.3d 521, 548,
679 N.E.2d 321 (2d Dist.1996),
quoting State v. Venham,
96 Ohio App.3d 649, 653,
645 N.E.2d 831 (4th Dist.1994). The
court of appeals must accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by
competent, credible evidence in the record. State v. Isaac, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20662,
2005-Ohio-3733, citing State v. Retherford,
93 Ohio App.3d 586,
639 N.E.2d 498 (2d
Dist.1994). Accepting those facts as true, the appellate court must then determine, as a
matter of law and without deference to the trial court’s legal conclusion, whether the
applicable legal standard is satisfied.
Id.
{¶ 9} McDaniel has broken down her single assignment of error into three
subsections, which we will review in order as follows:
{¶ 10} (A) The initial traffic stop for a purported headlight violation was
unlawful as the alleged violation was not affirmatively established by the evidence
adduced at the motion to suppress hearing.
{¶ 11} In this section, McDaniel contends that Sgt. Eck’s articulated basis for the
stop, that the driver’s side headlight on her vehicle was not functioning, was not
affirmatively established by evidence adduced at the suppression hearing. Specifically,
McDaniel argues that the evidence established that Sgt. Eck was not in a position to observe
whether her headlights had been activated. McDaniel also directs us to her testimony at the
suppression hearing wherein she stated that both of her headlights were on when she drove
past Sgt. Eck.
{¶ 12} It is well settled that a police officer may initiate a stop based on a
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reasonable articulable suspicion that a minor traffic violation has occurred. State v. Buckner,
2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21892, 2007-Ohio-4329, ¶ 8. Sgt. Eck testified that from his
vantage point, he “could tell for sure” that the driver’s side headlight was not functioning,
and that was his stated basis for initiating a stop of McDaniel’s vehicle. Sgt. Eck further
testified that after he stopped the vehicle, he observed that the entire headlight assembly was
missing. Although McDaniel testified that her headlights were on and functional on the
night in question, the trial court specifically found Sgt. Eck’s testimony to be more credible,
namely that her vehicle was lawfully stopped because of a “non-operating headlight.” The
record clearly establishes that competent, credible evidence was adduced at the hearing
which supports the trial court’s finding of fact regarding the inoperable headlight being the
basis for the stop, and we must, therefore, defer to the trial court’s ruling.
{¶ 13} (B) Sergeant Eck unlawfully expanded the investigation and detained
McDaniel beyond the scope of the detention that was reasonably necessary to
effectuate the purpose of the initial stop for an alleged headlight violation.
{¶ 14} In this section, McDaniel asserts that Sgt. Eck unlawfully expanded the
investigation and expanded the scope of the detention necessary during a stop for a minor
traffic violation when he asked her if he needed to be concerned about anything in the
vehicle. Sgt. Eck testified that he asked McDaniel the question at the same time he asked
her for her driver’s license, registration, and proof of insurance. Sgt. Eck further testified
that he merely asked the question out of a concern for his safety because there were three
other individuals in the vehicle besides McDaniel.
{¶ 15} The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees “[t]he
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right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures ….” “It is well established that these guarantees are
not implicated in every situation where the police have contact with an individual. The
United States Supreme Court has created three categories of police-citizen contact to identify
the situations where these guarantees are implicated.
{¶ 16} “The first type is a consensual encounter. Encounters are consensual where
the police merely approach a person in a public place, engage the person in conversation,
request information, and the person is free not to answer and walk away. The request to
examine one's identification does not make an encounter nonconsensual. Nor does the
request to search a person's belongings. The Fourth Amendment guarantees are not
implicated in such an encounter unless the police officer has by either physical force or show
of authority restrained the person's liberty so that a reasonable person would not feel free to
decline the officer's requests or otherwise terminate the encounter. Once a person's liberty
has been restrained, the encounter loses its consensual nature and falls into one of the next
two Supreme Court categories.” State v. Taylor, 106 Ohio App.3d 741, 747-748,
667
N.E.2d 60 (2d Dist. 1995) citations omitted.
{¶ 17} “The second type of encounter is a ‘Terry stop’ or an investigatory detention.
The investigatory detention is more intrusive than a consensual encounter, but less intrusive
than a formal custodial arrest. The investigatory detention is limited in duration and purpose
and can only last as long as it takes a police officer to confirm or to dispel his suspicions. A
person is seized under this category when, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the
incident, by means of physical force or show of authority a reasonable person would have
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believed that he was not free to leave or is compelled to respond to questions.” State v.
Hardin, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20305, 2005-Ohio-130, ¶15, quoting State v. Taylor.
{¶ 18} Once a police officer has made a legitimate and constitutional stop of a
vehicle, the driver and the vehicle may be detained only for as long as the officer continues
to have a reasonable suspicion that there has been a violation of the law. Retherford, 93 Ohio
App.3d 586,
639 N.E.2d 498. In State v. Loffer, however, we held that when the search of
a vehicle occurs during a reasonable period of time for processing a traffic citation, i.e.,
during a period of lawful detention, a police officer need not have a reasonable articulable
suspicion of criminal behavior other than the traffic infraction. 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
19594,
2003-Ohio-4980.
{¶ 19} After the reasonable period of time for issuing the traffic citation has passed,
an officer must have a reasonable articulable suspicion of illegal activity to continue the
detention. State v. Ramos, 155 Ohio App.3d 396,
2003-Ohio-6535,
801 N.E.2d 523 (2d
Dist.). When a police officer's objective justification to continue detention of a person
stopped for a traffic violation for the purpose of searching the person's vehicle is not related
to the purpose of the original stop, and when that continued detention is not based on any
articulable facts giving rise to a suspicion of some illegal activity justifying an extension of
the detention, the continued detention to conduct a search constitutes an illegal seizure.
Id.
{¶ 20} Thus, “[o]nce a police officer legitimately stops a vehicle for a traffic
violation, the driver may be detained for only as long as the officer continues to have
reasonable suspicion that there has been a violation of the law.” State v. Desman,
Montgomery App. No. 19730, 2003-Ohio-7248, ¶26, citation omitted. “Resolution of that
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suspicion by issuance of a citation terminates the basis for the detention. The detention may
not be attenuated beyond its reasonable purposes.” Id. at ¶ 17.
{¶ 21} In the instant case, the evidence does not support a finding that Sgt. Eck
unlawfully extended the duration or scope of the traffic stop when he asked McDaniel if
there was anything in the vehicle that he needed to be concerned about. The record
establishes that Sgt. Eck asked the question contemporaneously with his request for
McDaniel’s license, registration, and proof of insurance. McDaniel, however, testified that
Sgt. Eck asked the question about the contents of the vehicle approximately five minutes
after the stop when he returned her license after running a computer check. McDaniel also
testified that Sgt. Eck had not given her a ticket for the headlight violation at that point.
Even if McDaniel’s testimony was found to be more credible than Sgt. Eck’s, it still does not
establish that she was subjected to an unlawful, prolonged detention. There is nothing in
the record which demonstrates that Sgt. Eck threatened or coerced McDaniel into revealing
the presence of the marijuana pipe in her vehicle. Sgt. Eck merely asked a general question
for his own personal safety during the traffic stop, and McDaniel voluntarily provided
incriminating information which led to her eventual arrest. Upon review, we conclude that
Sgt. Eck’s question did not constitute a custodial interrogation nor did it unlawfully detain
McDaniel beyond the scope of the detention necessary during a stop for a minor traffic
violation.
{¶ 22} (C) Appellant McDaniel’s statements that she had a marijuana pipe and
that the substance in the straw was heroin were involuntary and made without
adequate warning and/or waiver of her Miranda rights.
[Cite as State v. McDaniel, 2012-Ohio-3286.]
{¶ 23} In the final section of her first assignment, McDaniel contends that her
incriminating statements regarding the pipe and the heroin were involuntary because Sgt.
Eck did not advise her of her Miranda rights before effectuating a custodial interrogation
during the traffic stop.
{¶ 24} We have already determined that McDaniel’s statement regarding the
presence of the marijuana pipe was entirely voluntary and not the result of custodial
interrogation. Moreover, after McDaniel handed over the pipe, Sgt. Eck had probable cause
to arrest McDaniel, as well as form a belief that additional evidence of drug activity was
present in the vehicle. A police officer may search a vehicle incident to the arrest of an
occupant when it is reasonable to believe that the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of
arrest. Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 343-344,
129 S.Ct. 1710,
173 L.Ed.2d 485 (2009).
{¶ 25} Upon directing McDaniel to exit the vehicle, Sgt. Eck observed a cut straw
in plain view on the driver’s seat. Sgt. Eck testified that in his experience, cut straws
similar to the one found in McDaniel’s vehicle, were used to snort narcotics. When Sgt.
Eck asked about the straw, McDaniel voluntarily admitted that it was “heroin.” At that
point, McDaniel had not been handcuffed nor formally arrested. Sgt. Eck was merely in the
process of removing her from the vehicle after he seized the marijuana pipe when he
observed the cut straw and inquired about it. Accordingly, Sgt. Eck’s contemporaneous
question regarding the presence of the straw on the driver’s seat, where McDaniel had just
been sitting, did not constitute a custodial interrogation that required Miranda warnings.
{¶ 26} McDaniel’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 27} McDaniel’s sole assignment of error having been overruled, the judgment of
the trial court is affirmed.
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FAIN, J. and HALL, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Nick A. Selvaggio
Michael R. Pentecost
Hon. Roger B. Wilson
