[Cite as State v. Kracker,
2013-Ohio-2795.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
)ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 26574
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
ENTERED IN THE
JUSTIN R. KRACKER COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
Appellant CASE No. CR 11 12 3400 (D)
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: June 28, 2013
BELFANCE, Judge.
{¶1} Justin Kracker appeals his convictions from the Summit County Court of
Common Pleas. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
I.
{¶2} Deputy Marshall Jeffery Jones received an anonymous tip that Timothy Baker
was living at 113 West Tallmadge Road in Akron. When Deputy Marshall Jones knocked on the
door of the house at that address, Mr. Kracker answered. Deputy Marshall Jones asked if Mr.
Baker was inside and requested permission to search for him. Mr. Kracker denied Deputy
Marshall Jones’ request. However, Ronald Bowman, the owner of the house and another
occupant, heard the request and gave Deputy Marshall Jones permission to search.
{¶3} While Deputy Marshall Jones was searching one of the upstairs bedrooms, he
discovered a duffel bag in which he observed items he believed to be part of a methamphetamine
lab. He called for backup and spoke with the people present at the house: Mr. Kracker, Mr.
2
Bowman, and James Hershberger. When Deputy Marshall Jones asked the men whose room the
duffel bag had been in, Mr. Kracker indicated that it was his room; the other men also indicated
that it was Mr. Kracker’s bedroom.
{¶4} Officer Christopher Crockett of the Akron Police Department’s Clandestine Lab
Enforcement Team arrived at the house to investigate. From witnesses, he learned that “there
w[ere] two bedrooms, one with the meth lab, and the other one was [Mr. Kracker’s] and Rhonda[
Bowman’s] room, and they were the only ones that had access to those two rooms.”1 Officer
Crockett also confirmed that the materials in the duffel bag, as well as materials discovered in
the house’s basement, were part of a methamphetamine lab.
{¶5} Mr. Kracker was indicted for illegal manufacture of drugs, illegal assembly or
possession of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs, aggravated possession of drugs,
endangering children, and possession of drug paraphernalia. The State dismissed the charges of
aggravated possession of drugs and drug paraphernalia prior to trial, and a jury found Mr.
Kracker guilty of the remaining charges. The trial court merged all three counts for the purposes
of sentencing and sentenced Mr. Kracker to a nine-year term for illegal manufacture of drugs.
Mr. Kracker has appealed, raising a single assignment of error for our review.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PERMITTING THE STATE TO
INTRODUCE OTHER ACTS EVIDENCE AGAINST APPELLANT.
1
Ms. Bowman is Mr. Kracker’s girlfriend and Mr. Bowman’s sister.
3
{¶6} Mr. Kracker argues that the State should not have been allowed to introduce
evidence of his prior arrests for making methamphetamine. Although we agree in part, we find
the trial court’s error to be harmless under the circumstances of this case.
{¶7} Evid.R. 404(B) provides: “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not
admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It
may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Evid.R. 404(B) is “to
be strictly construed against the state and conservatively applied by the trial courts.” State v.
Bronner, 9th Dist. No. 20753, 2002-Ohio-4248, ¶ 93. When deciding whether to admit other
acts evidence, a trial court should engage in a three-step analysis. State v. Williams,
134 Ohio
St.3d 521,
2012-Ohio-5695, ¶ 19.
The first step is to consider whether the other acts evidence is relevant to making
any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less
probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401. The next step is to
consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts is presented to
prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in conformity
therewith or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a legitimate purpose,
such as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B). The third step is to consider whether the
probative value of the other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice. See Evid.R 403.
Id. at ¶ 20.
{¶8} “Trial court decisions regarding the admissibility of other-acts evidence under
Evid.R. 404(B) are evidentiary determinations that rest within the sound discretion of the trial
court.” State v. Morris, 132 Ohio St.3d 337,
2012-Ohio-2407, syllabus. Accordingly, we review
the trial court’s decision for an abuse of discretion.
Id. An abuse of discretion implies that the
trial court’s decision is arbitrary, unreasonable, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore,
5
Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983).
4
{¶9} Mr. Kracker was indicted for violating R.C. 2925.041(A) by committing illegal
assembly or possession of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs. R.C. 2925.041(A) provides:
“No person shall knowingly assemble or possess one or more chemicals that may be used to
manufacture a controlled substance in schedule I or II with the intent to manufacture a controlled
substance in schedule I or II in violation of section 2925.04 of the Revised Code.”
{¶10} Officer Crockett testified, over the objection of Mr. Kracker’s counsel, that Mr.
Kracker had been arrested in 2004 and 2005 for crimes related to the production of
methamphetamine. Officer Cracker went on to testify about conversations he had with Mr.
Kracker following both of those arrests. According to Officer Crockett, following the 2004
arrest, Mr. Kracker admitted to gathering materials for individuals who were producing
methamphetamine; however, he denied having knowledge of how to produce it. Officer
Crockett also testified that, following the 2005 arrest, Mr. Kracker gave him a detailed
description of how to cook methamphetamine via the red phosphorus method. The State
introduced an audio recording of the 2005 interview into evidence. According to Officer
Crockett, prior to 2009, the red phosphorus method was “the dominant” method in Akron,
estimating that, during his eight years on the Clandestine Lab Enforcement Team, he had
investigated 450 red phosphorus labs.
{¶11} The trial court should not have allowed the State to introduce evidence of Mr.
Kracker’s arrests for methamphetamine production and for collecting the supplies for making
methamphetamine. They were not relevant to any fact of consequence in this case. See
Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 521,
2012-Ohio-5695, at ¶ 20. Furthermore, the references to Mr.
Kracker’s arrests was clearly offered “to show activity in conformity therewith[,]” i.e. that he
5
had produced methamphetamine before and that he was doing so again.2 See id. Finally, even
assuming that the fact that Mr. Kracker was arrested was offered to provide context to his
conversations with Officer Crockett, the prejudice to Mr. Kracker far outweighed any probative
value the testimony had. See
id.
{¶12} Turning to the actual content of Mr. Kracker’s conversations with Officer
Crockett, the trial court told the jurors, “[Y]ou may consider this information about the 2004 case
for the limited purpose of considering the defendant’s knowledge in preparation concerning
methamphetamine.” Regarding the evidence from the 2005 incident, the trial court told the
jurors, “I’m allowing this evidence for the limited purpose … to show, as it may relate to this
case, the defendant’s knowledge of the process of preparing methamphetamine; also for the
purpose of indicating his plan, scheme, and even identity.”
{¶13} We agree that Mr. Kracker’s knowledge of methamphetamine production was
relevant to whether Mr. Kracker knowingly assembled or possessed the chemicals and whether
he intended to use the materials to manufacture methamphetamine. However, prior to reaching
the question of whether Mr. Kracker intended to use the materials to manufacture
methamphetamine, the jury would have needed to determine that Mr. Kracker was the person
who possessed those materials. For this reason, it is troubling that the trial court specifically told
the jury they could use the Mr. Kracker’s 2005 statements to Officer Crockett to determine that
the materials in the house were his. The State suggests that this is a proper use under Evid.R.
404(B) because of how uncommon the red phosphorus method has become in the Akron area,
pointing to Officer Crockett’s testimony that the lab in this case is the only red phosphorus lab
2
The State even asserted in its brief this information regarding prior acts was “relevant to
show that [Mr.] Kracker assembled the chemicals used to manufacture methamphetamine and
manufactured the methamphetamine that the police found in the residence.”
6
found in Akron between 2010 and 2012. In other words, the State contends that Mr. Kracker’s
possession of red phosphorus was so unique and unusual as to constitute an identifying marker of
identity. However, the State’s argument is flawed. When Mr. Kracker relayed his knowledge of
the red phosphorus method, that method was the predominant method of production in Akron.
Thus, knowledge of the method could not serve as a unique indicator of a person’s identity.
However, if, for example, the last five red phosphorus labs found in the Akron area over a five-
year stretch had been used by Mr. Kracker, that fact could be relevant and admissible under
Evid.R. 404(B) to show that this lab was his. Alternatively, if evidence was introduced that the
other people living in the house did not know how to use the red phosphorus method to make
methamphetamine, then the fact that Mr. Kracker did know how to use that method could
possibly be admissible to show that the lab was his. However, the fact that only one such lab had
been found in the last three years did not make Mr. Kracker’s knowledge of the red phosphorus
method relevant for purposes of identity. By its very nature, a single occurrence does not
constitute a pattern, and his knowledge of the dominant method of producing methamphetamine
could not serve as a unique marker of Mr. Kracker’s identity.
{¶14} Furthermore, there is no evidence that Mr. Kracker’s use of the red phosphorus
method is so distinct that it makes Mr. Kracker the likely owner of the materials in the house.
Officer Crockett testified that the red phosphorus method was “the dominant” method for
producing methamphetamine in Akron prior to 2009 and that the recipe was readily available
online. There was no evidence that Mr. Kracker’s formula was unique in any way. For example,
there is no evidence that Mr. Kracker deviated from the usual red phosphorus method by using
unusual ingredients (e.g. mixing cinnamon into the methamphetamine) or that his method
produced an unusual product (e.g. Mr. Kracker’s methamphetamine is green). Thus, the fact that
7
Mr. Kracker knew how to use the red phosphorus method was not admissible to prove the
identity of the person operating the lab under the circumstances of this case.
{¶15} Although the trial court should not have allowed Detective Crockett to testify
about Mr. Kracker’s previous arrests or told the jury that it could use Mr. Kracker’s knowledge
of the red phosphorus method to demonstrate identity, much of the substance of the detective’s
testimony was relevant to Mr. Kracker’s knowledge and intent. We must nevertheless determine
whether the trial court’s errors were harmless. See Crim.R. 52(A) (“Any error, defect,
irregularity, or variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded.”).
{¶16} Deputy Marshall Jones, who was first at the home, testified that Mr. Kracker, Mr.
Bowman, and Mr. Hershberger all told him that the bedroom where the duffel bag was found
was Mr. Kracker’s. When Officer Crockett subsequently arrived at 113 West Tallmadge
Avenue, he also spoke with Mr. Kracker. Officer Crockett testified that Mr. Kracker told him
that “he knew [the lab] was in the room where his dresser and clothes were[]” and that the other
people living in the house had nothing to do with the lab. Officer Crockett testified that items
used to manufacture methamphetamine were found in the basement and in an upstairs bedroom,
which was the bedroom Mr. Kracker had described to him when he had first arrived on the
scene. He also testified that Mr. Kracker was the only person in the home who had a young child
and that, in the bedroom, the officers found baby blankets. Furthermore, Officer Crockett
testified that Mr. Kracker’s clothes “reeked of a meth lab[]” and identified the smell as being the
one associated with the red phosphorus method of methamphetamine production.
{¶17} Under the circumstances of this case, we conclude that the partially improper
instruction for the Evid.R. 404(B) evidence and the admission of evidence concerning Mr.
Kracker’s prior arrests were harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence of guilt. Mr.
8
Kracker’s statements to Deputy Marshall Jones and Officer Crockett were essentially an
admission that the lab was his. This is not a case where other people solely attributed the lab’s
ownership to the defendant. Mr. Kracker told Deputy Marshall Jones that the room where the
duffel bag was located was his, and this was confirmed by Mr. Bowman and Mr. Hershberger,
who both said that only Mr. Kracker and his girlfriend had exclusive access to that bedroom.
Mr. Kracker also told Officer Crockett that the duffel bag was in the room with the dresser in
which he kept his clothes, he was aware of the existence of the lab and that the other housemates
“had no involvement” with the lab. Thus, Mr. Kracker’s own statements indicated that he was
responsible for the room, that he was aware of the methamphetamine equipment inside his room,
and that no one else in the house was involved. Mr. Kracker’s statements were just short of a
direct admission that he possessed the lab. Accordingly, any error in telling the jury they could
use Mr. Kracker’s knowledge of the red phosphorus method as proof of identity and the
reference to his prior arrests were harmless given Mr. Kracker’s statements.
{¶18} Mr. Kracker’s assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶19} In light of the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the Summit County Court of
Common Pleas.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
9
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy
of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
EVE V. BELFANCE
FOR THE COURT
HENSAL, J.
CONCURS.
CARR, J.
CONCURRING IN JUDGMENT ONLY.
{¶20} I concur in the majority’s decision to overrule Kracker’s assignment of error, but I
disagree with the majority’s analysis. I would conclude that the trial court did not err by
admitting evidence of Kracker’s prior cases pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B).
{¶21} Evid.R. 404(B) provides:
Evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. In
may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake
or accident.
10
{¶22} “Other acts” evidence is properly admitted where it provides a “context for the
alleged crimes” and makes the defendant’s “actions more understandable to the jurors.” State v.
Diar, 120 Ohio St.3d 460,
2008-Ohio-6266, ¶ 72. In addition,
[e]vidence showing a modus operandi [or plan] is admissible because it provides a
behavioral fingerprint which, when compared to the behavioral fingerprints
associated with the crime in question, can be used to identify the defendant as the
perpetrator.
(Internal quotations omitted.) State v. McKnight, 107 Ohio St.3d 101,
2005-Ohio-6046, ¶
83. Moreover, “‘[o]ther acts forming a unique, identifiable plan of criminal activity are
admissible to establish identity under Evid.R. 404(B).’” State v. Noling,
98 Ohio St.3d
44, 2002-Ohio 7044, ¶ 45, quoting State v. Jamison,
49 Ohio St.3d 182 (1990), syllabus.
“Other acts” evidence used to show the defendant’s plan “must be related to and share
common features with the crime in question.”
Noling at ¶ 45, citing State v. Lowe,
69
Ohio St.3d 527 (1994), paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶23} At the hearing on the motion in limine to exclude evidence of the 2004 and 2005
encounters between Officer Crockett and Kracker, the State asserted that it would present
evidence that Kracker was involved with methamphetamine labs that used the red phosphorous
method of production, a method that was once common but no longer is. In fact, Officer
Crockett testified that in the past two-and-a-half years, only one methamphetamine lab out of
more than 200 in his jurisdiction used the red phosphorous method and that lab was the instant
one found in this case in the bedroom where Kracker’s personal items were also found.
{¶24} The trial court found that testimony about the 2004 incident was admissible to
show Kracker’s knowledge of the process of gathering chemicals for methamphetamine
production, as well as absence of mistake. The court found that testimony about the 2005
11
incident was admissible to show Kracker’s scheme or method for carrying out the instant
offense. The trial court asserted that it would issue limiting instructions with regard to both prior
incidents.
{¶25} During the hearing on the motion in limine, defense counsel theorized that a
crucial issue in this case was the identity of the owner of the methamphetamine lab. He argued
that another resident in the home, Timothy Baker, was responsible for the lab, not Kracker. At
trial, defense counsel promulgated the theory that someone else, specifically, Mr. Baker, was
responsible for the methamphetamine lab. He explained that some of Kracker’s personal
belongings were in the room where the lab was found only because Kracker previously inhabited
the room, but that he had moved to another room next door with his girlfriend and child at the
time the lab was discovered. Accordingly, defense counsel maintained the theory of the case that
the identity of the owner of the methamphetamine lab was at issue.
{¶26} At trial, Officer Crockett testified that only one methamphetamine lab out of more
than 200 in the past two-and-a-half years used the red phosphorous method as opposed to the
currently prevalent one-pot or “shake-and-bake” method. He then testified that he encountered
Kracker in 2004 after receiving complaints about a suspected methamphetamine lab in his home.
The officer testified that Kracker spoke with him after his arrest and admitted that he had
gathered the chemicals for the lab for others, but that he did not know how to produce the drug
with the chemicals. The chemicals gathered by Kracker were of the type used in the red
phosphorous method of production. The trial court issued an immediate limiting instruction,
instructing the jury that they could not consider this testimony as evidence of Kracker’s conduct
in conformity with past conduct for purposes of his guilt. Instead, the jury was directed that it
12
could only consider the evidence for the limited purpose of considering Kracker’s knowledge
regarding preparation for methamphetamine production.
{¶27} Officer Crockett further testified that he spoke with Kracker after another arrest in
2005 based on the existence of a red phosphorous methamphetamine lab found in his home. The
officer testified that Kracker explained in great detail how to manufacture methamphetamine
using the red phosphorous method. That interview was played for the jury. The officer testified
that the chemicals described by Kracker in 2005 were the same as the chemicals found in the
instant case. The trial court thereafter issued another limiting instruction, directing the jury that
it could only consider that evidence for the limited purposes of Kracker’s knowledge of
methamphetamine production, his plan or scheme to manufacture, and as to identity of the owner
of the lab.
{¶28} I agree with the trial court that evidence of both the 2004 and 2005 prior incidents
were properly admissible. In the case of the 2004 incident, that evidence tended to show
Kracker’s knowledge of the chemicals necessary to manufacture methamphetamine. In the case
of the 2005 incident, that evidence tended to show his knowledge of the chemicals and process
of manufacturing methamphetamine, as well as his plan or scheme to make it in the instant case.
Moreover, in both prior cases, the same method, i.e., red phosphorous method, was implicated by
the chemicals and Kracker’s statements. The instant methamphetamine lab was the identical
type of red phosphorous lab, notwithstanding the evidence that that type of lab had become
extremely rare. In fact, the instant lab was the only such lab out of more than 200 in the past
two-and-a-half years to use that method. Such evidence tended to establish the identity of the
person responsible for the lab based on the behavioral fingerprint associated with the instant
13
crime. See McKnight at ¶ 83. Accordingly, I would conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by admitting evidence regarding the 2004 and 2005 prior incidents involving Kracker.
APPEARANCES:
JEFFREY N. JAMES, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and HEAVEN DIMARTINO, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.
