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New Mexico Compilation
Commission, Santa Fe, NM
'00'04- 10:34:56 2016.07.25
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
Opinion Number: 2016-NMSC-023
Filing Date: June 16, 2016
Docket No. S-1-SC-34920
IN THE MATTER OF
JASON S. MONTCLARE, ESQUIRE
An Attorney Licensed to
Practice Before the Courts
of the State of New Mexico
PUBLIC CENSURE
Jane Gagne
Albuquerque, NM
for Disciplinary Board
Jason S. Montclare
Alamogordo, NM
Respondent
OPINION AND PUBLIC CENSURE
DANIELS, Chief Justice.
{1} Attorney Jason S. Montclare accepted a flat fee from a client in the form of real
property and transferred a half interest in that property to his legal assistant before he had
fully earned it, making him unable to return the unearned portion when he was later
discharged before completion of the case. Montclare’s actions violated Rule 16-105 NMRA,
Rule 16-108 NMRA, and Rule 16-115 NMRA of our Rules of Professional Conduct. We
write to issue a public censure and to clarify the rules pertaining to nonmonetary flat fees.
I. BACKGROUND
{2} Montclare agreed to represent Wolfgang Bohm, the complainant, in a child support
enforcement action brought by the State of New Mexico Human Services Department (State)
in which Bohm had been incarcerated for failure to appear. On April 12, 2013, Bohm
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retained Montclare’s services to obtain his release from jail and resolve the underlying child
support action in exchange for a flat fee consisting of real property located at 101 Round
Mountain, Bent, New Mexico. Bohm had transferred the property to Montclare on the
preceding day by special warranty deed, which Montclare immediately recorded with the
office of the county clerk.
{3} Montclare commenced work on Bohm’s case and filed a motion for his immediate
release from custody. On May 8, 2013, the State stipulated to Bohm’s release without
communicating with Montclare. Bohm was released from jail the next day and asked
Montclare to return the property. Montclare refused, maintaining that he had earned it, and
instead deeded half of the property to his office manager Tracy Perry as payment for her
services.
{4} The Office of Disciplinary Counsel of the New Mexico Supreme Court Disciplinary
Board brought an action against Montclare on November 26, 2013. Before any hearing,
Montclare and Perry agreed to transfer the property back to Bohm, but they were unable to
reach an agreement as to how Montclare would compensate Perry for her interest. The
Hearing Committee of the Disciplinary Board held a hearing on the merits on April 15, 2014.
On June 3, 2014, the Hearing Committee issued its proposed conclusion that Montclare had
violated Rule 16-105(A) by charging an unreasonable fee, Rule 16-108(A) by acquiring
ownership of client property without complying with the requirements pertaining to conflicts
of interest, and Rule 16-115(A) and (E) by failing to hold client property separate from his
own. The Hearing Committee recommended that Montclare be suspended from the practice
of law for six months followed by one year of supervised probation. Additionally, the
Hearing Committee recommended that Montclare be ordered to make restitution to Bohm
by deeding the entire property back to him or by paying him its appraised value.
{5} On June 24, 2014, counsel for the Disciplinary Board notified Montclare that the
transfer of the property from Bohm to Montclare was not valid because the property was still
in the name of Bohm’s deceased mother at the time, and consequently the deed from
Montclare to Perry might be void because Montclare did not have a valid property interest
to transfer. Nevertheless, the Disciplinary Board asked that Montclare and Perry execute
special warranty deeds and quitclaim deeds transferring any interest they might have in the
property back to Bohm to resolve any possible cloud on the title that may have resulted from
the invalid transfers. On September 10, 2014, disciplinary counsel filed a specification of
charges against Montclare, alleging that by deeding a half interest in the property to Perry
he had violated Rule 16-504 NMRA by improperly splitting fees with a nonlawyer.
{6} On September 16, 2014, a Panel of the Disciplinary Board approved the Hearing
Committee’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law on the earlier charges after
briefing but without hearing oral argument. The Panel adopted the Hearing Committee’s
recommendation of a six-month suspension followed by one year of supervised probation
and also recommended that Montclare be required to take any necessary steps to restore clear
title to the property to Bohm or, if clear title could not be restored, to pay Bohm the fair
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market value of the property.
{7} Montclare requested review of the Panel’s decision by this Court on October 2, 2014,
arguing that disciplinary counsel had not proved he had the mental state that merited
suspension and asking that the case be remanded to the Hearing Committee for
reconsideration in light of the invalidity of the transfer that was discovered after the hearing.
On October 17, 2014, Montclare also moved the Panel for a new hearing on the same basis.
Disciplinary counsel responded that the Panel no longer had jurisdiction over the
proceedings because Montclare had already requested review by this Court. The Panel did
not rule on the motion for a new hearing.
{8} We heard argument in this case on February 4, 2015, but ordered the matter held in
abeyance subject to Montclare commencing fee arbitration with Bohm and making
arrangements to clear title to the property. Disciplinary counsel suggested to Montclare that
the additional allegations concerning fee-splitting could be resolved by consenting to
discipline.
{9} On February 9, 2015, Montclare entered into a conditional agreement in which he
admitted to violating Rule 16-504(A) by sharing legal fees with a nonlawyer and consented
to a formal reprimand. The Panel approved the consent agreement on March 19, 2015.
Montclare then sought to withdraw from the consent agreement, and on April 3, 2015, he
petitioned this Court for a hearing in the matter. This Court denied the petition.
{10} During this period, Bohm was attempting to sell the property but was unable to close
the sale because he did not yet have clear title. Montclare subsequently quitclaimed his
interest in the property to Bohm and attempted to reach an agreement with Perry to purchase
her half interest in the property so that he could deed it back to Bohm, but he did not have
the funds to pay the price Perry requested. Despite repeated extensions of time and
admonitions from disciplinary counsel to make arrangements to purchase Perry’s interest,
Montclare still failed to do so.
{11} On September 25, 2015, disciplinary counsel moved this Court for an order to show
cause as to why Montclare should not be held in contempt for violating the February 4, 2015,
order by failing to take action to clear title to the property. The pending sale of the property
was terminated due to the cloud on the title, and Bohm refused to participate in fee
arbitration.
{12} After oral argument, we declined to hold Montclare in contempt but adopted the
findings and conclusions of the Disciplinary Board Panel regarding the underlying violations
of our Rules of Professional Conduct. We ordered that Montclare receive a public censure
and be suspended from the practice of law for a period of six months, which suspension
would be deferred on the condition that he purchase Perry’s interest in the property on or
before February 8, 2016, so as to return clear title to Bohm. The order specified that upon
Montclare’s delivery of full payment to Perry, disciplinary counsel would make
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arrangements to obtain and deliver a quitclaim deed from Perry renouncing her interest in
the property. Montclare was also ordered to attend an ethics CLE and pay the costs of the
disciplinary proceedings. This opinion serves as his public censure and shall be published
in the State Bar of New Mexico Bar Bulletin.
II. DISCUSSION
{13} In reviewing disciplinary proceedings, we defer to the Hearing Committee on factual
matters but review legal conclusions and recommendations for discipline de novo. In re
Yalkut, 2008-NMSC-009, ¶ 16,
143 N.M. 387,
176 P.3d 1119.
{14} “A lawyer shall not make an agreement for, charge or collect an unreasonable fee.”
Rule 16-105(A). “[N]on-refundable unearned fees are unreasonable.” Yalkut, 2008-NMSC-
009, ¶ 26. A flat fee for future legal services is not prohibited, but it cannot be considered
as earned when paid and must be held in trust until earned. See id. Additionally, “lawyers
must inform their new clients of the basis upon which they will compute the amount of fee
earned . . . and maintain records that will enable them to determine the ongoing status of the
fee, even when the fee arrangement is for a flat fee.”
Id. (omission in original) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). An attorney who is discharged is only entitled to
recover the reasonable value of services rendered prior to the discharge, even if the
agreement was for a flat fee and the discharge is without cause. Guest v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
2010-NMSC-047, ¶¶ 49, 51,
149 N.M. 74,
244 P.3d 342. Upon termination, an attorney must
refund to the client “any advance payment of fee or expense that has not been earned or
incurred.” Rule 16-116(D) NMRA.
{15} Montclare did present billing records to the Hearing Committee showing the time he
spent on the case and calculating the fee he maintained he had earned. The Committee found
that these calculations were not credible and consequently that Montclare had not earned the
full value of the property. We defer to these findings and conclude that, because Montclare
did not earn the full value of the property before transferring an interest to Perry and thereby
making it nonrefundable, the property was an unreasonable fee in violation of Rule 16-
105(A).
{16} We clarify that the acceptance of a flat fee in the form of real property is not in itself
contrary to our Rules of Professional Conduct. An attorney may accept a nonmonetary fee,
but regardless of the form it takes any fee must be reasonable and must be refundable until
it is fully earned.
{17} Additionally, an attorney must minimize any potential conflict of interest with a
client by ensuring that
(1) the [terms of a nonmonetary fee agreement] are fair and reasonable
to the client and are fully disclosed and transmitted in writing in a
manner that can be reasonably understood by the client;
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(2) the client is advised in writing of the desirability of seeking and is
given a reasonable opportunity to seek the advice of independent
legal counsel on the transaction; and
(3) the client gives informed consent, in a writing signed by the client, to
the essential terms of the transaction and the lawyer’s role in the
transaction, including whether the lawyer is representing the client in
the transaction.
Rule 16-108(A).
{18} Montclare argued that it was Bohm’s idea to use the property to pay for legal services
and that he was doing Bohm a favor by accepting the offered real estate because other
attorneys had declined the case and Bohm would otherwise have been without
representation. Regardless of the truth or accuracy of Montclare’s assertions, they do not
relieve him of his responsibilities to properly advise his client and to ensure that the terms
of any transaction are fair and fully disclosed. Attorneys often contract with clients in
difficult situations because it is precisely those circumstances that give rise to the need for
an attorney. But our Rules of Professional Conduct prevent attorneys from taking advantage
of any such desperation to the detriment of the client. Rule 16-108 “was promulgated to
ensure that transactions between clients and attorneys remain fair and reasonable and to
ensure that attorneys do not exercise an unfair advantage over their clients.” Guest v. Allstate
Ins. Co., 2009-NMCA-037, ¶ 23,
145 N.M. 797,
205 P.3d 844, reversed on other grounds
by Guest v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
2010-NMSC-047, ¶ 72. By agreeing to accept Bohm’s property
without advising him to seek independent counsel, without obtaining his informed consent,
or without ensuring that the terms of the transaction were fair and reasonable to Bohm,
Montclare violated Rule 16-108(A).
{19} Finally, after agreeing to accept the property as a fee, Montclare failed to properly
safeguard it until he had earned its full value. Any retainer or flat fee not yet earned must be
safely kept and held in trust for the client, separately from the lawyer’s own property. Rule
16-115. Money that belongs to a client must be deposited in a separate trust account and
withdrawn only as fees are earned or expenses are incurred. Rule 16-115(A), (C). Our rules
are not so specific regarding nonmonetary property, but it must be identified as belonging
to the client, safeguarded, and promptly returned when the client is so entitled. Rule 16-
115(A), (D). One way to accomplish this when a fee takes the form of real property would
be to have the deed held in escrow by a neutral, third party until the attorney has earned the
full value of the property. But it would not necessarily be an ethical violation to transfer the
title into the attorney’s name and record the transfer, even though the attorney is not yet
entitled to ownership of the property, because in the absence of a third-party escrow these
steps might be necessary to properly safeguard both attorney and client interests in the title.
There would have been no violation if Montclare had transferred and recorded the deed but
had safely kept it and had promptly transferred it back to Bohm when asked. When
Montclare instead refused to return the property and transferred a half interest to Perry,
making him unable to return it to Bohm without securing Perry’s cooperation, Montclare
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violated Rule 16-115(A), (D).
III. CONCLUSION
{20} We issue this public censure as a consequence of Montclare’s actions in accepting
a flat fee and transferring a portion of that fee to a third party before he had earned it so that
he was unable to refund the unearned portion when requested as is required by our Rules of
Professional Conduct. Because Montclare has since made the required payments and filed
the necessary documents to transfer all interest in the property back to his former client, we
do not impose the previously deferred six-month suspension.
{21} IT IS SO ORDERED.
____________________________________
CHARLES W. DANIELS, Chief Justice
WE CONCUR:
____________________________________
PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice
____________________________________
EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice
____________________________________
BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice
____________________________________
JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Justice
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