[Cite as State v. Williams,
2016-Ohio-3454.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
Nos. 103343 and 103350
STATE OF OHIO
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE/
CROSS-APPELLANT
vs.
ALAN S. WILLIAMS
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT/
CROSS-APPELLEE
JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,
AND REMANDED
Criminal Appeals from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-12-561112-A
BEFORE: Boyle, P.J., S. Gallagher, J., and Blackmon, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 16, 2016
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Russell S. Bensing
1360 East 9th Street
Suite 600
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Amy Venesile
Assistant County Prosecutor
Justice Center, 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
MARY J. BOYLE, P.J.:
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Alan S. Williams, appeals his convictions. He raises
one assignment of error for our review:
The trial court erred in entering a verdict which was against the manifest
weight of the evidence, in derogation of defendant’s right to due process of
law, as protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution and Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution.
{¶2} Plaintiff-appellee, the state of Ohio, cross-appeals, raising the following
assignment of error:
The trial court erred when it merged the kidnapping counts against the child
victims with those of the adult victims in violation of R.C. 2941.25(B) and
contrary to the Ohio Supreme Court’s holding in State v. Ruff,
2015-Ohio-1441.
{¶3} After review, we find no merit to Williams’s assignment of error, but
sustain the state’s assignment of error. Thus, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and
remand for resentencing.
I. Procedural History and Factual Background
{¶4} In April 2012, Williams was indicted on 14 counts: four counts of
aggravated robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), four counts of robbery in violation
of R.C. 2911.02(A)(2), and six counts of kidnapping in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(2).
Each count carried one- and three-year firearm specifications. Williams pleaded not
guilty to the charges.
{¶5} Williams’s case proceeded to a jury trial in February 2013. Williams was
convicted of all charges and sentenced to 45 years in prison. Williams appealed. This
court vacated Williams’s convictions and sentence, finding that the trial court erred when
it found that Williams was incapable of making a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary
waiver of his right to counsel. See State v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99859,
2014-Ohio-1057.
{¶6} Upon remand, Williams elected to proceed with appointed counsel. After
being evaluated at the court psychiatric clinic, the case was subsequently transferred to
another judge on the mental health docket. Williams waived his right to a jury trial, and
the following facts were presented to the bench.
{¶7} Lorrein Gaines testified that on March 24, 2012, she was at her mother’s
house with her aunt, Carol Stine-Johnson, her two adult cousins, Sherrita Jeffries and
Raymonique Stamp, and her two minor cousins, I.J. (four months old) and S.C. (four
years old). Gaines, her aunt, and her cousins decided to walk to a Save-a-Lot store.
They were at the store for about 30 minutes. When they left, they walked to the bus stop
on Union Avenue, between East 55th and East 65th streets.
{¶8} When they got to the bus stop, Gaines testified that she saw a man who was
wearing a gray “hoodie” and blue jeans. The man pulled out a gun and pointed it at the
women and children. He told them to shut up, get their hands up, and get on their knees.
All of the women complied with the man’s orders. The man then walked up to each
woman individually and told her to give him all of her money. Gaines said that the man
took a Save-a-Lot bag and a diaper bag from Stine-Johnson that had Jeffries’s cell phone
in it. The man also took money from Jeffries, Stamp, and Gaines.
{¶9} Gaines said that the man did not like the way Stamp was looking at him, so
he put the gun to Stamp’s head and called her a bitch. He also took Stamp’s cell phone.
{¶10} The man approached Gaines and told her to give him all of her money and
empty out her purse. The man took two $10 bills from Gaines.
{¶11} The man then walked away from the group, across the street toward East
65th Street. Gaines said that she called the police. Gaines’s 911 call was played in
court. In the recording, Gaines described the man who just robbed them as wearing a
gray “hoodie” and beige pants. Gaines explained that she previously testified that the
man was wearing blue jeans because it was “three years ago.” Gaines admitted at trial
that she could not recall at the time of her present testimony if the man was wearing blue
jeans or tan pants. The police were not able to locate the suspect that evening.
{¶12} The following day around 9:00 or 10:00 a.m., Gaines and her brother drove
around the area where the robbery had taken place. While they were on East 65th Street
not far from the bus stop, Gaines saw a man in a gray “hoodie.” She could not recall
what color his pants were, but she recalled that the man was “black, tall, husky.” She
could also recall that the man was bald, and did not have any facial hair. Gaines pointed
the man out to her brother as the man who robbed her and her other family members.
Her brother called the police.
{¶13} On cross-examination, Gaines stated that the bus stop was well lit. But she
agreed that at Williams’s previous trial, she said that there “wasn’t much light” in the
area, and that the light was “dim.” She also agreed that her memory would have been
better at the first trial. But on redirect-examination, she stated that there was enough
light for her to see the man’s face.
{¶14} Gaines also stated on cross-examination that she could not recall if the
man’s “hoodie” was covering his face during the robbery. But on redirect-examination,
Gaines testified that although she could not recall if the man’s “hoodie” was pulled over
his face, she said that she could see his face clearly during the robbery.
{¶15} Gaines could not recall how she identified the robber to police on the night
of the incident. She reviewed her statement. She first told police that the male was
wearing a gray “hoodie” and beige pants. A couple of days later, she told police that he
was wearing a gray “hoodie” and blue jeans.
{¶16} Jeffries testified to the events leading up to the incident as Gaines did.
Jeffries remembered that the male was wearing a gray “hoodie” that was “over his head.”
But she did not recall what color pants the male was wearing. She further described the
male as “dark skinned” and she “could tell a little bit that he was bald.” She said that she
could see the male’s face during the robbery. Jeffries said that the male approached
them, and told them to give him everything they had. Her son, I.F., was in his stroller the
entire time. Jeffries testified that everyone gave the male everything they had. She
recalled that the male actually went “in her pocket and took some money out” of it. She
also remembered that he took a bag from someone in their group, either her mother
(Carol) or her sister (Raymonique). Jeffries said that the male took $10 from her, her cell
phone with a picture of her and her son on the cover, as well as a lime green and black
diaper bag with diapers, and “a little plastic container for wipes.”
{¶17} Jeffries testified that it was dark near the bus stop, but light “enough to see
each other’s faces.” She said it was light enough to see the male’s face.
{¶18} Jeffries further stated that at one point, S.C. was crying hysterically. The
male said “to shut her up or he was going to shoot her in the head.” After the robbery,
Jeffries said the male ran down East 65th Street.
{¶19} Officer Joseph Danczak testified that he responded to the scene. He said
two of the victims gave a statement, but the other two did not because they were upset.
He said that the victims described the robber as a “black male wearing a gray hoodie, tan
pants.” He said they could not locate the suspect that night.
{¶20} The following day, he received a report that one of the victims saw the
suspect in the same area. He patrolled the area. He saw a male wearing the same
clothing as described to him by the victims. The male was standing in a driveway in
front of a garage. He pulled over to ask the male a couple of questions, and ultimately
placed him in his patrol car to detain him while he continued to investigate.
{¶21} The owner of the home gave Officer Danczak permission to search the
property. They did not find anything in the house. They then searched the outside of
the home. He located the victims’ missing items in the trash cans next to where Williams
was standing in the driveway, including the diaper bag, I.F.’s blanket that had been in the
bag, a Cleveland Public Library card belonging to Stine-Johnson, Stine-Johnson’s mail,
diapers, a baby’s hat belonging to I.F., reading glasses, and Stine-Johnson’s green wallet.
Gaines and Jeffries identified these items in court as the items the man had taken from
them.
{¶22} Officer Danczak arrested Williams and took him to jail to be “booked and
housed.” During the booking process, police collected Williams’s property that was on
his person and placed it in a bag. Williams had a cell phone on him. Police told
Williams to turn off his cell phone before they placed it in the bag with his other items.
When he did, Officer Danczak saw a picture of the one of the victims and her son “light
up” on the screen of the cell phone. Officer Danczak stated on cross-examination that
there were several other individuals standing near Williams when they approached
Williams. Officer Danczak said that police did identify these individuals, patted them
down, and ran them for warrants. He further agreed that Williams did not try to run
away from him when he approached him.
{¶23} Gaines identified Williams as the man who robbed her and her family in a
photo array on March 30, 2012. Gaines also identified Williams in court as the man who
robbed her. Gaines said that she had no doubt that Williams was the man who robbed
her because she “remembered the features of his face, his eyes, and his nose.” Jeffries
identified Williams in a photo array on June 12, 2012, and was also positive that Williams
was the man who robbed her. Jeffries also identified Williams in court.
{¶24} The state also had three other witnesses testify as to the photo array process,
including two blind administrators who conducted the photo lineup process for each
victim, and the detective in charge of the case. At the close of the state’s case, Williams
moved for a Crim.R. 29 acquittal, which the trial court denied.
{¶25} Williams testified on his own behalf. Williams denied that he robbed
anyone on March 24, 2012. On the day that he was arrested, he was at a woman’s house
who he called “mama.” He had spent the night at “mama’s” house. He hung out with
“mama’s” sons, T-Bone and Jonathan, and another person, Hank.
{¶26} Williams said that he had just purchased the cell phone that police
confiscated from his pocket from T-Bone that morning before he was arrested. He
bought it to “put music on [his] ears.” He said that he was able to listen to music despite
the fact that the victim testified her phone was password protected.
{¶27} Williams said that T-Bone is bald and “brown like me,” but is taller than he
is. Williams testified that T-Bone and Jonathan rob people and take the stolen property
to “mama’s” house. Williams said they have guns too. T-Bone’s nickname is “Bad to
the bone T-Bone.” Williams further testified that Jonathan brought the victims’ stolen
items into the house, but “mama” made him throw them in the garbage.
{¶28} The trial court questioned Williams extensively about what he did on the
day of the robbery and the day after the robbery. After the defense rested, Williams
renewed his Crim.R. 29 motion, which the trial court denied.
{¶29} The trial court found Williams guilty of the four counts of aggravated
robbery with the one- and three-year firearm specifications (Counts 1 through 4 involving
the adult victims: Jeffries, Gaines, Stine-Johnson, and Stamps), and guilty of kidnapping
with the one- and three-year firearm specifications (Counts 5 through 10 involving the
four adult victims and the two minor children who were present: S.C. and I.F.), but not
guilty of robbery (Counts 11 through 14 involving the adult victims).
{¶30} The trial court merged all firearm specifications and merged the four
kidnapping counts corresponding to the adults with the four aggravated robbery counts.
The trial court also merged the two kidnapping counts corresponding to the two minors
into the four aggravated robbery counts. The state elected to proceed on the aggravated
robbery counts.
{¶31} The trial court sentenced Williams to a total of 14 years in prison: three
years in prison for the firearm specifications to be served prior to and consecutive to 11
years for each aggravated robbery count, which the trial court ordered to be served
concurrent to each other. It is from this judgment that Williams appeals.
II. Manifest Weight of the Evidence
{¶32} In his sole assignment of error, Williams acknowledges that the state proved
all of the elements of his convictions, but contends that the state’s evidence establishing
his identity was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶33} Unlike sufficiency of the evidence, a challenge to the manifest weight of the
evidence attacks the credibility of the evidence presented. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio
St.3d 380, 387,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). Because it is a broader review, a reviewing
court may determine that a judgment of a trial court is sustained by sufficient evidence,
but nevertheless conclude that the judgment is against the weight of the evidence.
Id.,
citing State v. Robinson,
162 Ohio St. 486, 487,
124 N.E.2d 148 (1955).
{¶34} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the
evidence, the court of appeals functions as a “thirteenth juror.” Id. In doing so, it must
review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the
credibility of witnesses and determine “‘whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence,
the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the
conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’”
Thompkins at 387, quoting State
v. Martin,
20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175,
485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). Reversing a
conviction as being against the manifest weight of the evidence and ordering a new trial
should be reserved for only in the ‘“exceptional case in which the evidence weighs
heavily against the conviction.”’
Id.
{¶35} After reviewing the evidence in this case, we cannot say that the trier of fact
clearly lost its way regarding Williams’s identity and created such a manifest miscarriage
of justice that Williams’s convictions must be reversed and a new trial ordered.
{¶36} Williams first argues that evidence of his identity was suspect because it was
based on the fact that “the fruits of the thefts” were found in a garbage can near where he
was standing, but where several other people were also standing. Although there were
several people standing with Williams when police arrived, Officer Danczak noticed
Williams because he was wearing the same clothes that the victims told him the robber
was wearing the previous night — tan pants and a gray “hoodie.”
{¶37} Williams also challenges the weight of the evidence regarding his identity
because his convictions were based on eyewitness identification. He asserts that the
lighting was “dim,” and that the witnesses’ testimony conflicted as to what color his pants
were on the night of the robbery.
{¶38} Even if the lighting was “dim,” the victims testified at trial that they could
still clearly see Williams’s face during the robbery. Gaines even stated that she could
remember the man’s facial features, his eyes, and his nose. And the victims’ testimony at
trial may have conflicted regarding whether Williams was wearing tan or blue pants, but
their testimony as to the fact that he was wearing a gray “hoodie” never altered. Further,
Gaines told the 911 dispatcher on the night of the incident that the robber was wearing
beige pants — exactly what he was wearing when police found him the next day, just
down the street from the bus stop where the robbery took place — and standing in close
proximity to the garbage that contained the victims’ stolen items.
{¶39} Williams further contends that the state’s evidence regarding his identity
was suspect because the detective who conducted the photo array with respect to Gaines
did not follow the procedures set forth in R.C. 2933.83 (procedures for conducting a
“photo lineup” using “an array of photographs”). Williams, however, does not assert any
specific argument as to how the detective failed to follow the procedures, or point to any
specific deficiency in how the detective conducted the process. He does state in his
“statement of facts” that Detective Rhonda Gray “did not use the 10-folder method
required by the statute.”
{¶40} The “10-folder method,” however, is not required by R.C. 2933.83. What
is required is that the law enforcement agency must “adopt specific procedures for
conducting the lineups,” and the “procedures, at a minimum, shall” use a blind
administrator. Detective Rhonda Gray was the blind administrator for Gaines’s
identification in this case. Detective Rhonda Gray stated that she did not know who the
suspect was, nor did she know anything about the case when she showed Gaines the
photo array. Thus, police complied with the procedures set forth in R.C. 2933.83
regarding Gaines’s identification of Williams in the photo array.
{¶41} Even if we assume for the sake of argument that the photo lineup procedures
were not in full compliance with the statute regarding Gaines’s identification of Williams,
we find that it would not be prejudicial to Williams because the evidence against him was
overwhelming.
{¶42} Jeffries also identified Williams in a photo array. The blind administrator
for Jeffries’s identification was Detective Eugina Gray. Notably, Williams does not
challenge Detective Eugina Gray’s photo lineup process (she used the “10-folder
method”) or Jeffries’s identification of him.
{¶43} Moreover, when police took Williams to the police station for booking,
Williams had Jeffries’s cell phone in his pocket. Williams testified that he had just
purchased the cell phone from T-Bone on the morning before he was arrested. Williams
said that he only purchased the cell phone to listen to music because he had another cell
phone that he used to call people. But Jeffries testified that her phone was password
protected, and thus, Williams would not have been able to access the data on Jeffries’s
phone — even to listen to music.
{¶44} Williams testified at trial that it was T-Bone and Jonathan who robbed the
victims. The trial court, as the factfinder, extensively questioned Williams as to what he
was doing on the day of the robbery, and the day after the robbery. The trial court found
Williams’s testimony to be self-serving and not credible. Although an appellate court
must act as a “thirteenth juror” when considering whether the manifest weight of the
evidence requires reversal, it must give great deference to the factfinder’s determination
of the witnesses’ credibility. In re S.H., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100529,
2014-Ohio-2770, ¶ 27, citing State v. Chandler, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-415,
2006-Ohio-2070, ¶ 9. Further, the trier of fact is free to believe or disbelieve all or any
of a witness’s testimony. State v. Montgomery, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95700,
2011-Ohio-3259, ¶ 10. Thus, the factfinder in this case was free to disbelieve Williams’s
testimony. Indeed, the trial court found that the evidence against Williams’s identity was
overwhelming, and we agree.
{¶45} Accordingly, after reviewing the entire record, weighing all of the evidence
and all reasonable inferences, and considering the credibility of the witnesses, we find
that this is not the “exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the
conviction.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387,
678 N.E.2d 541.
{¶46} Williams’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
III. Allied Offenses
{¶47} In the state’s cross-appeal, it argues that the trial court erred when it merged
the two kidnapping counts corresponding to the two minor children with the aggravated
robbery counts. We agree.
{¶48} An appellate court applies a de novo standard of review when reviewing
whether two offenses are allied offenses of similar import. State v. Williams, 134 Ohio
St.3d 482,
2012-Ohio-5699,
983 N.E.2d 1245, ¶ 28.
{¶49} R.C. 2941.25 provides:
(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute
two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information
may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be
convicted of only one.
(B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of
dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of
the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as
to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such
offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them.
{¶50} In State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114,
2015-Ohio-995,
34 N.E.3d 892, the
Ohio Supreme Court defined the meaning of “similar import.” It explained that even if
two offenses are committed with “identical conduct and the same evidence,” that “R.C.
2941.25(B) states that the same conduct can be separately punished if that conduct
constitutes offenses of dissimilar import.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶ 20. In interpreting
R.C. 2941.25(B), the court stated that there are in fact “three categories in which there
can be multiple punishments: (1) offenses that are dissimilar in import, (2) offenses
similar in import but committed separately, and (3) offenses similar in import but
committed with separate animus.” Id. Thus, under R.C. 2941.25(B), “the inquiry
should not be limited to whether there is separate animus or whether there is separate
conduct. Courts must also consider whether the offenses have similar import.” Id. at ¶
22, citing State v. Baer,
67 Ohio St.2d 220, 226,
423 N.E.2d 432 (1981).
{¶51} In further defining what “import” means, the Supreme Court concluded that
“two or more offenses of dissimilar import exist within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25(B)
when the defendant’s conduct constitutes offenses involving separate victims or if the
harm that results from each offense is separate and identifiable.” Id. at paragraph two of
the syllabus.
{¶52} In this case, the trial court properly merged the kidnapping counts with the
aggravated robbery counts with respect to the four adults. Thus, the trial court properly
merged Counts 5 through 8 (adult kidnapping charges) with Counts 1 through 4
(aggravated robbery charges). But there were no aggravated robbery charges with
respect to the children because Williams did not take anything from the children. The
trial court, however, still merged counts 9 and 10 (the kidnapping charges involving the
two children) with the four aggravated robbery counts. In doing so, the trial court noted
that it was required to consider “animus and whether there was one course of conduct.”
{¶53} It is well established, however, that when there are multiple victims, a
defendant can be convicted of multiple offenses. This is because when there are separate
victims, the offenses are of dissimilar import. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114,
2015-Ohio-995,
34 N.E.3d 892, at paragraph two of the syllabus. Here, Williams was convicted of two
counts of kidnapping with respect to the two minor children who were present. Williams
acted with a separate animus involving these two victims.
Id.
{¶54} Accordingly, we sustain the state’s single assignment of error.
{¶55} Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part. Williams’s convictions are
affirmed, but his sentence is vacated, and the matter is remanded for resentencing.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant the costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common
pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having
been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court
for resentencing.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
MARY J. BOYLE, PRESIDING JUDGE
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., and
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J., CONCUR
