[Cite as State v. Nelson,
2016-Ohio-2787.]
COURT OF APPEALS
MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO : JUDGES:
: Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, P.J.
Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J.
: Hon. John W. Wise, J.
-vs- :
:
LEROY J. NELSON : Case No. CT2015-0057
:
Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Court of Common
Pleas, Case No. CR2015-0189
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT: May 2, 2016
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
GERALD V. ANDERSON, II WILLIAM T. CRAMER
27 North Fifth Street 470 Olde Worthington Road
P.O. Box 189 Suite 200
Zanesville, OH 43702-0189 Westerville, OH 43082
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 2
Farmer, P.J.
{¶1} On June 3, 2015, the Muskingum County Grand Jury indicted appellant,
Leroy Nelson, on two counts of possession of drugs (cocaine and heroin) in violation of
R.C. 2925.11. The indictment also contained a major drug offender specification under
R.C. 2941.1410 and a forfeiture specification under R.C. 2941.1417. The heroin count
was subsequently dismissed. Said charges arose from a drug trafficking investigation
involving a Wesley Newman. Law enforcement officers obtained a warrant and placed a
GPS device on an orange pick-up truck that Mr. Newman was known to operate. They
then set up a controlled drug buy, and monitored the movements of the vehicle via the
GSP system. At some point, officers stopped the vehicle and found appellant operating
the vehicle, carrying cocaine on his person and inside the vehicle.
{¶2} On July 28, 2015, appellant filed a motion to suppress, claiming an illegal
stop and improper Miranda warnings. A hearing was held on August 10, 2015. The trial
court denied the motion.
{¶3} On August 20, 2015, appellant pled no contest to the remaining charge and
the specifications. By entry filed August 25, 2015, the trial court found appellant guilty
and ordered a presentence investigation.
{¶4} On October 5, 2015, appellant appeared for sentencing and moved to
withdraw his plea. A hearing on the motion was held on October 14, 2015. By entry filed
October 15, 2015, the trial court denied the motion and sentenced appellant to eleven
years in prison.
{¶5} Appellant filed an appeal and this matter is now before this court for
consideration. Assignments of error are as follows:
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 3
I
{¶6} "APPELLANT'S RIGHTS TO BE FREE FROM UNREASONABLE
SEARCHES AND SEIZURES UNDER THE STATE AND FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONS
WERE VIOLATED BY THE DENIAL OF THE MOTION TO SUPPRESS THE
WARRANTLESS SEARCH OF THE VEHICLE THAT APPELLANT WAS DRIVING."
II
{¶7} "APPELLANT'S RIGHTS UNDER THE STATE AND FEDERAL
CONSTITUTIONS, CRIM.R. 11, WERE VIOLATED BY THE TRIAL COURT'S FAILURE
TO ENGAGE APPELLANT IN AN ADEQUATE PLEA COLLOQUY."
III
{¶8} "THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY DENYING
APPELLANT'S PRESENTENCE MOTION TO WITHDRAW HIS PLEA."
I
{¶9} Appellant claims the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress as
the officers lacked probable cause to stop the vehicle he was driving. We disagree.
{¶10} There are three methods of challenging on appeal a trial court's ruling on a
motion to suppress. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's findings of fact. In
reviewing a challenge of this nature, an appellate court must determine whether said
findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio
St.3d 19 (1982); State v. Klein,
73 Ohio App.3d 486 (4th Dist.1991); State v. Guysinger,
86 Ohio App.3d 592 (4th Dist.1993). Second, an appellant may argue the trial court failed
to apply the appropriate test or correct law to the findings of fact. In that case, an appellate
court can reverse the trial court for committing an error of law. State v. Williams, 86 Ohio
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 4
App.3d 37 (4th Dist.1993). Finally, assuming the trial court's findings of fact are not
against the manifest weight of the evidence and it has properly identified the law to be
applied, an appellant may argue the trial court has incorrectly decided the ultimate or final
issue raised in the motion to suppress. When reviewing this type of claim, an appellate
court must independently determine, without deference to the trial court's conclusion,
whether the facts meet the appropriate legal standard in any given case. State v. Curry,
95 Ohio App.3d 93 (8th Dist.1994); State v. Claytor,
85 Ohio App.3d 623 (4th Dist.1993);
Guysinger. As the United States Supreme Court held in Ornelas v. U.S.,
517 U.S. 690,
116 S.Ct. 1657, 1663 (1996), "…as a general matter determinations of reasonable
suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo on appeal."
{¶11} In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 22 (1968), the United States Supreme Court
determined that "a police officer may in appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate
manner approach a person for purposes of investigating possible criminal behavior even
though there is no probable cause to make an arrest." However, for the propriety of a
brief investigatory stop pursuant to Terry, the police officer involved "must be able to point
to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those
facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion."
Id. at 21. Such an investigatory stop "must be
viewed in the light of the totality of the surrounding circumstances" presented to the police
officer. State v. Freeman,
64 Ohio St.2d 291 (1980), paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶12} As explained by the United States Supreme Court in Texas v. Brown, 460
U.S. 730, 742,
103 S.Ct. 1535 (1983):
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 5
As the Court frequently has remarked, probable cause is a flexible,
common-sense standard. It merely requires that the facts available to the
officer would "warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief," Carroll v.
United States, 267 U.S. 132, 162,
45 S.Ct. 280, 288,
69 L.Ed. 543 (1925),
that certain items may be contraband or stolen property or useful as
evidence of a crime; it does not demand any showing that such a belief be
correct or more likely true than false. A "practical, nontechnical" probability
that incriminating evidence is involved is all that is required. Brinegar v.
United States, 338 U.S. 160, 176,
69 S.Ct. 1302, 1311,
93 L.Ed. 1879
(1949).
{¶13} In Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 153,
45 S.Ct. 280 (1925), the
United States Supreme Court explained the following:
We have made a somewhat extended reference to these statutes to
show that the guaranty of freedom from unreasonable searches and
seizures by the Fourth Amendment has been construed, practically since
the beginning of the government, as recognizing a necessary difference
between a search of a store, dwelling house, or other structure in respect
of which a proper official warrant readily may be obtained and a search of
a ship, motor boat, wagon, or automobile for contraband goods, where it is
not practicable to secure a warrant, because the vehicle can be quickly
moved out of the locality or jurisdiction in which the warrant must be sought.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 6
{¶14} "If a car is readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it contains
contraband, the Fourth Amendment thus permits police to search the vehicle without
more." Pennsylvania v. Labron, 518 U.S. 938, 940,
116 S.Ct. 2485 (1996).
{¶15} In the case sub judice, officers were investigating Mr. Newman for drug
trafficking, not appellant. Officers obtained a warrant to place a GPS device on a vehicle
Mr. Newman was known to operate. August 10, 2015 T. at 9. With the assistance of a
confidential informant, the officers set up a drug buy with Mr. Newman to purchase five
ounces of cocaine. Id. at 10, 12. The officers monitored the conversations between the
confidential informant and Mr. Newman. Id. at 10-11. Mr. Newman stated he had three
ounces of cocaine, so "he had to hit the highway to go get more cocaine." Id. at 12. The
officers knew Mr. Newman "to be supplied out of Columbus, Ohio," so they watched the
vehicle via GPS and "loosely tailed" him from a place he was working in Muskingum
County to the place where he lived to Westerville, Ohio. Id. at 11-13. The officers visually
observed Mr. Newman driving the vehicle during the day, but after it left Muskingum
County, they never got close enough for a visual confirmation because "Mr. Newman
knows the majority of our units." Id. at 11-14.
{¶16} A telephone call to the confidential informant from Mr. Newman confirmed
that Mr. Newman had the drugs and could deliver them in forty-five minutes, the
approximate time for the vehicle being tracked to return to Muskingum County from
Westerville. Id. at 14-15. Mr. Newman told the confidential informant he needed about
fifteen minutes "to break this thing down" to give him the requested five ounces. Id. at
15-16. The officers believed "there would be a larger quantity of drugs in the car than we
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 7
originally had thought." Id. at 15. They also believed Mr. Newman was operating the
tracked vehicle based upon the monitored conversations and the tracking of the vehicle
normally used by Mr. Newman. Id. at 16-17.
{¶17} We find these specific and articulable facts are sufficient to cause a
reasonable officer to conclude the tracked vehicle was transporting contraband, and find
sufficient probable cause to justify the stop of the moving vehicle.
{¶18} Upon review, we find the trial court did not err in denying the motion to
suppress.
{¶19} Assignment of Error I is denied.
II
{¶20} Appellant claims the trial court erred in accepting his no contest plea
because of an inadequate plea colloquy under Crim.R. 11. Specifically, appellant claims
the trial court failed to inform him of the effect of his no contest plea and that the trial court
could immediately proceed to sentencing. We disagree.
{¶21} Crim.R. 11 governs pleas and rights upon plea. Subsection (B)(2) and
(C)(1)(b) state the following, respectively:
(B) Effect of Guilty or No Contest Pleas. With reference to the
offense or offenses to which the plea is entered:
(2) The plea of no contest is not an admission of defendant's guilt,
but is an admission of the truth of the facts alleged in the indictment,
information, or complaint, and the plea or admission shall not be used
against the defendant in any subsequent civil or criminal proceeding.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 8
(C) Pleas of Guilty and No Contest in Felony Cases.
(2) In felony cases the court may refuse to accept a plea of guilty or
a plea of no contest, and shall not accept a plea of guilty or no contest
without first addressing the defendant personally and doing all of the
following:
(b) Informing the defendant of and determining that the defendant
understands the effect of the plea of guilty or no contest, and that the court,
upon acceptance of the plea, may proceed with judgment and sentence.
{¶22} In State v. Clark, 119 Ohio St.3d 239,
2008-Ohio-3748, ¶ 31-32, the
Supreme Court of Ohio explained the following:
When a trial judge fails to explain the constitutional rights set forth in
Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c), the guilty or no-contest plea is invalid "under a
presumption that it was entered involuntarily and unknowingly." Griggs, 103
Ohio St.3d 85,
2004-Ohio-4415,
814 N.E.2d 51, ¶ 12; see also Nero, 56
Ohio St.3d at 107, 564 N.E.2d 474, citing Boykin, 395 U.S. at 242–243,
89
S.Ct. 1709,
23 L.Ed.2d 274. However, if the trial judge imperfectly
explained nonconstitutional rights such as the right to be informed of the
maximum possible penalty and the effect of the plea, a substantial-
compliance rule applies. Id. Under this standard, a slight deviation from
the text of the rule is permissible; so long as the totality of the circumstances
indicates that "the defendant subjectively understands the implications of
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 9
his plea and the rights he is waiving," the plea may be upheld. Nero, 56
Ohio St.3d at 108,
564 N.E.2d 474.
When the trial judge does not substantially comply with Crim.R. 11
in regard to a nonconstitutional right, reviewing courts must determine
whether the trial court partially complied or failed to comply with the rule. If
the trial judge partially complied, e.g., by mentioning mandatory postrelease
control without explaining it, the plea may be vacated only if the defendant
demonstrates a prejudicial effect. See Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d at 108,
564
N.E.2d 474, citing State v. Stewart (1977),
51 Ohio St.2d 86, 93,
5 O.O.3d
52,
364 N.E.2d 1163, and Crim.R. 52(A); see also Sarkozy,
117 Ohio St.3d
86,
2008-Ohio-509,
881 N.E.2d 1224, ¶ 23. The test for prejudice is
"whether the plea would have otherwise been made." Nero at 108, 564
N.E.2d 474, citing Stewart,
id. If the trial judge completely failed to comply
with the rule, e.g., by not informing the defendant of a mandatory period of
postrelease control, the plea must be vacated. See Sarkozy, 117 Ohio
St.3d 86,
2008-Ohio-509,
881 N.E.2d, 1224, paragraph two of the syllabus.
"A complete failure to comply with the rule does not implicate an analysis of
prejudice." Id. at ¶ 22.
{¶23} Prior to entering his plea of no contest on August 20, 2015, appellant
reviewed the plea form with his counsel and signed the form which contained the following
language:
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 10
Upon a plea of "no contest" to Count One as contained in the
indictment, inclusive of the Specifications contained therein, the parties
stipulate to the facts sufficient for a finding of guilty on the charges and
submit stipulated exhibits concerning the scientific testing of the evidence.
Defendant agrees to the forfeiture of the $150.00 in U.S. currency seized in
regard to this matter to the State.
…
I know the Judge may either sentence me today or refer my case for
a pre-sentence report.
{¶24} At the start of the plea hearing, the prosecutor specifically stated, "[t]here is
an agreement that the parties will stipulate to the facts sufficient for a finding of guilty on
the charges and submit the stipulated exhibits concerning the scientific testing of the
evidence which is attached to these forms here." August 20, 2015 T. at 4. During the
plea colloquy, the prosecutor again stated, "[s]o we are stipulating the facts sufficient for
the conviction and permitting the no contest plea." Id. at 11. Although the trial court did
not specifically address the effect of a no contest plea with appellant, appellant stipulated
that there were facts sufficient for conviction via his plea form and the issue was
mentioned on two occasions prior to his no contest plea. Following the plea, the trial court
acknowledged the stipulation to the facts, "[a]s well as the Court did hear a suppression
hearing and did hear testimony in regards to those same facts." Id. at 14. At no time
during the plea hearing did appellant object to the stipulation.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 11
{¶25} As for sentencing, although the trial court did not specifically inform
appellant that it could immediately proceed to sentencing, the trial court did not proceed
to sentencing upon finding appellant guilty, but instead ordered a presentence
investigation report and deferred sentencing. Id. at 15-16.
{¶26} Appellant concedes these deficiencies are nonconstitutional. Appellant's
Brief at 9-10. In reviewing the plea colloquy and the plea form signed by appellant, we
find appellant has not demonstrated prejudice by showing that the plea would not have
been made.
{¶27} Upon review, we find no prejudice to appellant in the trial court accepting
his no contest plea.
{¶28} Assignment of Error II is denied.
III
{¶29} Appellant claims the trial court erred in not permitting him to withdraw his
no contest plea prior to sentencing. We disagree.
{¶30} Crim.R. 32.1 governs withdrawal of guilty plea and states "[a] motion to
withdraw a plea of guilty or no contest may be made only before sentence is imposed;
but to correct manifest injustice the court after sentence may set aside the judgment of
conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw his or her plea." The right to withdraw a
plea is not absolute and a trial court's decision on the issue is governed by the abuse of
discretion standard. State v. Smith, 49 Ohio St.2d 261 (1977). In order to find an abuse
of discretion, we must determine the trial court's decision was unreasonable, arbitrary or
unconscionable and not merely an error of law or judgment. Blakemore v. Blakemore,
5
Ohio St.3d 217 (1983).
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 12
{¶31} In State v. McNeil, 146 Ohio App.3d 173, 175-176 (1st Dist.2001), our
brethren from the First District explained the following:
It is well established that, even though a defendant does not have an
absolute right to withdraw a plea prior to sentencing, a presentence motion
to withdraw a guilty plea should be "freely and liberally granted."***Although
such a motion is to be treated liberally, the trial court's decision is still
ultimately one of discretion. In determining whether the trial court has
properly exercised its discretion, this court is aided by the following factors:
(1) whether the accused was represented by highly competent counsel, (2)
whether the accused was given a full Crim.R. 11 hearing before entering
the plea, (3) whether a full hearing was held on the withdrawal motion, and
(4) whether the trial court gave full and fair consideration to the motion.***In
addition to these factors, there are other considerations, including (1)
whether the motion was made within a reasonable time; (2) whether the
motion set out specific reasons for the withdrawal; (3) whether the accused
understood the nature of the charges and the possible penalties; and (4)
whether the accused was perhaps not guilty or had a complete defense to
the charges. (Footnotes omitted.)
{¶32} At the start of the sentencing hearing, appellant indicated his desire to
withdraw his plea. October 5, 2015 T. at 5-8. The trial court held a hearing on the motion
on October 14, 2015. Appellant argued he was merely borrowing the vehicle and should
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 13
not be penalized for drugs found inside the vehicle. October 14, 2015 T. at 5-7. In
essence, appellant argued he was the innocent victim of driving a tracked vehicle and he
should not bear the burden of the cocaine found other than on his person. Id. at 8.
{¶33} When questioned by the trial court regarding his plea, appellant explained
he pled no contest because he would win on appeal. Id. at 7. The trial court noted
appellant was gambling on a pending case in the Supreme Court of Ohio on the issue of
determining the weight of cocaine which could "greatly reduce the charges against you."
Id. at 8. In denying appellant's motion, the trial court found appellant's thirteenth hour
change of heart was not sufficient to permit a withdrawal of the plea. Id. at 11-12.
{¶34} The record is replete with defense counsel's efforts to win a suppression
hearing and obtain discovery. Appellant never denied he was the driver of the tracked
vehicle, that he possessed cocaine on his person, and that a large amount of cocaine
was inside the console of the vehicle. He was given full Crim.R. 11 and Crim.R. 32.1
hearings.
{¶35} Upon review, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
appellant's motion to withdraw his plea.
{¶36} Assignment of Error III is denied.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0057 14
{¶37} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Muskingum County, Ohio
is hereby affirmed.
By Farmer, P.J.
Gwin, J. and
Wise, J. concur.
SGF/sg 422
