[Cite as State v. Bogan,
2012-Ohio-3712.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
: Appellate Case No. 24896
Plaintiff-Appellee :
: Trial Court Case No. 2010-CR-3411
v. :
:
SOLOMAN I. BOGAN : (Criminal Appeal from
: (Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 17th day of August, 2012.
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MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by MICHELE D. PHIPPS, Atty. Reg. #0069829, Montgomery
County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, P.O.
Box 972, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422
Attorney for Appellee
KENT J. DePOORTER, Atty. Reg. #0058487, 7501 Paragon Road, Lower Level, Dayton,
Ohio 45459
Attorney for Appellant
.............
HALL, J.
{¶ 1} Soloman I. Bogan appeals from his conviction and sentence on charges of
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rape, kidnapping, aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, and firearm specifications.
{¶ 2} In his sole assignment of error, Bogan contends the trial court erred in
admitting into evidence most of a video recording of his post-arrest interview with detectives.
Specifically, he contends the State failed to establish that other burglaries he admitted
committing shared “a close temporal connection” with the crimes in this case. Absent such a
temporal connection, Bogan insists the other-acts evidence was inadmissible.
{¶ 3} The record reflects that Bogan was indicted in December 2010 on charges
involving events that had occurred twelve years earlier. The matter proceeded to trial in
October 2011. The victim, M.S., testified that she and a friend had gone out for drinks on the
night of Thursday, August 20, 1998. In the early morning hours of Friday, August 21, 1998,
she returned to her home on Red Haw Road in Dayton, where she lived with her brother and
parents. After going upstairs and using the bathroom, M.S., who was twenty-two years old at
the time, encountered an African-American male in the house. M.S. could not identify the
male. His face was covered with a long black scarf. The male held a silver handgun to her face
and forced her to remove her clothes. He proceeded to rape her in a bedroom while holding the
gun. Although M.S.’s parents were home, she did not yell or attempt to awaken them out of
concern for their safety.
{¶ 4} After raping M.S., the male demanded money and rummaged around her
brother’s bedroom and other rooms. Several minutes later, he returned to M.S., put his gun to
her head, and raped her again. He then inquired about the location of her mother’s purse. She
replied that it was on the dining-room table, and the male disappeared from view. M.S.
remained still for fifteen to twenty minutes. When she did not hear anything, she ran to the
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bathroom and put on a robe. M.S.’s brother came home at that time, and she told him what
had happened. They informed M.S.’s mother and attempted to contact the police. Upon
discovering that the phone lines had been cut, M.S.’s brother called 911 on a cordless phone.
An examination of the home revealed that a kitchen window had been propped open, the
screen was open, and there was a chair by the window. Police also found a partial shoe print
on the window sill.
{¶ 5} M.S. underwent a sexual-assault examination at an area hospital. A nurse
swabbed M.S.’s back and buttocks where her attacker twice had ejaculated on her. A forensic
examination of the swab revealed the presence of semen. Police lacked a suspect, however,
with whom to compare the semen. Years passed without the crime being solved. Then, in
September 2010, Dayton police detective Teresa Lawson received notification that DNA
recovered from M.S.’s back and buttocks matched Bogan’s DNA.
{¶ 6} Bogan was found in Columbus, Ohio. Police arrested him and brought him to
Dayton. Detective Lawson and another detective interviewed him on October 27, 2010. A
redacted recording of the interview was played at trial and admitted into evidence. During the
interview, Bogan, who was sixteen years old in 1998, admitted that he had lived in M.S.’s
neighborhood in 1998 and that he had carried a chrome and black handgun. He also admitted
that he had broken into homes in M.S.’s neighborhood as a juvenile, beginning when he was
fourteen or fifteen years old. He denied breaking into M.S.’s house, however, and denied
knowing where Red Haw Road was located.
{¶ 7} When shown a picture of M.S. from 1998, Bogan stated that she was
unattractive and old. He told the detectives he had never seen her and would not have talked to
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her. He denied having sex with her. After the detectives advised Bogan that his DNA had been
found on M.S., he changed his story. He admitted he may have had sex with M.S. but claimed
he did not rape her.
{¶ 8} Bogan’s long-time friend Dontay Henderson testified in his defense at trial.
Henderson claimed that he recalled seeing M.S. arrive at Bogan’s house on August 20, 1998,
and go upstairs with Bogan. Henderson presumed Bogan and M.S. were going to have sex.
Henderson testified that Bogan’s aunt, Melinda Vaughn, came home a short time later,
became angry, and made him leave.
{¶ 9} Vaughn also testified for the defense. She claimed she came home and saw
Henderson sitting on her couch. She then went upstairs and found Bogan in his bedroom
having sex with a woman. Vaughn did not recall the month of the incident, but she stated that
it was a Thursday or Friday toward the end of the month. When shown a photo of M.S.,
Vaughn identified her as the woman she had seen having sex with Bogan. Vaughn admitted,
however, that defense counsel had previously shown her a picture of M.S. and had told her
M.S. was Bogan’s accuser before she testified.
{¶ 10} After hearing the evidence, a jury convicted Bogan on all charges. The trial
court imposed an aggregate eighteen-year sentence. This appeal followed.
{¶ 11} In his sole assignment of error, Bogan challenges the trial court’s admission of
State’s Exhibit 16, the redacted recording of his post-arrest interview with detectives. In
particular, he challenges the trial court’s failure to exclude the part of the interview in which
he admitted having committed other burglaries in M.S.’s neighborhood. Bogan contends his
statements about these burglaries did not qualify as other-acts evidence under R.C. 2945.59
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because the State failed to establish a temporal proximity between these other crimes and the
intrusion into M.S.’s home.
{¶ 12} The statute upon which Bogan relies, R.C. 2945.59, provides:
In any criminal case in which the defendant’s motive or intent, the
absence of mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant’s scheme, plan, or
system in doing an act is material, any acts of the defendant which tend to show
his motive or intent, the absence of mistake or accident on his part, or the
defendant’s scheme, plan, or system in doing the act in question may be
proved, whether they are contemporaneous with or prior or subsequent thereto,
notwithstanding that such proof may show or tend to show the commission of
another crime by the defendant.
{¶ 13} Bogan cites this court’s opinion in State v. Lewis, 66 Ohio App.3d 37,
583
N.E.2d 404 (2d Dist.1990), for the proposition that other-acts evidence is admissible under the
statute only if the other acts have a sufficient temporal relationship with the current offense.
Id. at 41 (recognizing that “‘other acts’ are relevant only to showing motive, intent, absence of
mistake, or scheme, plan, and system under R.C. 2945.59 … if the two events are
proximately related in time and place”). In Lewis, this court relied on, inter alia, State v.
Coleman,
37 Ohio St.3d 286,
575 N.E.2d 792 (1988), wherein the Ohio Supreme Court
required “that the ‘other act’ occur ‘within a period of time reasonably near to the offense on
trial’ to be admissible.” Id. at 292.
{¶ 14} In support of his temporal proximity argument, Bogan asserts:
In State’s exhibit 16, the Appellant admits to committing other
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burglaries in the area. However, nowhere in the record is it indicated that these
events shared a close temporal relationship. Those crimes could have taken
place years before. It cannot be said that the playing of this exhibit did not in
some way influence the jury. The burden was on the State to show a close
temporal relationship and that was not done.
(Appellant’s brief at 8).
{¶ 15} Upon review, we find Bogan’s argument to be unpersuasive. Bogan
challenged the admissibility of State’s exhibit 16 in several pre-trial motions in limine. The
first of those motions dealt with the admissibility of his statements about committing other
burglaries in M.S.’s neighborhood. (Doc.# 57). In his motion, Bogan argued that his
statements about other burglaries were inadmissible under Evid.R. 404(B), which is similar to
R.C. 2945.59 and provides: “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to
prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may,
however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.”1
{¶ 16} . The trial court orally overruled the motion in limine dealing with Bogan’s
statements about committing other burglaries. During an October 14, 2011 hearing, the trial
court explained:
… And then let’s take up motion in limine number 1. And that
addresses the issue of Mr. Bogan’s statements made to the detectives, the other
1
Although Bogan argued Evid.R. 404(B) below and cites R.C. 2945.59 on appeal, the policies underlying the rule and the statute
“are essentially the same[.]” State v. Blankenburg, 197 Ohio App.3d 201,
2012-Ohio-1289,
966 N.E.2d 958, ¶ 67 (12th Dist.). “There is little
difference between Evid.R. 404(B) and R.C. 2945.59.” State v. Horsley, 10th Franklin Dist. No. 05AP-350,
2006-Ohio-1208, ¶ 22.
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homes he burglarized in the area. And again, I would overrule that motion,
finding that a 403 objection is not well-founded as to that evidence. And that
testimony or evidence is not to show a propensity for engaging in a wrongful
conduct, which would be improper under Rule 404 but, rather, is appropriate
under the exception in Rule 404(B), that shows that, again, the opportunity,
motive, planning, modus operandi, and so on, which I believe is appropriately
introduced to the jury in this case, particularly in light of the totality of the
statements that Mr. Bogan made, which was, as I take it, the gist is that yes, he
admits that he would occasionally burglarize home[s] in that part of town, and
that he possessed a firearm, but he denies that he engaged in a rape in
connection with those activities. So I think that the evidence is particularly
probative as to the plethora of other charges in the indictment against Mr.
Bogan as well as in connection with the rape charge itself, because it is
probative as to his undertaking the predicate steps for the rape charge.
(Tr. Vol. I at 127-128).
{¶ 17} The trial court agreed with Bogan, however, that other parts of his interview
with the detectives should not be shown to the jury. As a result, the trial court ordered a
redacted copy of his interview to be prepared. At trial, the State requested permission to play
the redacted interview recording, State’s Exhibit 16, during detective Lawson’s testimony. (Tr.
Vol. III at 509). Bogan’s counsel made no contemporaneous objection to the request, which
the trial court granted. (Id. at 509-510). Only after the State presented all of its evidence and
rested its case did defense counsel object. Specifically, during the admission of the State’s
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exhibits, Bogan’s attorney stated: “Judge, consistent with the previous motion in limine,
understanding what the Court’s decision is, so Defense counsel is going to object to that
playing of the video and the admission of the video, Judge.” (Id. at 540). The trial court
overruled the objection “on the grounds articulated previously with regard to the Defendant’s
motion in limine.” (Id.).
{¶ 18} Ordinarily, we review a trial court’s ruling on admissibility under Evid.R.
404(B) for an abuse of discretion. State v. Morris, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2012-Ohio-2407, __
N.E.2d __, ¶ 22 (“[T]rial court decisions regarding the admissibility of other-acts evidence
under Evid.R. 404(B) are evidentiary determinations that rest within the sound discretion of
the trial court. Appeals of such decisions are considered by an appellate court under an
abuse-of-discretion standard of review.”).
{¶ 19} In the present case, however, we are limited to plain-error review because
Bogan did not preserve the Evid.R. 404(B) issue for appeal. As set forth above, he initially
raised the issue through a pre-trial motion in limine. A trial court’s ruling on such a motion is
anticipatory in nature and does not preserve the issue for appellate review.2 State v. Wilson, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 24577, 2012-Ohio-3098, ¶ 48. Thus, “[w]e need not review a trial
court’s ruling on a motion in limine unless the error is preserved by a timely objection when
the issue is reached at trial.” Word of God Church v. Stanley, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
23985,
2011-Ohio-2073, ¶ 22.
{¶ 20} To be timely, an evidentiary objection at trial must be made when the State
2
In the proceedings below, the trial court specifically advised Bogan’s counsel that “liminal rulings are always preliminary in nature
and subject to change.” (Tr. Vol. I at 115).
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presents the evidence. A defendant cannot wait until after the State rests its case to raise an
objection. “The law is well settled that failure to contemporaneously object during the
identification of a document and testimony regarding it forfeits appellate review.” State v.
Cross, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25487, 2011-Ohio-3250, ¶ 49. (finding forfeiture where the
defendant “failed to contemporaneously object during the identification of [a] 911 tape, the
publishing of the tape before the jury, and testimony regarding it” and waited “until the close
of the State’s case to raise an objection”); see also State v. Bethel,
110 Ohio St.3d 416,
2006-Ohio-4853,
854 N.E.2d 150, ¶ 92 (declaring an evidentiary objection untimely and
ineffective because the defendant failed to object when the evidence was published to the jury
and instead waited until “after the state's case had concluded, when the court was considering
the admission of exhibits”).
{¶ 21} The record in Bogan’s case reflects that his attorney raised the Evid.R. 404(B)
issue (1) before trial in a motion in limine and (2) after the State had rested when the trial
court was considering the admission of exhibits. Defense counsel raised no objection,
however, at the critical time—when the State sought to play State’s Exhibit 16 at trial.
Therefore, in light of the foregoing case law, Bogan has forfeited all but plain-error review of
the issue on appeal.
{¶ 22} We find no plain error here. Bogan does not contest the trial court’s
conclusion that his statements about committing other burglaries could establish
“opportunity, motive, planning, modus operandi, and so on[.]” His specific argument is that
the State failed to establish a sufficient temporal proximity between his other crimes and the
intrusion into M.S.’s home. He asserts that his other burglaries “could have taken place years
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before.” As the State points out, however, Bogan stated during his interview that he began
committing burglaries when he was fourteen or fifteen years old. He was sixteen years old
when M.S. was raped. Having reviewed the entire redacted recorded interview, we believe
Bogan’s statements to the detectives reasonably support a conclusion that he was committing
burglaries before, during, and after the instant offense—not just “years before” as Bogan
suggests.
{¶ 23} It is well settled that plain error does not exist unless the error is “obvious”
and, but for the error, the outcome at trial “clearly would have been otherwise.” State v. Lang,
129 Ohio St.3d 512,
2011-Ohio-4215,
954 N.E.2d 596, ¶ 108. Even if we assume, purely
arguendo, that the trial court obviously erred in resolving the Evid.R. 404(B) issue, we cannot
say the outcome would have been different if the jury had not heard about Bogan’s other
burglaries. The undisputed DNA match in this case constituted overwhelming evidence that
Bogan had sex with M.S. The only question was whether the sexual activity occurred in her
home under the conditions she and her witnesses described, or whether it was consensual and
occurred in the home Bogan shared with his aunt. Having reviewed the record, we agree with
the State that “Bogan’s attempts to establish that he had consensual sex with M.S. through the
testimony of Vaughn and Henderson lacked believability.” (Appellee’s brief at 23). Based on
all of the evidence presented below, including Bogan’s initial claim that M.S. was unattractive
and that he would not have had sex with her, his belated claim of consensual sex lacks any
credibility.
{¶ 24} Bogan’s assignment of error is overruled, and the judgment of the
Montgomery County Common Pleas Court is affirmed.
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GRADY, P.J., and DONOVAN, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Mathias H. Heck
Michele D. Phipps
Kent J. DePoorter
Hon. Mary L. Wiseman
