[Cite as State v. Bush,
2016-Ohio-5347.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
GREENE COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
:
Plaintiff-Appellee : C.A. CASE NO. 2015-CA-65
:
v. : T.C. NO. 15CR370; 15CR477
:
KYLE P. BUSH : (Criminal Appeal from
: Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the ___12th___ day of ____August____, 2016.
...........
STEPHANIE R. HAYDEN, Atty. Reg. No. 0082881, Assistant Prosecutor, 61 Greene
Street, Xenia, Ohio 45385
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
JEFFREY T. GRAMZA, Atty. Reg. No. 0053392, 101 Southmoor Circle NW, Kettering,
Ohio 45429
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
FROELICH, J.
{¶ 1} After a jury trial in the Greene County Court of Common Pleas, Kyle P. Bush
was found guilty of offenses in two cases that were tried together. In Case No. 2015-
CR-370, Bush was found guilty of one count of felonious assault (with a firearm
specification), two counts of failure to comply, and two counts of having weapons while
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under disability. In Case No. 2015-CR-477, he was found guilty of one count of
aggravated possession of drugs. Bush was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of
12½ years. Bush appeals, arguing that he was denied his constitutional right to the
effective assistance of counsel at trial. For the following reasons, the judgment of the
trial court will be affirmed.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} Christina Parsons met Bush through a mutual friend, and they began
“hanging out” in January 2015. Within a short time, the pair became boyfriend and
girlfriend. However, by April 2015, Parsons felt that “things started getting bad” between
them, they “weren’t agreeing on anything,” and Parsons sought to end the relationship.
Throughout this time, Parsons was working as a dancer and bartender at a “strip club.”
In early May 2015, Parsons and her young daughter moved in with Parsons’s lifelong
friend, Kristen Hamilton, and Hamilton’s three children at a home in Beavercreek.
{¶ 3} According to Parsons’s testimony, in the early morning hours of June 28,
2015, as she was leaving work and getting a ride home with a friend, one of her friends
saw Bush parked outside the club. After seeing him, Parsons’s friend did not take her
directly home from work; rather, the women tried to “lose” Bush and then got something
to eat. Parsons arrived at Hamilton’s home around 5:00 a.m. The front door of the
home could not be locked at that time because the lock was broken.
{¶ 4} Parsons went into the bedroom where her daughter was sleeping, began
checking messages on her phone, and noticed that she had several messages from
Bush. Before she could listen to the messages, the dogs in the home began barking;
Parsons had a “bad feeling” and went to investigate. Parsons found Bush inside the front
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door with a silver gun in his hand. Bush told Parsons to come with him or he would “hurt
everybody in the house.” Parsons complied, and Bush pushed her out of the house while
holding her by the back of her neck.
{¶ 5} Bush and Parsons left Parsons’s residence in Bush’s car. He “drove crazy”
while questioning Parsons, went through a McDonald’s drive-thru, and, at one point, fired
a shot out of the car window using a second gun that had been in the vehicle. Bush had
the silver gun in his hand or on his lap throughout the drive. He also hit Parsons with his
hand and watch, opening a previous wound on her forehead, and “poked” her with the
gun.
{¶ 6} As Bush continued to drive around with Parsons, he received several calls
on his cell phone; some originated from Parsons’s cell phone, which she had left at the
house. Some of the calls to Bush were from Hamilton, who was concerned when she
woke up at 8 or 8:30 a.m. and found that Parsons’s child, her purse and her phone were
at the house, but Parsons was not. Hamilton testified that she called Bush after
reviewing the most recent calls to Parsons’s phone. Although Hamilton did not
understand at that time what was happening between Parsons and Bush, she was
concerned about the text messages she had seen on Parsons’s phone and the fact that
Parsons was not at the house in the morning. Hamilton testified that, when she reached
Bush and Parsons, she threatened to call the police, and Bush then returned Parsons to
Hamilton’s house. Shortly thereafter, Hamilton did call the police and reported how Bush
had taken Parsons from the house.
{¶ 7} After the police obtained a description of Bush and his vehicle, Bush was
observed in his car a short distance from the house. Two officers attempted to
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coordinate a traffic stop, but when Bush saw the cruisers behind him, he ran a red light.
A high-speed pursuit began. The officers followed Bush for two to three miles through
several intersections and a construction zone. The car chase ended when Bush rear-
ended another vehicle that had pulled to the side of the road due to the approaching
sirens. Bush fled on foot and was chased by officers through several yards and back
into the construction zone. Bush was arrested after he was located hiding behind a bush.
{¶ 8} Following Bush’s arrest, the police found two handguns in the car from
which he had fled. They also found a white substance in his pants pocket that later
proved to be methamphetamine.
{¶ 9} On July 10, 2015, Bush was indicted in Case No. 2015 CR 370 on one count
each of abduction and felonious assault (each with a firearm specification), two counts of
failure to comply with an order or signal of a police officer, two counts of having weapons
while under disability, and one count of intimidation of an attorney, victim, or witness in a
criminal case. On August 28, 2015, in Case No. 2015 CR 477, he was charged with an
additional count, aggravated possession of drugs. At the State’s request and in the
absence of an objection by Bush, the trial court joined the cases for trial.
{¶ 10} The cases were tried to a jury in September 2015. After the State
presented its case, the trial court granted Bush’s motion for a judgment of acquittal on the
count of intimidation of a witness. The defense did not call any additional witnesses.
The jury found Bush not guilty of abduction, but guilty of felonious assault (with a firearm
specification), two counts of failure to comply, two counts of having weapons while under
disability, and aggravated possession of drugs.
{¶ 11} The trial court sentenced Bush to two years for felonious assault, with a
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three-year firearm specification, to 18 months and 36 months respectively for failure to
comply, to 36 months each for having weapons under disability, and to 36 months for
aggravated possession of drugs. The trial court ordered that the counts of felonious
assault, the firearm specification, and the counts of failure to comply be served
consecutively (totaling 9½ years). The court ordered that the counts of having weapons
under disability be served concurrently to one another but consecutively to the other
counts. The count of aggravated possession of drugs was ordered to be served
concurrently with the other counts. Thus, the aggregate sentence was 12½ years.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
{¶ 12} On appeal, Bush raises one assignment of error:
Appellant’s trial counsel provided ineffective assistance, resulting in
prejudice to Appellant.
{¶ 13} In general, we review alleged instances of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel under the two-pronged analysis set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668,
104 S.Ct. 2052,
80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and adopted by the Supreme Court of Ohio
in State v. Bradley,
42 Ohio St.3d 136,
538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). Pursuant to those cases,
trial counsel is entitled to a strong presumption that his or her conduct falls within the wide
range of reasonable assistance. Strickland,
466 U.S. at 688.
{¶ 14} To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must
demonstrate both that trial counsel’s conduct fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and that the errors were serious enough to create a reasonable
probability that, but for the errors, the outcome of the trial would have been different. See
id.; Bradley at 142. Hindsight is not permitted to distort the assessment of what was
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reasonable in light of counsel’s perspective at the time, and a debatable decision
concerning trial strategy cannot form the basis of a finding of ineffective assistance of
counsel. State v. Cook, 65 Ohio St.3d 516, 524-525,
605 N.E.2d 70 (1992); State v.
Rucker, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24340,
2012-Ohio-4860, ¶ 58.
{¶ 15} Bush asserts that counsel’s ineffectiveness was apparent during the direct
examinations of Parsons and of Detective Vincent Amato, who investigated the case and
interviewed Bush. These witnesses testified to alleged prior bad acts by or convictions
of Bush and his previous imprisonment, which he claims were unfairly prejudicial to him
and were inadmissible under Evid.R. 404(B).
{¶ 16} Evid.R. 404(B) provides: “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not
admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or
accident.” The Ohio Supreme Court has discussed Evid.R. 404, stating:
Evid.R. 404 codifies the common law with respect to evidence of
other acts of wrongdoing. The rule contemplates acts that may or may not
be similar to the crime at issue. If the other act is offered for some relevant
purpose other than to show character and propensity to commit crime, such
as one of the purposes in the listing, the other act may be admissible. Id.
Another consideration permitting the admission of certain other-acts
evidence is whether the other acts “form part of the immediate background
of the alleged act which forms the foundation of the crime charged in the
indictment” and are “inextricably related” to the crime.
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(Citations omitted.) State v. Morris, 132 Ohio St.3d 337,
2012-Ohio-2407,
972 N.E.2d
528, ¶ 13.
Detective Amato
{¶ 17} In his testimony, Detective Amato described that he responded to Soin
Medical Center to interview a suspect and was given some background information by
the officer in charge, Officer David Majercak, who was also at the hospital at that time.
Det. Amato then talked with Bush and determined that the versions of events that he had
been told by Majercak and Bush “were on completely different ends of the spectrum.”
{¶ 18} Det. Amato testified to statements made to him by Bush at the hospital.
Specifically, Amato testified that, according to Bush, Parsons’s wounds to her forehead
were from “rough sex.” Bush further stated that he “had beat her ass before,” but he
could not understand “why she would be saying the things she had” on this occasion.
Amato also testified, in response to a question from the prosecutor, that, by way of
background information, Bush had admitted that he was a “recent felon” and had “done
a stint of ten years for an engaging charge.” Amato stated that he had already been
aware of this prior offense before he talked with Bush.
{¶ 19} Bush claims that this testimony was inadmissible and that trial counsel
“stood by [and] failed to object” to these statements, in violation of Bush’s right to the
effective assistance of counsel. The fact of a prior conviction and imprisonment was not
disputed. Bush’s trial counsel raised it during voir dire and, in opening statement, said
Bush “had returned to the community after being locked up.” Additionally, prior to Det.
Amato’s testimony, defense counsel and the State had stipulated in front of the jury that
Bush had “been previously convicted of an offense of violence, specifically burglary,” and
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as a result, he had a legal “disability” which prohibited him from possessing firearms.
{¶ 20} We agree with Bush that Det. Amato’s statements about Bush’s prior
conviction were irrelevant, potentially prejudicial, and objectionable. If an objection had
been made, we presume that the trial court would have sustained the objection, and a
curative instruction to the jury may have been given. However, in addressing an
argument based on the ineffective assistance of counsel, the question is not whether the
evidence was erroneously admitted, but whether trial counsel’s failure to object fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness and whether the failure to object was serious
enough to create a reasonable probability that, but for the error, the outcome of the trial
would have been different.
{¶ 21} We recognize that, in some respects, Det. Amato’s statement went beyond
the stipulation about Bush’s previous conviction. For example, Amato indicated the
length of Bush’s prison sentence, which may have affected the jurors’ assessments of the
seriousness of the previous offense. He also identified the prior offense as “engaging,”
rather than burglary (as referenced in the stipulation).1 Amato’s reference to the prior
offense and the length of the sentence was inappropriate and possibly confusing to the
jury. However, because the jury was already aware that Bush had committed a prior
violent offense, we cannot conclude that a reasonable probability exists that counsel’s
failure to object to Amato’s statements affected the outcome of the trial. We also note
that the court instructed the jury, pursuant to Ohio Jury Instructions 207.09, as to the
1
Although the reason for this discrepancy is not apparent from the record, our Opinion in
State v. Bush, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2004-CA-106, 2005-Ohio-4492, which related to
Bush’s prior conviction, indicated that he was convicted of both engaging in a pattern of
corrupt activity and four counts of burglary, as well as other offenses.
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limited use of evidence of the prior conviction. Bush has failed to establish that counsel
acted ineffectively with respect to Amato’s statement about his prior conviction and
sentence.
Christina Parsons
{¶ 22} With respect to the testimony of Parsons, Bush argues that counsel acted
ineffectively in failing to highlight inconsistencies in Parsons’s testimony about when she
had received scars or scabs on her head in an altercation with Bush, failing to explore
whether Parsons “enjoyed ‘rough sex,’ ” and failing to ask Parsons when she and Bush
had last engaged in “rough sex.” (Bush told a police officer at the time of his arrest that
he and Parsons had had rough, but, impliedly, consensual, sex in his car after she left
her house with him on June 28.) Additionally, he asserts that counsel should have
highlighted Parsons’s opportunities to escape from the car and her failure to do so, and
should not have asked questions of Parsons which elicited responses about his prior
convictions.
{¶ 23} Parsons testified that, before she left the house with Bush on June 28, she
had a scab on the top of her forehead, and that this scab reopened when Bush hit her in
the head in the car; she also indicated that she had at least one new injury to her forehead
as a result of her June 28 encounter with Bush. Parsons expressed some uncertainty
about the origin of each mark on her forehead (as shown at trial in pictures), saying “[t]hey
could be from now or before, because, I mean, it was not very long in between times of
him putting his hands on me.” Parsons also testified that she broke up with Bush in April
2015 because he “started putting his hands on [her]” and “beat the shit out of [her],” which
led to her hiding in her room for a week because she did not want anyone to see her face.
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When asked if the scab on her forehead at the time of the June 28 incident was from “the
time in April,” Parsons said, “No, it wasn’t. Wait. It was May.” Neither the prosecutor nor
defense counsel further clarified this timeline or Parsons’s reference to something
happening in May, nor did they explore the specific nature of the relationship between
Parsons and Bush between April (the time of the alleged break-up) and the incident on
June 28.
{¶ 24} Bush argues on appeal that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to
“explore this obvious inconsistency” in Parsons’s testimony, to clarify whether Parsons
had engaged in “rough sex” with Bush consensually (and, if so, when) and whether the
marks on Parsons’s face could have resulted from such activity on or around the date of
the offense. Bush asserts that trial counsel could have impugned Parsons’s credibility
by asking such questions.
{¶ 25} Although Parsons’s testimony left some openings for additional questions
and clarification, it was a reasonable trial strategy for counsel to refrain from exploring
these matters further. Although Parsons might have answered that she and Bush had
engaged in “rough sex” after their April break-up, she might have denied this version of
events. Moreover, this line of questioning would have risked eliciting testimony that
highlighted other occasions on which Bush had inflicted injury on Parsons by “putting his
hands on [her]” or “beat[ing] the shit out of [her].” Such testimony might well have been
detrimental to Bush’s theory of the case. We cannot conclude that trial counsel acted
ineffectively in failing to pursue a line of questioning about how and when Parsons
incurred the injuries that were “reopened” on the date of these offenses.
{¶ 26} Additionally, Bush argues that counsel should have objected to references
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in Parsons’s testimony to Bush’s prior bad acts, namely, his beating her in the past and
her knowledge that he was on parole when they were dating. We discussed Parsons’s
references to prior violence above; she cited this conduct as the basis for the couple’s
break-up. Parsons’s testimony did not dwell on these incidents for an extended period,
and counsel may have had strategic reasons for not attempting to clarify – and thereby
placing greater focus on -- these statements.
{¶ 27} Parsons’s statements that she knew, when she met Bush, that he had
been in prison, and that she had “figured … out” soon thereafter that Bush was on
parole, were elicited by defense counsel on cross-examination. Defense counsel
followed up with questions about whether Parsons viewed Bush as a “bad boy” and
whether she found that “kind of exciting.” (Parsons responded that she had not found
that particularly exciting, that most of the men in her life had been in prison, and that it
was “not anything new” to her.) On appeal, Bush argues that, by pursuing this line of
questioning, his attorney was “performing ineffectively in a proactive manner,” i.e., he was
eliciting prejudicial testimony himself.
{¶ 28} We are unpersuaded that Parsons’s testimony about her knowledge of
Bush’s time in prison and on parole was unfairly prejudicial to him. This testimony seems
to have been part of defense counsel’s strategy to suggest to the jury that Parsons knew
of, and had no problem with, Bush’s violent past, that she willingly engaged in “rough sex”
with him, that some of her injuries had resulted from consensual rough sex, rather than
non-consensual violence, and that Parsons had gone with Bush willingly, perhaps to
engage in sex. Although this strategy was not successful in preventing Bush’s conviction
of felonious assault, he was found not guilty of abduction.
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{¶ 29} Finally, Bush argues that trial counsel was ineffective in that he did not use
a McDonald’s receipt found in Bush’s car after the offense to impugn Parsons’s testimony
about whether she was held in Bush’s car against her will. It was undisputed that, while
driving around with Parsons in the car on the morning of June 28, Bush drove through a
McDonald’s drive-thru and ordered some food. The receipt confirmed a purchase at
McDonald’s during the relevant timeframe. Bush claims that, if Parsons were really in
the car against her will, she could have gotten away from Bush at the drive-thru and found
“sanctuary” “in full view of many witnesses.” Bush also argues that he could not have
held a gun to Parsons or detained her against her will while also ordering and paying for
food. Bush claims that counsel was ineffective in failing to “capitalize” on these
arguments.
{¶ 30} The questions raised by Bush on appeal about whether the trip through the
McDonald’s drive-thru might have presented an opportunity to Parsons to escape may
have also occurred to the jury, but we cannot conclude that counsel’s failure to pursue
this line of questioning fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. In fact, this
choice was likely a matter of trial strategy, and it is worth noting again that Bush was
acquitted of the abduction charge. Questioning of Parsons about why she did not
attempt to escape at the drive-thru would likely have elicited additional statements about
her fear of Bush based on his past violence to Parsons or additional evidence about his
use of the gun in a threatening manner. Counsel could have reasonably concluded that
the risk posed by this line of questioning outweighed its potential benefit.
{¶ 31} For these reasons, we conclude that trial counsel did not act ineffectively
in his representation of Bush. The assignment of error is overruled.
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III. Conclusion
{¶ 32} The judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.
.............
DONOVAN, P.J. and HALL, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Stephanie R. Hayden
Jeffrey T. Gramza
Hon. Stephen A. Wolaver
