U.S. v. Peter Apicelli

                    UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE


United States of America

   v.                                 Criminal No. 14-cr-012-JD
                                      Opinion No. 

Peter Apicelli

                              OPINION


    Peter Apicelli was convicted of manufacturing marijuana in

violation of 

(a)(1).     He has moved under 

(b) for continued release pending appeal.    The

government objects to the motion on the ground that Apicelli

cannot show a substantial question of law or fact as required by

§ 3143(b).   The court denied the motion at the end of the

hearing but stayed the order to surrender, pending appeal of the

order denying the motion.   The background and reasoning for

denying the motion for continued release is provided as follows.


                        Standard of Review

    After conviction and sentencing, detention of a defendant

pending appeal is mandatory unless he qualifies for the

exception provided by § 3143(b).   United States v. Colon-Munoz,

 (1st Cir. 2002).   To meet the requirements of

§ 3143(b), a defendant must show that he is not likely to flee,

that he is not dangerous, that the appeal is not for the purpose

of delay, and that the appeal “raises a substantial question of
law or fact likely to result in — (i) reversal, (ii) an order

for a new trial, (iii) a sentence that does not include a term

of imprisonment, or (iv) a reduced sentence to a term of

imprisonment less that the total of the time already served plus

the expected duration of the appeal process.”    § 3143(b)(1).


                            Background

    The background information is taken from the court’s prior

orders that summarize the circumstances leading to Peter

Apicelli’s arrest, from the subsequent procedural history of the

case, and from the evidence presented at trial.

    Apicelli rented property at 201 Mason Road, Campton, New

Hampshire, from Rene Dubois, beginning in May of 2012.     He did

not move out until October of 2013.   The property had wooded

parts, open areas, a tree farm, an apple orchard, and a house.

Apicelli was the only person renting the property between May of

2012 and October of 2013.

    In early September of 2013, the Campton police received a

tip from Robert Bain, identified as a concerned citizen, that

there might be marijuana growing on the property at 201 Mason

Road.   In response to the tip, Sergeant Patrick Payer of the

Campton Police Department contacted Sergeant Nick Blodgett of

the New Hampshire Drug Task Force.    Blodgett contacted Detective

Piche of the New Hampshire State Police.   On September 5, 2013,


                                 2
Payer, Blodgett, Piche, and Bain went to the property to look

for marijuana plants.    They found a patch of twenty to twenty-

five marijuana plants growing just inside a wooded area, next to

a more open area.    The plants were growing about 200 yards from

the house.

    Payer learned that Rene Dubois owned the property and that

it was rented to Apicelli.    Payer also saw two vehicles at the

property and determined that they were registered to Apicelli.

He then looked up information about Apicelli and found a

photograph of him.    Detective Eric James of the Grafton County

Sheriff’s Department was contacted to set up a surveillance

video camera to record the area where the marijuana was growing.

    On September 6, Payer, James, and Blogett went back to the

property and installed a motion activated video camera.     Over

the next ten days, the officers checked the video footage in the

camera, but they did not see video footage of a person tending

the plants until they checked the camera on September 16.     That

day they found video footage that had been taken on September 14

showing a man with dark hair, wearing khaki shorts and a hat,

tending the plants.    In one segment, the man was also wearing a

red backpack, while tending the plants.

    Based on the results of the investigation, Payer applied

for and was granted a search warrant for Apicelli’s home at 201

Mason Road on September 17, 2013.     Payer, James, Blodgett, and

                                  3
other officers executed the search warrant the same day.      Once

inside the house, Payer noticed the smell of marijuana.     In the

course of the search of the house, the officers found, took

pictures of, and seized as evidence a red back pack, khaki

shorts, a piece of mail with Apicelli’s name on it and addressed

to a post office box in Campton, a grow light, marijuana plants,

packaged marijuana, scales, potting soil, plastic bags, and a

book titled Marijuana Grower’s Insider’s Guide.   They also

seized the marijuana plants that were growing outside on the

property.

    Criminalist Shane Zeman from the New Hampshire State Police

Crime Laboratory collected samples of the plants seized from

Apicelli’s property.   He tested the samples in the lab.    Zeman’s

testing found that the plant samples were consistent with

marijuana.

    Apicelli originally was arrested by state authorities, but

the case was referred to the United States Attorney’s office in

New Hampshire in December of 2013.   The indictment against

Apicelli was filed on January 22, 2014.   Apicelli’s initial

appearance in federal court was on February 28, 2014.      During

the next year, the trial was continued several times at

Apicelli’s request (document nos. 9, 12, 15, 19, and 22).

    In February of 2015, Apicelli moved to dismiss the

indictment or, in the alternative, to compel the government to

                                4
provide discovery, and the trial was continued again (document

no. 25) in the interest of justice to allow time for adequate

preparation and consideration of Apicelli’s motion to dismiss.

At the hearing on the motion to dismiss, Apicelli sought three

items of outstanding discovery, which were discussed and

resolved.   The court found that the government had not failed in

any material respect to comply with discovery requirements or

requests.   The motion to dismiss was denied as there were no

grounds for sanctions of any kind (document no. 32).

    Once again, Apicelli moved to dismiss, arguing a violation

of the Speedy Trial Act, and sought another continuance.      A

hearing was held on the motion for a continuance, and defense

counsel represented that a continuance was needed to accommodate

his scheduling conflicts and to allow him time to file a motion

to suppress.   The government was prepared to try the case.

    Trial was continued in the interest of justice to allow

defense counsel time to effectively prepare the defense

(document no. 38).   The court denied the motion to dismiss,

finding that no violation of the Speedy Trial Act had occurred

(document no. 40).   Trial was scheduled to begin on May 19,

2015.

    Appicelli moved to suppress the evidence taken in the

search of his house but did not request a hearing.     He argued

that the warrant was invalid because the investigation and

                                 5
discovery of marijuana plants were the result of trespassing on

his property and because Payer’s affidavit in support of the

warrant application was selective and deceptive.      He also sought

to suppress Bain’s identification of him as the person shown in

the videotape footage tending marijuana plants.

    In the order denying the motion to suppress (document no.

44), the court noted that Apicelli had not requested a hearing

but, nevertheless, considered the applicable standard and found

that grounds did not exist to hold a hearing on the motion.       The

court concluded that Bain was not acting as a police agent when

he walked on Apicelli’s property and provided the tip to the

police.   The court found that the search of Apicelli’s property

and home did not violate the Fourth Amendment, that the

affidavit provided in support of the warrant application was

based on the investigation, not on Bain’s tip, making

information about Bain’s motive or ill will immaterial, and that

Bain’s identification of Apicelli in the video footage did not

violate due process.   Apicelli moved for reconsideration of that

order, which was denied on May 14, 2015 (document no. 54).

    The day before trial was to begin, Apicelli moved to

dismiss the indictment based on the government’s recent

disclosure of Payer’s grand jury testimony and an email from

Payer to the Assistant United States Attorney (“AUSA”) who was

handling the case at that time.       He argued that the government

                                  6
had failed to comply with discovery obligations and that the

government had engaged in misconduct.   He also argued that the

evidence taken during the search of his home and property should

be suppressed because of alleged inconsistencies between Payer’s

affidavit supporting the search warrant and his grand jury

testimony.

    With the assent of counsel, the trial was continued to

allow time for consideration of the motion to dismiss and for

certain additional filings (document no. 60).   The motion to

dismiss and to reconsider the order denying his motion to

suppress was denied on May 27, 2015, (document no. 69).

    In the meantime, Apicelli filed a fourth motion to dismiss

again alleging discovery abuses by the government and violation

of the Speedy Trial Act.   He also sought an order to compel the

government to provide additional information about police

dispatch recordings and Bain’s involvement with the police.     The

court denied the motion (document no. 70).

    The court granted the government’s motion to preclude

defense counsel from making jury nullification arguments and

from encouraging the jury to use nullification to acquit

Apicelli (document no. 66).   Apicelli’s motion for a jury view

was denied (document no. 70).

    Apicelli moved for reconsideration of the orders (documents

69 and 70) denying his motion to dismiss and his motion to

                                 7
dismiss or compel discovery.    In support, Apicelli argued that

the court improperly failed to hold evidentiary hearings on his

motions, that his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial had

been violated, that the government had not provided full

discovery, that the government had violated the Fourth

Amendment, and that he had been the victim of selective

prosecution.

    In denying the motion (document no. 73), the court

explained that Apicelli had failed to show that a hearing was

necessary because of disputed material facts.    The court held

that Apicelli had never developed an argument based on the Sixth

Amendment right to a speedy trial but that no violation had

occurred, that he had not shown that the government failed to

provide discovery, and that he provided no developed argument to

show a Fourth Amendment violation.    The issue of selective

prosecution was raised for the first time in the motion for

reconsideration, making it an unavailable ground for

reconsideration.    The court also found the theory meritless.

    The jury was drawn as scheduled on June 2 but was not

sworn.   Opening statements and evidence were scheduled to begin

on June 8.     On Sunday, June 7, Apicelli moved to dismiss or to

compel after the government sent defense counsel four compact

disks of the “false trigger” video footage on Saturday, June 6.

Apicelli charged the government with discovery violations, and

                                  8
alternatively sought to continue the trial and to compel the

government to provide additional discovery.1

      A hearing on the motion was held on Monday morning, June 8,

while the jury waited for trial to begin.   Defense counsel

stated that the compact disks comprised four to six hours of

video footage and that he could not begin the trial without

having an opportunity to review the footage with Apicelli and to

evaluate the videos to determine whether and how they might

affect the defense.   The AUSA characterized the footage as

videos of nothing and videos of rain falling on leaves with no

evidentiary value.

      The trial was continued to allow adequate time for defense

counsel to evaluate the video footage and was rescheduled for

July.   The motion to compel the government to produce police

dispatch communications was denied (document no. 75).   The

motion to dismiss was denied because Apicelli showed no grounds

for sanctions based on the late production of the additional

video footage and because any issue about dispatch recordings

had been resolved (document no. 77).

      On July 2, 2015, Apicelli again moved to dismiss the charge

against him or, in the alternative, to preclude the government


  1 Apicelli sought recordings of police dispatch communications
for additional days when there were false trigger video
recordings.


                                 9
from using the videotape evidence against him at trial on the

ground that the videotapes were not timely or fully disclosed.

He also moved to dismiss on the ground that his right to a

speedy trial had been violated.    Because Apicelli failed to show

any grounds for a hearing, his request for a hearing was denied.

The court denied the motion to dismiss, reiterating that the

government had met its discovery obligations and no grounds had

been shown for sanctions and explaining, again, that his right

to a speedy trial had not been violated (document no. 84).

Apicelli’s motion for reconsideration was denied.2

      A second jury was drawn on July 21.   Apicelli moved, in

limine, to preclude evidence of distribution and intent to

distribute marijuana, invoking Federal Rules of Evidence 403 and

404(b).   He also asked that the government be required to

instruct its witnesses not to testify about any evidence of

distribution of marijuana.   The court denied the motion,

concluding that the challenged evidence of distribution, such as

bags, baggies, and scales, was intrinsic evidence of

manufacturing marijuana under 

(15) and 802(22)


  2 The motion for reconsideration primarily addressed the order
denying Apicelli’s motion to suppress and his motion for
reconsideration of that order and again argued that the search
warrant was invalid. The order denying his motion to suppress
was issued on May 4, 2015, and his motion for reconsideration of
that order was denied on May 14, 2015. Apicelli provided no
justification for again moving for reconsideration of the order
denying the motion to suppress months after it was issued.

                                  10
and was not excludable under Rule 404(b) or Rule 403 (document

no. 89).   Although the evidence was not excluded, the court

instructed the government to “carefully instruct its witnesses

not to testify about the distribution or sale of marijuana and

not to testify about any conjecture on those matters.”

    The case was tried on July 28, 29, and 30, 2015.      The

government called Rene Dubois, Sergeant Payer, Sergeant

Blodgett, Detective James, and Criminalist Zeman as witnesses.

The jury returned a verdict of guilty on July 30.

    Apicelli moved for judgment of acquittal pursuant to

Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29 (document no. 98).        In

support, he argued that there was insufficient evidence to

identify him as the person who manufactured marijuana in light

of his theories of innocence, that the government introduced and

relied on improper and inadmissible evidence, and that the

jury’s short deliberation undermined the verdict.   The court

denied the motion (document no. 100), concluding that

evidentiary challenges could not be raised in a Rule 29 motion,

that the government had no obligation to refute Apicelli’s

theories of innocence, that the substantial circumstantial

evidence linking Apicelli to the marijuana manufacturing

operation was more than sufficient, and that the brief jury

deliberations provided no basis for a judgment of acquittal.



                                11
    Apicelli was sentenced on November 17, 2015, to

imprisonment for twelve months and one day with two years of

supervised release.   He was ordered to surrender to the

institution designated by the Bureau of Prisons before 2:00 p.m.

on January 8, 2016.   Apicelli filed a notice of appeal on

November 17, 2015.

    On December 30, 2015, a hearing was held on his motion for

release pending appeal.   After counsel for Apicelli and the

Assistant United States Attorney presented argument on the

motion, the court denied the motion but stayed the order to

surrender pending appeal of the order.


                            Discussion

    Apicelli moved pursuant to § 3143(b) to stay the order to

surrender and to continue his release pending appeal.      The

government objected, contending that Apicelli had not met the

requirement of § 3143(b)(1) that his appeal “raises a

substantial question of law or fact likely to result in — (i)

reversal, (ii) an order for a new trial, (iii) a sentence that

does not include a term of imprisonment, or (iv) a reduced

sentence to a term of imprisonment less that the total of the

time already served plus the expected duration of the appeal

process.”   The government did not contest Apicelli’s showing




                                12
that he is not likely to flee, that he is not dangerous, and

that the appeal was not filed for the purpose of delay.


A.   Flight, Dangerousness, Delay, and Duration of Sentence

     Apicelli has shown that he is not likely to flee, that he

is not dangerous, and that the appeal is not for the purpose of

delay.    At the hearing, counsel agreed that those factors were

satisfied.   Therefore, the only issue is whether his appeal

raises a substantial question of law or fact that is likely to

result in overturning his conviction, no sentence, or a sentence

that would be less than the time served plus the duration of the

appeal.

     Because he was sentenced after the motion for release was

filed, Apicelli did not address sentencing issues.    At the

hearing, counsel argued that as a matter of equity, Apicelli

should be not be incarcerated pending appeal because his

sentence may be served before the decision on appeal is issued.

     Apicelli was sentenced to twelve months plus one day of

imprisonment.   The court cannot predict whether the sentence

will have been served before the appeal is resolved but concedes

that is a possibility.   Nevertheless, because Apicelli did not

show a substantial question of law or fact for appeal, that

issue need not be resolved.




                                 13
B.       Substantial Questions of Law or Fact

         For purposes of a motion pursuant to § 3143(b)(1), the

standard of a substantial question that is likely to result in

reversal, a new trial, a reduced sentence, or no imprisonment is

to be applied flexibly so that “a question that can be regarded

as ‘close’ will often suffice.”       Colon-Munoz, 

(quoting United States v. Bayko, 

 (1st Cir.

1985)).       In Bayko, the First Circuit adopted the interpretation

of “substantial question” used in other circuits to mean “‘a

close question or one that very well could be decided the other

way.’”      Bayko, 

 (quoting United States v.

Giancola, 

, 901 (11th Cir. 1985)).      To the extent a

defendant relies on new issues to support a § 3143(b)(1) motion,

he must show that a new issue is either plain error or “‘so

compelling as virtually to insure appellant’s success.’”       United

States v. Curley, 

, at *9 (D. Me. Apr. 6, 2015)

(quoting Bayko, 

.)

         The twelve issues that Apicelli raises to show substantial

questions of law or fact are listed on pages two and three of

his four-page motion.3      He provides little or no explanation of

what errors those issues are intended to raise.       In its




    Although the pages of the motion are all numbered “2”, the
     3

motion has four pages.

                                    14
objection, the government addresses each issue and contends that

none raises a substantial question.

    At the hearing, defense counsel argued that this was an

unusual case because it was transferred from the state to the

United States Attorney for prosecution and that all twelve

issues raised in his motion, along with several others raised or

alluded to for the first time during the hearing, were

substantial questions under § 3143(b)(1), but provided

additional argument on only a few of the issues.   Counsel also

raised some new issues that were not included in the motion and

alluded to other possible issues that might be raised on appeal.


    1.   Motion to Suppress

    The first issue Apicelli raises in the motion is stated as

“Denial of suppression or even the opportunity for an

evidentiary hearing.”   Apicelli apparently intends to argue that

the court erred in denying his motion to suppress and erred in

not holding a hearing on the motion but he provided no further

analysis of what error occurred or why he was entitled to an

evidentiary hearing.    At the hearing on the motion for continued

release, defense counsel argued that subsequent events supported

a hearing on the motion to suppress but provided little

developed reasoning to support that theory.




                                 15
    Apicelli did not request a hearing in his motion to

suppress.   Despite the lack of a request for a hearing or any

argument to show that a hearing was needed, the court considered

the circumstances and the issues under the applicable standard

and found that a hearing was not required.

    To the extent Apicelli argues, again, that the court erred

in deciding his motion to suppress without an evidentiary

hearing, he is mistaken.     The issues raised in the motion to

suppress did not show that there were “factual disputes which,

if resolved in [Apicelli’s] favor, would entitle him to the

requested relief.”     United States v. Cintron, 

(1st Cir. 2013).     Further Apicelli’s motion did not show that

information about Bain was omitted “knowingly and intentionally

or with reckless disregard for the truth” or that the omitted

information “was necessary to the finding of probable cause.”

United States v. Rigaud, 

 (1st Cir. 2012).

Therefore, as the court determined, the motion did not support

the need for a hearing.     Apicelli did not show then nor in

support of the motion for continued release that any factual

disputes required a hearing.

    In support of his motion to suppress, Apicelli argued that

the warrant to search his home was obtained illegally because

the information provided in the supporting affidavit was the

result of Fourth Amendment violations.    He also argued that

                                  16
Bain’s identification of him in the surveillance video footage

was unreliable and that due process required suppression of the

identification.

    The issues Apicelli raised in support of his motion to

suppress and in subsequent motions seeking suppression of the

evidence seized from his home, including subsequent arguments

for a hearing, are thoroughly discussed in the court’s prior

orders.   See, e.g. Document nos. 44, 54, and 69.   None of the

issues Apicelli raised in those motions presented a close

question.

    With respect to Bain’s identification of Apicelli as the

man seen in the video footage tending the marijuana plants, the

court has explained repeatedly that the identification was

reliable based on Bain’s familiarity with Apicelli, despite the

quality of the videotape.   Therefore, Bain’s identification did

not violate due process and, properly, was not suppressed.

Significantly, the issue of suppressing Bain’s identification

became moot when the government decided not to call Bain as a

witness at trial.   As a result, Bain did not identify Apicelli

at trial.

    The denial of the motion to suppress does not raise a

substantial question of law or fact.




                                17
    2.     Evidence of Mushroom Grow

    Apicelli contends that Sergeant Blodgett’s testimony at

trial about a “mushroom grow” violated Rule 404(b) and the

court’s order on his motion in limine.    Although Apicelli also

alleges that there were “[v]iolations of Motion in Limine and

repeated introduction of evidence barred by Rule 404(b),” he

does not challenge any other evidence.    He cannot show a

substantial question for purposes of § 3143(b)(1) based on

unidentified evidentiary errors.

    Before trial, Apicelli moved in limine to preclude evidence

of distribution or intent to distribute marijuana.   The court

denied the motion because the challenged evidence, consisting of

bags, baggies, and scales, was intrinsic evidence of

manufacturing marijuana under 

(15) and 802(22)

and were not excludable under Rule 404(b) or Rule 403 (document

no. 89).   The court directed the government to instruct its

witnesses not to testify about distribution or sale of marijuana

or about conjecture on those matters.

    While Blodgett was testifying during trial, he was asked to

describe what he saw when he entered Apicelli’s house during the

search.    Blodgett testified that he saw marijuana in several

forms and then said he saw “what we believe to be mushroom grow

at one point.”   Defense counsel objected.



                                 18
    At sidebar, defense counsel argued that the mention of the

mushroom grow required a mistrial.       The government objected.

The court denied the request for a mistrial but offered to give

an instruction to have the jury disregard the evidence.

    Defense counsel asked that the jury be instructed that the

witness should never have introduced evidence of the mushroom

grow and “should have been instructed not to introduce other bad

act evidence.”     The court explained that the additional

instructions requested would only compound the issue and

reiterated that the jury would be instructed not to consider the

testimony about the mushroom grow.

    Defense counsel again objected, stating:       “It’s a

tyrannosaurus and you can’t say okay, ignore the tyrannosaurus.”

The court reminded defense counsel that juries are presumed to

follow the court’s instructions.       The court then instructed the

jury as follows:     “Members of the jury, disregard the testimony

regarding the mushroom grow.     That is not to be considered by

you in this case.     It’s irrelevant to your concerns.”

    Defense counsel argued at the hearing that the court erred

in denying his motion for a mistrial, but that issue does not

present a close question.     “Declaring a mistrial is a last

resort, only to be implemented if the taint is ineradicable,

that is, only if the trial judge believes the jury’s exposure to

the evidence is likely to prove beyond realistic hope of

                                  19
repair.”   United States v. Trinidad-Acosta, 

(1st Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).   On appeal,

the court reviews the denial of a mistrial by considering “the

totality of the circumstances to determine whether the defendant

has demonstrated the kind of clear prejudice that would render

the court’s denial of his motion for a mistrial a manifest abuse

of discretion.”   

 (internal quotation marks omitted).    Juries

are presumed to follow instructions, and “curative instructions

are ordinarily an appropriate method of preempting a mistrial.”

United States v. Peake, 

 (1st Cir. 2015)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

    In this case, the evidence of Apicelli’s manufacture of

marijuana was overwhelming.   Taken in the context of the amount

of marijuana found growing, drying, and ready for packaging in

Apicelli’s home and on his property and all of the equipment in

his home used for manufacturing marijuana, Blodgett’s mention of

a mushroom grow is inconsequential.   Further, the instruction

appropriately directed the jury to disregard the testimony about

the mushroom grow.   In the absence of any evidence to the

contrary, the jury is presumed to have followed the instruction.

    The argument that Blodgett’s testimony violated the order

on his motion in limine appears to be based on a

misunderstanding of the order.   The order denied Apicelli’s

motion in limine, which addressed evidence of marijuana

                                 20
distribution, not mushroom grows or any other drug-related items

found during the search.   The government was directed to

instruct their witnesses not to testify about marijuana

distribution or sale.4   Further, as explained above, any

prejudice that Blodgett’s testimony might have caused was cured

by the jury instruction.   Therefore, Apicelli does not raise a

substantial question of law or fact by suggesting that the

mushroom grow testimony violated the order denying his motion in

limine.


      3.   Hearsay

      The third issue listed is:    “Introduction of hearsay

regarding out-of-court identification by de facto police agent

who was not called as a witness by the Government.”5    Although

far from clear, Apicelli apparently is referring to Payer’s




  4 At the hearing, defense counsel argued that the motion in
limine was directed at all bad acts. Although he could have,
counsel did not raise the mushroom grow in his motion or
otherwise seek an order directed at the evidence of the mushroom
grow. The court’s order, which denied the motion in limine and
directed instruction to government witnesses, addressed only
marijuana. The court cannot be expected to act on matters that
are not directly brought to its attention.

  5 Apicelli has never provided evidence that Bain was acting as
an agent of the Campton police when he observed suspected
marijuana plants on Apicelli’s property. Nevertheless, defense
counsel continued to argue that theory at the hearing as if
evidence existed to support it.

                                   21
testimony at trial about the investigation conducted following

Bain’s tip.

    The prosecutor asked Payer what investigative steps he took

after he got the surveillance videotape footage showing a man

tending the marijuana plants at 201 Mason Road.    Payer answered

that the next step was to get the person in the video

identified.   The prosecutor asked Payer if he spoke to anyone,

and Payer answered that he spoke to Bain.   The prosecutor then

asked Payer what he did next.

    Defense counsel objected and again moved for a mistrial.

He argued that Payer’s testimony about speaking to Bain in the

context of getting the person in the video identified was for

the purpose of getting Bain’s identification of Apicelli into

evidence without having Bain testify.   Defense counsel argued

that the intended inference was that Bain had identified

Apicelli in the video.   Based on that inference, counsel

asserted that Payer’s testimony was inadmissible hearsay, a “run

around the hearsay rule.”   The prosecutor explained that he was

asking about the investigative steps taken by the police and

that he then was going to move on to ask about obtaining the

search warrant.

    The court denied the request for a mistrial.    Instead, the

court instructed the jury as follows:   “Members of the jury, you

are to disregard the last question and answer and you’re not to

                                22
draw any inference that this witness identified the defendant

from these videos.”   Defense counsel asked for a further

conference to add to the instruction that the jury should not

draw an inference about Bain’s identification.   To avoid using

Bain’s name, the court further instructed as follows:    “All

right.   I’m going to add to that instruction that you’re not to

draw any inference from the last question and answer that an

identification was made by anybody from these videos.”

      To the extent Apicelli argues that Payer’s testimony

introduced hearsay, he is mistaken.   Payer did not testify that

Bain had identified Apicelli in the videos.    Therefore, no out-

of-court statement was introduced.    Instead, Payer testified

that as part of the investigation and to get the person

identified he had spoken to Bain, without saying what the result

had been.   Any inference that Bain did make an identification of

Apicelli was addressed by the curative instruction.6

      Therefore, Payer’s testimony was not grounds for a mistrial

nor does it provide grounds to reverse the conviction.




  6 At the hearing, defense counsel appeared to argue that the
court’s instruction erroneously represented that no
identification of Apicelli had ever been made from the video.
That is not the instruction that was given, and instead the
instruction appropriately focused on any inference that might be
drawn from Payer’s testimony.

                                23
    4.   Identity

    Apicelli argues, as he did in his Rule 29 motion, that

there was insufficient evidence to identify him as the person

who manufactured marijuana at 201 Mason Road.   The court

addressed that theory in denying the Rule 29 motion.   See Order,

Sept. 2, 2015, Doc. no. 100.   The direct and circumstantial

evidence at trial linked Apicelli to the marijuana that was

growing and being processed at 201 Mason Road, and there was no

evidence that any other adult lived at that address or tended

the marijuana plants on the property.

    At the hearing, defense counsel argued that the evidence

was insufficient because the government had not refuted all

possible theories about others who might have been responsible

for the marijuana on Apicelli’s property and in his home.

However, “[t]o gain a conviction, the government need not

eliminate every possible theory consistent with the defendant’s

innocence.”   United States v. Mehanna, 

 (1st Cir.

2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).

    Therefore, the evidence identifying Apicelli as the person

who was manufacturing marijuana was more than sufficient to

support his conviction.   On appeal, the court will look at the

evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict.

United States v. Lasseque, 

 (1st Cir. 2015).

The appeals court will then decide “whether a rational jury

                                24
could have concluded that the government proved each element of

the charged offense[] beyond a reasonable doubt.”     United States

v. Dudley, 

 (1st Cir. 2015).

      With that standard in mind, Apicelli has not shown a

substantial question as to whether there was sufficient evidence

showing that he was the person manufacturing marijuana at 201

Mason Road.


      5.   Videotapes

      Apicelli states as the fifth appeal issue:   “Introduction

of evidence without sufficient foundation, including, but not

limited to, video evidence of dubious provenance and quality,

and evidence related to plants seized.”     He provides no further

explanation of that issue or issues.     To the extent he is

challenging evidence other than the videotapes that were played

during trial, he has not developed those issues sufficiently to

allow review.7    See Higgins v. New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.,

 (1st Cir. 1999) (“district court is free to

disregard arguments that are not adequately developed”); see

also Coons v. Indus. Knife Co., Inc., 

 (1st Cir.

2010).     For that reason, any issues concerning foundation for


  7 Apicelli does not explain what evidence “related to plants
seized” he is challenging. To the extent he intended to raise
an issue about the foundation for laboratory testing results of
the seized marijuana plants, that issue is addressed in the
context of his challenge to the expert.

                                  25
evidence other than the videotapes are waived.     See United

States v. Zannino, 

 (1st Cir. 1990).

    Evidence must be authentic, and the requirement is

satisfied if the “showing is sufficient to allow a reasonable

person to believe that the evidence is what it purports to be.”

United States v. Savarese, 

 (1st Cir. 2012)

(citing Fed. R. Evid. 901(a)).   The showing necessary under Rule

901(a), therefore, is “undemanding” and requires only a

determination that “there is a reasonable probability that the

evidence is what it is purported to be.”     United States v.

Appolon, 

 (1st Cir. 2013).    “Evidence can be

authenticated in numerous ways, including through the testimony

of a witness with knowledge ‘that an item is what it is claimed

to be.’”   

 (quoting Rule 901(b)(1)).   When this court

determines that an adequate foundation has been provided to show

that evidence is authentic, that ruling is reviewed for abuse of

discretion.   United States v. Bowles, 

 (1st

Cir. 2014); United States v. Anderson, 

 (1st Cir.

2006).

    In this case, the foundation provided for the videotape

evidence was solid and more than sufficient to establish a

reasonable likelihood that the videotapes were taken on the

property at 201 Mason Road in Campton, New Hampshire, on the

dates shown in September of 2013.     Detective James testified

                                 26
about the surveillance video camera that he installed, the

installation process, the workings of the camera including the

motion detector trigger, the visits to the camera site, what was

seen on the tapes, and that the videotapes were recorded by the

camera.8    Sergeant Blodgett also testified about the surveillance

camera.

      Apicelli’s challenges to the quality of images on the

videotapes do not affect their authenticity.     In any case, the

videotapes showed a man wearing recognizable clothing, including

khaki shorts and a hat; carrying a red backpack; and tending

marijuana plants at 201 Mason Road.     The images were

sufficiently clear for the jury to draw its own conclusions.

      At the hearing, defense counsel raised an issue about

whether the videotapes met “government guidelines” but did not

provide any explanatory detail about what guidelines were at

issue.     Counsel stated that the guidelines should have been

disclosed in discovery and seemed to suggest that the videotapes

should have been excluded based on the guidelines.    This issue

is not sufficiently developed to allow review.




  8 At the hearing, defense counsel appeared to challenge
James’s testimony on the ground that he “was no expert at all.”
James did not testify as an expert but instead provided factual
testimony about the video camera, the installation, and the
recordings. Therefore, defense counsel’s argument is misplaced.

                                  27
    Apicelli has not shown a substantial question of law or

fact with respect to the foundation for the videotape evidence.


    6.      Discovery

    Apicelli states that “[d]elayed or withheld discovery”

forced him to move to obtain discovery, “stopping the speedy

trial clock.”    The court has addressed Apicelli’s discovery

concerns repeatedly and concluded that no discovery violations

occurred.    See Orders, doc. nos. 32, 69, 70, 73, 77, and 84.

The court also concluded that any discovery delays did not

implicate the Speedy Trial Act.     See, e.g., Order, doc. no. 70

at 5-8.     Apicelli provides no argument to show why the court’s

prior orders are erroneous or to show that any discovery issue

was a close question.

    At the hearing, defense counsel argued that the government

improperly delayed producing the false trigger videos until days

before trial was scheduled to begin in early June of 2015.      As

the government pointed out, defense counsel knew about the false

trigger videos when the videos showing the man tending marijuana

plants were produced, long before June of 2015, and did not ask

for them.     The government produced the false trigger videos,

which the government concluded were immaterial to the case, in

response to Apicelli’s motion to reconsider the court’s orders




                                  28
denying prior motions to dismiss in which he mentioned other

videos taken on his property.

    Defense counsel represented at the hearing that the court

found the false trigger videos should have been produced

earlier, which is not correct.     The court made no such finding.

    The first video was taken while the camera was being

installed and tested and shows the officers who participated in

the installation.   The false trigger videos were recorded

because of weather or passing animals that triggered the motion

detector on the camera.    The false trigger videos show nothing

of any relevance to the defense.      Defense counsel cross examined

Detective James extensively, using the test video, to show that

the people in the test video were not clearly identifiable.

    No discovery abuses occurred.       Defense counsel failed to

ask for the false trigger videos, despite knowing of their

existence.   Then, defense counsel was able to use the videos,

which had virtually no evidentiary value, at trial.      Therefore,

the discovery issues do not raise close questions for appeal.


    7.    Speedy Trial Act

    Apicelli contends that the Speedy Trial Act was violated

because, by his calculation, more than 245 non-excludable days

elapsed between his arrest by state authorities and his trial

here.    He is mistaken.


                                 29
    Under the Speedy Trial Act, when the defendant enters a

plea of not guilty, “the trial of a defendant . . . shall

commence within seventy days from the filing date (and making

public) of the information or indictment, or from the date the

defendant has appeared before a judicial officer of the court in

which such charge is pending, whichever day last occurs.”     

(c)(1).   Therefore, when a defendant is arrested on

state charges and then indicted on federal charges, the time for

purposes of the Speedy Trial Act begins with the federal

proceedings.   See also United States v. Skanes, 

,

1353 n.1 (11th Cir. 1994); United States v. Wilson, 

 (5th Cir. 1981); United States v. Hicks, 

, at *4, n.4 (E.D. Pa. June 20, 2013).

    The time Apicelli adds to the Speedy Trial Act clock that

elapsed before his first appearance in federal court on February

28, 2014, does not count.   The court addressed the Speedy Trial

Act in its order issued on April 17, 2015 (document no. 40), in

its order issued on May 28, 2015 (document no. 70), and again in

its order issued on July 17, 2015 (document no. 84).      The court

also addressed the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial in

the order issued on June 4, 2015 (document no. 73).

    Apicelli has not shown that the calculations in the April

17 order were incorrect.    Instead, he argues that the

continuance granted on June 8 did not stop the Speedy Trial Act

                                 30
clock because the continuance was caused by the government’s

disclosure of the false trigger tapes days before trial.

      The government disclosed the existence of the videotapes

taken on Apicelli’s property early in the case when it produced

the videos showing the man tending marijuana plants.    The

government did not produce the other videotapes, the test tape

recorded during the camera installation and the false trigger

tapes, because it assumed that those were immaterial.       Apicelli

did not ask for those videotapes.

      In his June 1 motion for reconsideration, Apicelli

mentioned that the government had not produced other videotapes

taken on his property.   The government then produced the false

trigger tapes as soon as they were available.    Apicelli moved to

dismiss and for a continuance to allow time to review the tapes.

Defense counsel argued that the false trigger videos could be

material to the defense and insisted on having adequate time for

review.9

      The government objected.   Following a hearing, the

continuance was granted, in the interest of justice, to allow



  9  At the hearing on the motion for continued release, defense
counsel argued that the false trigger tapes were impeachment
material because he used the test tape to show that Detective
James could not identify with certainty the people in the tape.
Because Apicelli was not identified at trial from the
videotapes, the clarity of the tapes for identifying faces was
not material, and the test tape was not impeachment evidence.

                                 31
time for defense counsel and Apicelli to review the false

trigger videos and time for the government to respond to, and

the court to consider, Apicelli’s motion to dismiss filed the

day before.    Order, June 8, 2015 (doc. no. 75).   The motion to

dismiss was denied on June 16, 2015 (document no. 77).

    Time is excluded from the days counted for purposes of the

Speedy Trial Act from the date the defendant files a pretrial

motion until the disposition of the motion.    § 3161(h)(1)(D).

In addition, time “resulting from a continuance granted by any

judge . . . at the request of the defendant or his counsel

. . ., if the judge granted such continuance on the basis of his

findings that the ends of justice served by the granting of such

continuance outweigh the best interests of the public and the

defendant in a speedy trial” is excluded.     § 3161(h)(7)(A).    The

Speedy Trial Act clock stopped when Apicelli moved to dismiss on

June 7, 2015, and the court then granted the continuance he

requested on June 8.

    In sum, Apicelli continues to erroneously add the time that

elapsed after his state arrest and before his first federal

appearance to the speedy trial clock.    The June 8 continuance

was properly granted, at his request, and the time was also

excluded due to his motion to dismiss.    Apicelli has not shown

that his Speedy Trial Act issue raises a substantial question of

law or fact.

                                 32
       8.   Expert Testimony

       Apicelli contends that the government failed to provide

sufficient foundation “for expert testimony, opinions, and

conclusions (e.g., insufficient foundation for

certification/qualification of Government expert; insufficient

testing . . . .)”10    Although Apicelli does not identify which

witness he is challenging, the government and the court presume

that he intended to challenge the testimony of Criminalist Shane

Zeman from the New Hampshire State Police Crime Laboratory, the

only expert witness who testified at trial.11

       The admissibility of expert opinion evidence is governed by

Federal Rule of Evidence 702.    Under Rule 702, “[a] witness who

is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,

training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion if”

the witness’s opinion “will help the trier of fact to understand

the evidence or to determine a fact in issue” and if the opinion

is reliable.    Whether or not an expert’s opinion has a reliable

foundation is determined by examining the expert’s methodology

and the bases for the opinion.    Samaan v. St. Jospeph Hosp., 670


  10 Apicelli did not request a hearing before or during trial to
assess the expert opinion evidence. During trial, counsel asked
to voir dire Zeman on an unrelated hearsay objection, which the
court did not allow.

  11 To the extent Apicelli intended to challenge any another
witness, he did not sufficiently identify that witness to allow
the government to respond or the court to review the issue.

                                  

 (1st Cir. 2012).    On appeal, the district court’s

decision to admit expert witness testimony is reviewed for an

abuse of discretion.     United States v. Moon, 

(1st Cir. 2015).


    i.   Qualification

    During trial, Zeman testified that he worked as a

Criminalist II in the drug section of the New Hampshire State

Police Forensic Laboratory.    He has worked in the Forensic

Laboratory for eleven years and was a senior drug chemist.     In

his job, Zeman stated that he analyzed unknown substances to

determine whether they contained controlled drugs.     Zeman also

testified that he has a bachelor’s degree from the University of

New Hampshire and that he had been trained in the Laboratory to

identify controlled drugs, including marijuana.    He typically

works on fifty to sixty cases a month.

    In response to defense counsel’s objection that the

government had not provided sufficient foundation for Zeman’s

opinions, the court ruled that Zeman was qualified to give

expert opinions about the plants he tested.     Apicelli raises no

credible issue as to Zeman’s qualifications to reliably test the

plants seized.




                                  34
    ii.   Testing

    Apicelli challenges Zeman’s test results on the grounds

that he performed only four tests which were insufficient to

determine the number of plants, the “test used colorimetric and

[was] not specific for marijuana,” and “test results were not

confirmed by another analyst or properly documented, and

therefore not reproducible or reliable enough to meet the

evidentiary standard.”   None of these arguments undermines the

admissibility of Zeman’s opinions.

    As the government points out in its objection, Apicelli’s

representation that Zeman performed only four tests, “3% out of

a supposed 120 plants” is incorrect.   Zeman testified that he

went to a storage facility where the police had placed the

marijuana plants on pallets.   He wanted to get a count of the

number of plants.

    He organized the plants into groups by size, and did a

macroscopic or visual examination for identification.      The

macroscopic examination included looking to see if the plants

had root balls, which would constitute a plant, and looking at

the plant’s appearance and characteristics to identify it as

marijuana.   Zeman counted 122 plants that appeared to be

marijuana.   He took cutting samples from random plants.    He




                                35
ground together some cuttings to test at the laboratory.       The

samples taken from the plants were contained in four bags.12

       Back at the laboratory, Zeman undertook the tests used to

identify marijuana.13   He examined the samples microscopically,

looking for characteristic hairs, which he found.    He then

chemically tested the samples to determine whether the plants

that looked like marijuana had the chemicals unique to

marijuana.    He used the two-part Duquenois-Levine test, which is

a color change test, to determine whether the samples contained

cannabinoids.    The samples tested positive.

       Apicelli provides no developed argument to show that the

Duquenois-Levine test was inaccurate or insufficient to identify

the samples as marijuana.    That test is commonly used in

criminal cases to identify marijuana.    See, e.g., State v.

Conlin, 

, at *6 (Minn. Ct. App. Mar. 31, 2014);

State v. Delarosa, 

 (Kan. Ct. App. 2012);

United States v. Perez, 

, at *3 (W.D. La. Jan. 25,

2012); State v. Hatton, 

, at *2-*3 (Ohio Ct. App.

Nov. 4, 2010) (explaining reliability of Duquenois-Levine test



  12 Zeman also testified about and established the chain of
custody of the plants and samples. To the extent defense
counsel challenged the chain of custody of the marijuana samples
at the hearing, the argument is not supported by the record.

  13 Apicelli appears to have misinterpreted Zeman’s testimony
about the number of tests performed on the marijuana samples.

                                 36
in conjunction with microscopic analysis to distinguish

marijuana from hashish); Manzano v. Clay, 

, at *6

(C.D. Cal. June 11, 2010); People v. Skidmore, 

,

at *1 (Mich. Ct. App. June 24, 2008).

       Therefore, Apicelli’s challenge to the expert opinion

testimony at trial does not raise a substantial issue of law or

fact.


       9.   Jury Selection

       Apicelli asserts that the jury selection process was unfair

due to the “disqualification of pro-legalization jurors,

violating guarantee of jury of peer [sic].”14     As such, Apicelli

is representing that the court improperly excluded potential

jurors from serving on the jury panel based on their beliefs

about legalization of marijuana.      A review of the record of jury

selection process shows that Apicelli is wrong and that jurors

with opinions about legalization of marijuana were excused only

if they could not put their opinions aside and decide the case

impartially.

       “The Constitution guarantees a criminal defendant the right

to a fair trial by a panel of impartial, indifferent jurors.”

United States v. Villar, 

 (1st Cir. 2009)



  14 Apicelli did not challenge the jury selection process under

.

                                 37
(internal quotation marks omitted).    One aspect of an impartial

jury is “a jury capable and willing to decide the case solely on

the evidence before it.”    

 (internal quotation marks

omitted).   A district court’s determination of jurors’

impartiality is given special deference on appeal.    United

States v. Delgado-Marrero, 

 (1st Cir. 2014).

    The court asked the potential jurors twenty-three questions

during voir dire.    Pertinent to the issue of legalization of

marijuana, the court asked the following questions:

    10.     Have you ever been arrested for or convicted of a

crime involving marijuana or any other illegal drugs?

    11.     Has anyone in your immediate family ever been arrested

for or convicted of a crime involving marijuana or any other

illegal drug?

    12.     Have you or has any member of your immediate family

ever had a drug problem, whether it involved prescribed or

illegally obtained drugs?

    13.     Have you or has anyone in your immediate family ever

been prescribed marijuana or a marijuana derivative for

medicinal purposes?

    14.     Do you belong to any organization that supports or

promotes the idea that marijuana should be decriminalized or

have you requested any information from such an organization?



                                 38
    15.   Do you have any opinions or views concerning marijuana

or other illegal drugs that would prevent you from being a fair

and impartial juror in this case?

    In response, several potential jurors indicated that they

had issues about drug use and legalization of marijuana.   Two

potential jurors who said that they supported legalization of

marijuana were excused because they stated that they could not

put aside their opinions and could not be fair and impartial in

deciding the case.   One juror who said she supported

legalization but could put those opinions aside, also stated

that she would favor testimony by law enforcement officers over

other testimony.   She was excused because she said she could not

put aside her bias in favor of police officers, even if she had

been instructed otherwise.   Another juror who said she would

favor testimony of police officers was also excused.

    On the other hand, several potential jurors who indicated

that they supported legalization of marijuana were qualified

when they stated that they could put their opinions aside and

decide the case impartially based on the evidence presented.

The government objected to a potential juror who indicated that

he supported legalization of marijuana and used the word

“biased” to describe his view.   The court qualified that juror

because he said he could put his opinions aside.   No juror who



                                 39
stated that he or she could put his or her opinions aside for

purposes of deciding the case was excused from the jury.

    Therefore, Apicelli’s assertion that jurors who supported

legalization of marijuana were improperly excluded from the jury

is not supported by the record and does not present a

substantial question of law or fact.

    If, instead, Apicelli intended to argue that jurors

favoring legalization of marijuana were underrepresented on the

jury, he did not sufficiently raise that issue or meet the

required standard.   “The American concept of the jury trial

contemplates a jury drawn from a fair cross section of the

community.”   United States v. Royal, 

 (1st Cir.

1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).   The fair cross-

section requirement does not insure “any particular composition”

or a “true mirror of the community.”   

 (internal

quotation marks omitted).   “In order to make a prima facie case

of a violation of the fair cross-section requirement, a

defendant must show: (1) that the group alleged to be excluded

is a ‘distinctive’ group in the community; (2) that the

representation of this group in venires from which juries are

selected is not fair and reasonable in relation to the number of

such persons in the community; and (3) that this underrepre-

sentation is due to systematic exclusion of the group in the



                                40
jury selection process.”        

 (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       Apicelli makes no effort to show that people who favor

legalization of marijuana are a distinctive group in New

Hampshire.     Following that omission, he makes no showing of the

other elements for violation of the fair cross-section

requirement.     Therefore, to the extent Apicelli intended to

argue that aspect of jury fairness, he does not raise a

substantial issue of law or fact.


       10.   Equal Protection

       The equal protection issue is first presented here in

support of the motion for continuing release.15       Apicelli states

only:    “Equal protection violation (Federal Marijuana

enforcement, or non-enforcement, policy)”.        Because the issue

was not raised previously, it would be reviewed for plain error

or Apicelli would have to show that the equal protection issue

is “so compelling as virtually to insure [his] success.”        Bayko,

.




  15 Apicelli previously suggested that his case was referred
from the state to the federal authorities based on an improper
motive. At the hearing, defense counsel again asserted without
evidence or a plausible theory that the case was transferred
from the state based on an improper motive and bad faith. As
the court pointed out at the hearing, cases are often
transferred from the state to the federal system.

                                     41
    To the extent Apicelli is arguing that the decision to

prosecute him constituted improper selective prosecution, he has

not made the necessary showing.    United States v. Bassford, 

 (1st Cir. 1987).    Further, courts that have

considered a claim of violation of equal protection in the

context of prosecution for marijuana crimes have concluded that

no equal protection violation occurred.    See, e.g., United

States v. Pickard, 

 (E.D. Cal.

2015); United States v. Tote, 

, at *4-*5 (E.D.

Cal. June 12, 2015); United States v. Inzer, 

, at

*3-*4 (M.D. Fl. May 26, 2015); United States v. Vawter, 

, at *7-*8 (W.D. Mo. Oct. 24, 2014).

    Therefore, Apicelli has not shown plain error or otherwise

satisfied the substantial question standard.


    11.   Requests for Mistrial

    Apicelli contends that his motions for a mistrial were

erroneously denied.   Apicelli’s mistrial motions made during the

testimony of Sergeant Payer and Sergeant Blodgett were addressed

in the context of the issues raised about evidence of the

mushroom grow and the introduction of hearsay.   Neither was

substantial.   Apicelli also represents that he moved for a

mistrial based on improper statements made by the government

during opening and closing but does not identify what statements


                                  42
were improper nor give any grounds why the court should have

declared a mistrial.     At the hearing, defense counsel mentioned

his continuing objection to the government’s opening statement

but provided no additional explanation of what was at issue.

    Defense counsel objected twice at the beginning of the

government’s opening statement and requested bench conferences.

The first objection pertained to a reference to the tip the

police received from Bain about marijuana growing on the

property at 201 Mason Road, which defense counsel argued was

hearsay.   The prosecutor explained that the tip was mentioned to

show the course of the investigation, not to provide evidence of

a marijuana grow.     The objection was overruled.

    A few minutes later, defense counsel objected to the

prosecutor’s discussion of what is shown in the videotapes.

Defense counsel argued that the government would not be able to

lay a foundation for the videotapes because Bain was not going

to testify and that the prosecutor was misstating what could be

seen in the videotapes.     Defense counsel moved for a mistrial on

the ground that what is shown in the videotapes was not relevant

because the government would not be able to lay a foundation for

that evidence.   The motion was denied.

    As is explained above, the government did lay a proper

foundation for the videotape evidence that was admitted and

viewed by the jury.     His other motions for a mistrial were

                                  43
properly denied.    Therefore, Apicelli has not shown a

substantial issue of law or fact based on his motions for a

mistrial.


    12.     Prosecutorial Conduct

    As a last catch-all issue, Apicelli states without

elaboration:   “Cumulative Error in prosecutorial conduct

constituting additional grounds for dismissal/mistrial.”     He

does not identify any erroneous prosecutorial conduct or

prosecutorial misconduct and none is apparent to the court.

Therefore, the cumulative error issue does not raise a

substantial question of law or fact.


    13.     Additional Issues

    During the hearing, defense counsel raised or alluded to

additional issues that were not presented in the motion to

continue release.   Counsel briefly challenged the two-point

enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(12), the “stash house

enhancement,” the lack of a missing witness jury instruction,

and the lack of an “identification” instruction.   To the extent

any other issues were mentioned, they were not sufficiently

developed to allow review.




                                    44
    a.   U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)

    Under the Guidelines, a defendant’s base offense level is

increased by two levels “if the defendant maintained a premises

for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a controlled

substance.”   U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(12).   That enhancement was

applied to Apicelli because he maintained his residence for the

purpose of manufacturing marijuana.

    At the hearing, defense counsel argued that § 2D1.1(b)(12)

was wrongly applied to Apicelli because he did not maintain a

“crack house” and because he was not convicted of distributing

or selling marijuana.   Contrary to defense counsel’s argument,

§ 2D1.1(b)12) applies to manufacturing a controlled substance,

such as marijuana, and is not limited to offenses involving

crack.

    Defense counsel also argued briefly that the government

could not seek the enhancement because it conflicted with the

government’s position that Apicelli lived in the house at 201

Mason Road.   That argument is contrary to the law.

    The so-called “stash house enhancement” “applies when a

defendant knowingly maintains a premises for the purpose of

manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance.”     United

States v. Jones, 

 (1st Cir. 2015).   To

determine whether the defendant “maintains” the premises, the

court is directed to consider whether the defendant owned or

                                45
rented the premises and “the extent to which the defendant

controlled access to, or activities at, the premises.”       

(internal quotation marks omitted).    The enhancement applies

when drug manufacturing is the primary or principal use of the

premises but that need not be the only use.    

.     The

purpose of the defendant’s use of the premises is determined

from the totality of the circumstances, including “the quantity

of drugs discovered and the presence of drug paraphernalia or

tools of the drug-trafficking trade.”    

    Apicelli rented the property at 201 Mason Road, and he

lived in the house.   The amount of marijuana and the items

related to growing and processing marijuana found inside

Apicelli’s house easily demonstrated that the primary purpose of

the house was marijuana manufacture.    Therefore, the two-level

enhancement was properly applied.    Further, in response to

defense counsel’s argument at the hearing, the government

pointed out that the enhancement did not affect the sentence in

any case.


    b.   Missing Witness Instruction

    During the charging conference, defense counsel asked the

court to give a missing witness instruction based on the

government’s decision not to call Robert Bain as a witness at

trial.   Counsel’s rambling argument, however, primarily


                                46
addressed his challenges to the search warrant.   In response to

questions from the court, counsel admitted that Bain was

available and that the defense could have called Bain as a

defense witness.    The court denied the request for a missing

witness instruction. 16

       To be entitled to a missing witness instruction, “a

criminal defendant must show either that the uncalled witness is

‘favorably disposed’ to testify on behalf of the government—

meaning the government ordinarily would be expected to produce

that witness—or that the witness is ‘peculiarly available’ to

the government.”    United States v. Ramos-Gonzalez, 

 (1st Cir. 2015).    A witness is not peculiarly available to

the government if the defendant has the same ability to subpoena

the witness.   United States v. Anderson, 

 (1st

Cir. 2006).    The court of appeals reviews the trial court’s




  16 Defense counsel then withdrew his request for a “classic”
missing witness instruction and instead asked to be allowed to
comment during closing on the government’s failure to call Bain
as a witness. The government responded that if counsel were to
make that comment or argument, it would be entitled to respond
by saying that Bain was equally available to the defense, citing
United States v. Henderson, 

 (1st Cir. 2003).
Defense counsel agreed to that procedure. Defense counsel
indicated that he intended to comment on Bain’s absence and
agreed that the government would then be entitled to rebuttal.
Defense counsel did comment on Bain during closing argument, and
the government addressed the issue in rebuttal as defense
counsel agreed could happen.

                                 47
decision not to give a missing witness instruction for an abuse

of discretion.   Ramos-Gonzalez, 

.

    Defense counsel conceded that he could have called Bain as

a witness.   Therefore, the necessary predicate for a missing

witness instruction did not exist.


    c.   Identity Instruction

    Defense counsel stated at the hearing that the court erred

in failing to give an identity instruction, without explaining

what was requested and not given.    Before the jury was charged,

the defense requested an additional instruction on proof of

identity as part of the instruction on the elements of the

crime.   The government objected to that request.

    The court added the following instruction:

                            IDENTITY
    The government has the burden of proving beyond a
    reasonable doubt that the defendant manufactured marijuana
    as charged in the indictment.

Defense counsel did not object to that instruction or ask that

any additional instruction be given with respect to identity.

Therefore, Apicelli has not shown a substantial question with

respect to an additional identity instruction.


                            Conclusion

    For the foregoing reasons, none of the issues the defendant

raised in support of his motion for continued release (document


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no. 108) presented a substantial question of law or fact that is

likely to result in reversal of his conviction, an order for a

new trial, a sentence without imprisonment, or a reduced

sentence that would impose less imprisonment than time served

plus the expected duration of the appeal process.     Therefore,

the court denied the motion.

      The order to surrender is stayed pending the defendant’s

appeal of this order.

      SO ORDERED.



                                 __________________________
                                 Joseph DiClerico, Jr.
                                 United States District Judge


January 4, 2016

cc:   Sven D. Wiberg, Esq.
      Charles L. Rombeau, Esq.
      Donald A. Feith, Esq.
      United States Marshal
      United States Probation




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