[Cite as State v. Lyons,
2015-Ohio-3325.]
STATE OF OHIO, BELMONT COUNTY
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
SEVENTH DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO ) CASE NO. 14 BE 28
)
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE )
)
VS. ) OPINION
)
SUSAN LYONS )
)
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT )
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Criminal Appeal from the County Court,
Western Division, of Belmont County,
Ohio
Case No. 13 TRD 01700-01
JUDGMENT: Affirmed.
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee: Atty. Mike DeWine
Attorney General of Ohio
Atty. Paul L. Scarsella
Atty. Jocelyn S. Kelly
Special Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys
Assistant Attorneys General
150 East Gay Street, 16th Floor
Columbus, Ohio 43215
For Defendant-Appellant: Atty. Edward A. Czopur
DeGenova & Yarwood
42 North Phelps St.
Youngstown, Ohio 44503
JUDGES:
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
Hon. Carol Ann Robb
Dated: August 17, 2015
[Cite as State v. Lyons, 2015-Ohio-3325.]
WAITE, J.
{¶1} Appellant Susan Lyons appeals her conviction in Belmont County
Court, Western Division, on one count of driving under an OVI license suspension,
R.C. 4510.14 (operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs). She
argues on appeal that the record does not contain sufficient evidence to support the
conviction, and that her counsel was unconstitutionally ineffective. The record
contains evidence of the prior OVI suspension as well as the testimony of the
ticketing officer who saw Appellant driving during her suspension. Appellant
contends that her attorney should have provided the court with a transcript of a
hearing in which she was granted limited driving privileges. She claims that she had
received oral limited driving privileges to drive her son to his daily activities, and
claims that she was engaged in doing so when she was stopped. The record does
not support that Appellant received such driving privileges, and the presumption from
a silent record is that she did not. She seeks to prove ineffective assistance of
counsel through evidence de hors the record, and her testimony at trial reflects that
such evidence may not exist. A direct appeal is not the proper forum in which to
raise errors that depend on evidence outside of the record. Appellant's arguments
are not persuasive and the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Case History
{¶2} On May 24, 2013, at 9:16 p.m., Ohio State Trooper Thaddeus White
stopped Appellant on Hammond Road in Belmont County. She was pulling a utility
trailer that had no tail lights or brake lights. The trailer was carrying dirt bikes or
ATVs. Appellant was with her son and one of his friends. They were traveling to
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Powerline Park, which was several miles away. When Trooper White asked for
identification, Appellant stated that she had driving privileges to drive her son to
events and activities but did not have the documentation with her. Trooper White
conducted a search of the Ohio motor vehicle records and found that Appellant's
license was under an OVI suspension. The suspension was put in place on February
16, 2013, and lasted until August 16, 2013. (6/10/14 Tr., Exh. 1.) White wrote out a
traffic citation charging Appellant with one count of driving while under an OVI
suspension, R.C. 4510.14, and one count of failure to have working tail lights, R.C.
4513.05.
{¶3} The case was heard at a bench trial on June 10, 2014. Trooper White
testified about the circumstances of the traffic stop, and the certified copy of
Appellant's Ohio motor vehicle report was entered into evidence. Page one of the
report shows the license suspension. The state also submitted a judgment entry
from the Muskingum County Court granting Appellant limited driving privileges for
employment and medical treatment. The judgment entry has a filing date of April 10,
2013, and a termination date of August 16, 2013. The judgment entry specifically
required Appellant to carry it with her and to provide proof of her driving privileges.
The entry did not extend privileges that would allow Appellant to drive her child to
events and activities.
{¶4} Appellant testified that the Muskingum Court judge orally granted her
permission to take her son to school, appointments, day care, and anywhere else she
desired to fulfill the needs of her child. She testified that on May 24, 2013, she was
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scheduled to go to Gallipolis at 7 p.m. to go to work. On her way to work, she
intended to drop her son and his friend at an unnamed woman’s house so that they
could go to Powerline Park. Her son's friend was a licensed driver, but Appellant
decided to drive the car herself rather than let the friend drive. She testified that she
entered the destination into her navigation system, but she got lost while driving. At
this point she was pulled over by Trooper White.
{¶5} Appellant's son's friend testified that they were supposed to meet a
woman at Denny's Restaurant in St. Clairsville so that the woman could watch the
two boys and the ATVs. The woman did not meet them, so Appellant decided to take
the boys to Powerline Park herself. Appellant became lost and was pulled over by
Trooper White. After she was pulled over, she put the destination into her car
navigation system.
{¶6} At the conclusion of trial, the judge found Appellant guilty of driving
under an OVI suspension in violation of R.C. 4510.14, a first degree misdemeanor,
and guilty of the tail light violation. The judge explained that he found Appellant’s
story to be “preposterous.” He stated that he might have found her testimony more
credible if she presented evidence from Muskingum County Court showing that she
had driving privileges permitting her to drive her son to social events, but he deemed
it unlikely that a judge would ever issue such privileges. He sentenced Appellant to
30 days in jail. This timely appeal followed. The two assignments of error will be
taken in reverse order.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2
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The guilty verdict was not based on sufficient evidence due to the lack
of any reference to an OVI conviction, OVI suspension and as the State
did not prove that Appellant was operating outside of her driving
privileges.
{¶7} Appellant argues that the record contains insufficient evidence to prove
that she was driving under an OVI suspension. She contends that the state had to
prove that she was previously convicted of OVI, and prove that her license was under
suspension due to that conviction. Appellant claims that neither fact is in the record.
Appellant is mistaken in this argument.
{¶8} Whether the state presented sufficient evidence presents a question of
law regarding whether there was evidence establishing the elements of the crime.
State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). “The test of
sufficient evidence is ‘whether after viewing the probative evidence and inferences
reasonably drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found all the essential elements of the offense beyond
a reasonable doubt.’ ” State v. Bulin, 7th Dist. No. 09 BE 27,
2011-Ohio-3398, ¶57,
citing State v. Martin,
20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175,
485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).
When reviewing sufficiency, a reviewing court does not examine the credibility of the
witnesses, nor does it weigh the evidence. State v. Goff,
82 Ohio St.3d 123, 139,
694 N.E.2d 916 (1998). A reviewing court should not disturb the decision below
unless it finds that reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion reached by the
trier of fact. State v. Jenks,
61 Ohio St.3d 259, 273,
574 N.E.2d 492 (1991). In a
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review of a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we must “assess not whether the state's
evidence is to be believed, but whether, if believed, the evidence against a defendant
would support a conviction.” Thompkins at 390.
{¶9} In this case, the state presented a certified copy of Appellant's driving
record from the Ohio Department of Motor Vehicles. The report shows that
Appellant's license was under OVI suspension from February 16, 2013, to August 16,
2013. The suspension was ordered by Muskingum County Court. Such a report is
delineated as valid prima facie evidence throughout the Ohio traffic code. See, e.g.,
R.C. 4501.11, 4501.111, 4501.12, 4501.16, 4501.21. Trooper White stopped
Appellant and issued the traffic citation on May 24, 2013, during the suspension
period. Appellant did not present any document to show that she had driving
privileges when she was stopped. Thus, the citation was valid. She testified that she
was orally given driving privileges to drive her son to events, but the trial judge did
not believe her testimony. Regardless, this evidence would pertain to her defense of
the charge, not to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the charge. Based on
the above, Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1
Appellant was deprived of her right to the effective assistance of
counsel pursuant to the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the
United States Constitution.
{¶10} Appellant argues that her counsel was ineffective because counsel did
not challenge the report regarding the OVI suspension. As earlier discussed, the
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driving report clearly reflects that Appellant was under an OVI suspension when she
was issued the citation on May 24, 2013. Hence, there was no reason for counsel to
object. Appellant also argues that counsel failed to produce a vital piece of evidence
at trial that would have proven that she had driving privileges. Appellant believes that
counsel should have provided the court with a transcript of the hearing from
Muskingum County Court that would allegedly have shown that she was orally
granted expanded driving privileges. Appellant is attempting to prove ineffective
assistance of counsel by use of evidence outside of the record, and this is improper
in a direct appeal. A reviewing court assumes the accuracy of the record. The
logical assumption, here, is that there is no such evidence of expanded driving
privileges and that is why counsel did not introduce it at trial.
{¶11} In order to demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
must show, first, that counsel's performance was deficient and, second, that the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense so as to deprive the defendant of a fair
trial. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687,
104 S.Ct. 2052,
80 L.Ed.2d 674
(1984); State v. Bradley,
42 Ohio St.3d 136,
538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). To demonstrate
prejudice, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence
in the outcome.”
Strickland at 694.
{¶12} Strickland explained that an “ineffectiveness claim … is an attack on
the fundamental fairness of the proceeding whose result is challenged.” Id. at 697.
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A defendant's burden when challenging the effectiveness of counsel is to
demonstrate that some action or inaction by counsel operated to undermine or call
into question the integrity of the process that resulted in conviction. State v. Calhoun,
86 Ohio St.3d 279, 289,
714 N.E.2d 905 (1999). When evaluating the performance
of counsel, a court “must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls
within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” State v. Wesson,
137
Ohio St.3d, 2013-Ohio-4575,
999 N.E.2d 557, ¶81. “Judicial scrutiny of counsel's
performance must be highly deferential, and a fair assessment of attorney
performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of
hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel's challenged conduct, and to
evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the time.”
Strickland at 669.
{¶13} In a direct appeal, the reviewing court may only look at the evidence
contained in the record to determine whether a defendant received ineffective
assistance of counsel. “[A] reviewing court cannot add matter to the record before it
that was not a part of the trial court's proceedings, and then decide the appeal on the
basis of the new matter.” State v. Hooks, 92 Ohio St.3d 83, 83,
748 N.E.2d 528
(2001). If the attempt to establish ineffective assistance requires proof de hors the
record, then this claim is not appropriately considered on direct appeal. State v.
Hartman,
93 Ohio St.3d 274, 299,
754 N.E.2d 1150 (2001); State v. Shugart, 7th
Dist. No. 08 MA 238,
2009-Ohio-6807, ¶40.
{¶14} Again, Appellant's first complaint regarding counsel's performance was
the failure to object to driving records from the Ohio Department of Motor Vehicles
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that the state submitted as evidence. Appellant argues that the record does not
contain any evidence of her license suspension, but the suspension is listed and
explained on page one of the report. There was no reason for counsel to object to
the report because the report is valid, certified, and contains the information that was
needed to prove the state's case.
{¶15} Appellant's second complaint is the failure of her counsel to introduce
as evidence a transcript of a hearing in Muskingum County in which the county court
judge supposedly granted expanded driving privileges to Appellant. The trial judge in
this case did not believe such evidence existed, but did suggest that it might have
helped her cause if she had actually produced evidence that she was granted these
special privileges. The only evidence of record is a written judgment entry granting
limited driving privileges from Muskingum County, which specifically contradicts
Appellant’s allegation about the breadth of her privileges. Further, the documents
clearly state that Appellant must provide proof of her privileges while driving, and she
did not have any proof with her when she was stopped and cited. This fact alone
negates her argument, since the citation would be valid even if her privileges had
included the expansion she alleges. However, since there is no evidence in the
record that a judge in Muskingum County granted any privileges outside of those
listed on the written judgment entry, Appellant cannot prove ineffective assistance of
counsel on appeal.
{¶16} In order to assert this claim at all, Appellant would need to file for some
type of postconviction relief in which she could present new evidence de hors the
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record to establish that she did have expanded driving privileges and that her
counsel had the ability to obtain that evidence. The only evidence at trial was
Appellant's own testimony, which the judge found incredible. Her credibility was
further hampered by the fact that her son’s friend contradicted her testimony about
what happened before the traffic stop. This record does not support Appellant's
arguments concerning the alleged deficient performance of her counsel.
{¶17} Appellant also contends that counsel was ineffective for even referring
to the oral driving privileges as a defense tactic if counsel did not have concrete
evidence to present. Whether or not a trial tactic is effective is normally left to the
discretion of the attorney, and such tactical decisions are “best made by those at the
trial who can judge the tenor of the trial and the mood of the jury.” State v. Brooks,
75 Ohio St. 3d 148, 157,
661 N.E.2d 1030 (1996). Once again, since we do not
know whether such a record even exists, we will not evaluate, in hindsight, the
wisdom of allowing Appellant to testify under these circumstances. We also note that
Appellant herself testified that the portion of the recording of the Muskingum County
Court hearing that allegedly contained the oral driving privileges was inaudible, and
therefore, a transcript would not have helped her cause. (Tr., p. 36.)
{¶18} Again, we must point out that a hearing transcript from the Muskingum
County Court would have been of negligible value no matter what it reflected, since
the actual written and journalized driving privileges did not contain any expansion as
alleged by Appellant. A court speaks through its journal, and the journal entry from
the Muskingum County Court does not contain expanded driving privileges. State v.
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Brooke, 113 Ohio St.3d 199,
2007-Ohio-1533,
863 N.E.2d 1024, ¶47. If Appellant is
correct, any error in the failure to include the additional privileges in the written and
journalized driving privilege document occurred in the Muskingum County case, not
this case. It is not error for the trial court to rely on the clear entry from the
Muskingum County Court. And we must again state that because Appellant had no
proof she was given any driving privileges at all when she was stopped, even if her
Muskingum entry had clearly granted expanded privileges, Appellant’s convictions
would still be valid and upheld.
{¶19} In conclusion, Appellant alleged that there was insufficient evidence to
prove that she was driving under an OVI license suspension, but the state submitted
Appellant's driving record as evidence. Appellant also alleged ineffective assistance
of counsel, but there is no indication that counsel committed any error, and the
evidence she seeks to use in support of her argument is outside of this record, if it
exists at all. Appellant's two assignments of error are without merit and the judgment
of the trial court is affirmed.
DeGenaro, J., concurs.
Robb, J., concurs.
