[Cite as State v. Caballero,
2016-Ohio-5496.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
State of Ohio, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 15AP-1132
(C.P.C. No. 13CR-3246)
v. :
(REGULAR CALENDAR)
Humberto Caballero, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on August 23, 2016
On brief: Michael DeWine, Attorney General, Nathan T.
Smith, and Kristin S. Pe, for appellee. Argued: Nathan T.
Smith.
On brief: Alexander Folk and Tony Dalayanis, for
appellant. Argued: Tony Dalayanis.
APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
LUPER SCHUSTER, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Humberto Caballero, appeals from a judgment of the
Franklin County Court of Common Pleas finding him guilty, pursuant to guilty plea, of
one count of theft. Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Caballero's motion to withdraw his guilty plea, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} By indictment filed June 18, 2013, plaintiff-appellee, State of Ohio, charged
Caballero with one count of theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(3), a third-degree felony;
and one count of falsification in a theft offense in violation of R.C. 2921.13(A)(9), a third-degree felony. The charges related to allegations that Caballero, as an independent
provider of ambulette transportation services, fraudulently and deceptively billed
No. 15AP-1132 2
Medicaid for services that were not reimbursable. Caballero initially entered a plea of not
guilty.
{¶ 3} Following a hearing on August 26, 2014, Caballero entered a guilty plea to
the stipulated lesser included offense of theft, a fourth-degree felony, with a joint
recommendation that Caballero be placed on community control with the conditions that
he complete a 120-day jail sentence and pay the stipulated restitution of $203,604.75 to
the Ohio Department of Medicaid.
{¶ 4} On October 23, 2014, Caballero filed a notice of appearance/notice of
substitution of counsel, a motion for continuance of sentencing, and a motion to withdraw
guilty plea. That same day, the parties appeared for a sentencing hearing during which
Caballero's new attorneys asked the trial court for an opportunity to supplement their
motion to withdraw guilty plea in order to "review for additional defenses." (Oct. 23, 2014
Tr. at 16.) The trial court granted Caballero's motion to supplement and continued the
sentencing hearing.
{¶ 5} Caballero filed his supplement to motion to withdraw on October 30, 2014,
and the state filed a memorandum contra on November 6, 2014. On November 13, 2014,
the trial court commenced a hearing on Caballero's motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
However, during defense counsel's opening statements, counsel suggested, for the first
time in the nearly 17-month history of the case, that Caballero had difficulty
understanding English and needed the services of an interpreter. The trial court then
stopped the hearing in order to obtain the services of an interpreter and continued the
matter.
{¶ 6} On January 29, 2015, the trial court conducted the hearing on Caballero's
motion to withdraw his guilty plea. The sole witness at the hearing was Daniel Sabol,
Caballero's prior attorney who represented Caballero when he entered his guilty plea.
Sabol testified he has been an attorney for over seven years, has gone to trial in over 40
cases, and has experience in evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of a criminal case
and informing his client of those strengths and weaknesses so that his client can make his
or her own decision as to whether to accept a plea offer. As to Caballero's case, Sabol
testified he requested discovery, reviewed it, and discussed the discovery and the
strengths and weaknesses of the case with Caballero. Sabol said he attended six court
No. 15AP-1132 3
dates with Caballero during which he verbally communicated with Caballero, and that
Caballero also came to his office two or three times for more in-depth discussions. During
all of these meetings, Sabol said he always spoke English to Caballero and that Caballero
never asked him to provide an interpreter.
{¶ 7} Further, Sabol testified he asked for and received Caballero's permission to
negotiate a plea agreement with the state. Sabol said it is his practice to print out the
entry of guilty plea form and meticulously go over the entire form, both on paper and the
electronic version, with his criminal defense clients. Sabol testified it was his opinion that
when Caballero both signed the guilty plea form and when he appeared at the Crim.R. 11
hearing, Caballero entered his plea to one count of fourth-degree felony theft voluntarily,
knowingly, and intelligently.
{¶ 8} Sabol testified it was his opinion that Caballero understood his possible
defenses, and Sabol said his opinion would not change even if he had known that
Caballero may have twice failed the GED exam. Sabol agreed he did not review with
Caballero the defenses Caballero's new attorneys were suggesting, but Sabol expressed
doubt that those defenses were legitimate.
{¶ 9} In an August 19, 2015 decision and entry, the trial court denied Caballero's
motion to withdraw his guilty plea, concluding Caballero did not provide a reasonable and
legitimate basis for withdrawing his plea. At a November 20, 2015 sentencing hearing,
the trial court followed the joint recommendation and sentenced Caballero to 5 years of
community control, ordered Caballero to serve 120 days in the Franklin County
Correctional Center, and ordered Caballero to pay restitution in the amount of
$203,604.75 to the Ohio Department of Medicaid. The trial court journalized Caballero's
conviction and sentence in a November 24, 2015 judgment entry. The trial court granted
Caballero's motion to stay the execution of sentence pending appeal. Caballero timely
appeals.
II. Assignments of Error
{¶ 10} Caballero assigns the following errors for our review:
[1.] The trial court abused its discretion in denying appellant's
presentence motion to withdraw his plea when same shall be
"freely" and "liberally" granted.
No. 15AP-1132 4
[2.] The trial court abused its discretion in denying appellant's
presentence motion to withdraw his plea where appellant was
not apprised of all of his lines of defenses and/or were not
investigated adequately and/or when appellant establishes
that he received ineffective assistance of counsel.
[3.] The trial court abused its discretion in denying appellant's
presentence motion to withdraw his plea where the trial court
applies the wrong standard regarding a post sentence motion
filed years after sentence.
III. First Assignment of Error – Motion to Withdraw Guilty Plea
{¶ 11} In his first assignment of error, Caballero argues the trial court abused its
discretion when it denied his pre-sentence motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
{¶ 12} A criminal defendant may file a pre-sentence motion to withdraw his guilty
plea pursuant to Crim.R. 32.1. This court has repeatedly noted that such motions should
be " 'freely and liberally granted.' " State v. Zimmerman, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-866, 2010-
Ohio-4087, ¶ 11, quoting State v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521, 527 (1992); State v. Davis, 10th
Dist. No. 07AP-356,
2008-Ohio-107, ¶ 15. Even before the trial court imposes a sentence,
however, there is no absolute right to withdraw a plea. Zimmerman at ¶ 11. A defendant
who seeks to withdraw a guilty plea prior to sentencing must establish a reasonable and
legitimate basis for the withdrawal of the plea.
Id. The trial court must then hold a
hearing to allow the defendant to make that showing. State v. West, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-
548,
2012-Ohio-2078, ¶ 15. The decision to grant or deny a pre-sentence motion to
withdraw rests in the sound discretion of the trial court, and we will not disturb that
decision on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Id.; State v. Porter, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-
514,
2012-Ohio-940, ¶ 20. An abuse of discretion connotes a decision that is
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore,
5 Ohio St.3d 217,
219 (1983).
{¶ 13} A trial court is not required to grant a pre-sentence motion to withdraw a
guilty plea. To determine whether a trial court abused its discretion in denying a pre-sentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea, we look to a number of non-exhaustive factors,
including: (1) any potential prejudice to the prosecution if the trial court vacated the plea;
(2) whether highly competent counsel represented the defendant; (3) the extent of the
Crim.R. 11 hearing before the defendant entered his plea; (4) whether the defendant
No. 15AP-1132 5
received a full hearing on his motion to withdraw his plea; (5) whether the trial court fully
and fairly considered the motion to withdraw the plea; (6) whether the defendant made
the motion within a reasonable time; (7) whether the motion set forth specific reasons for
the withdrawal; (8) whether the defendant understood the nature of the charges and
possible penalties; and (9) whether the defendant may not have been guilty or had a
complete defense to the crime. State v. Harris, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-1111, 2010-Ohio-
4127, ¶ 25, citing State v. Jones, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-700, 2010-Ohio-903, ¶ 10, citing
State v. Fish,
104 Ohio App.3d 236, 240 (1st Dist.1995). "Consideration of the factors is a
balancing test, and no one factor is conclusive." Zimmerman at ¶ 13, citing
Fish at 240.
{¶ 14} Caballero presented the trial court with three main reasons for wanting to
withdraw his guilty plea: (1) he was unaware of possible defenses he may have to the
crimes charged due to his prior counsel's failure to apprise him of all possible defenses;
(2) he had defenses to the charges and thus may not have been guilty, and (3) he did not
fully understand the consequences of his guilty plea. The trial court conducted a full
hearing on Caballero's motion to withdraw his guilty plea. At the conclusion of the
hearing, the trial court denied Caballero's motion, concluding Caballero did not present a
reasonable and legitimate basis to withdraw his plea. The trial court noted Caballero had
not proffered a new defense to the crime charged but instead had "taken creative license
in an attempt to create a legal loophole where none exists." (Aug. 19, 2015 Decision &
Entry at 4.) Ultimately, the trial court concluded Caballero had simply changed his mind
about his guilty plea. We must use the balancing test outlined above to determine
whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying Caballero's motion to withdraw
his plea in light of his stated reasons.
1. Potential Prejudice to the Prosecution
{¶ 15} First, the trial court concluded the state would be prejudiced if Caballero
were allowed to withdraw his plea because a significant amount of time had elapsed from
the time of indictment until Caballero's motion to withdraw. However, the record does
not indicate any evidence of prejudice to the state "beyond the ordinary impact of any
defendant's subsequent withdrawal of a guilty plea." Harris at ¶ 26. Thus, the first factor
weighs in favor of Caballero's motion.
No. 15AP-1132 6
2. Highly Competent Counsel
{¶ 16} The second factor, whether highly competent counsel represented
Caballero, requires closer examination. One of Caballero's stated reasons for wanting to
withdraw his plea was that his prior counsel had failed to advise him of every possible
defense. However, the trial court concluded that Caballero's prior counsel was highly
competent and "worked extensively with [the state] to reach a resolution that would be to
[Caballero's] benefit and who testified that he explained all legitimate and plausible
defenses to the allegations against" Caballero. (Decision & Entry at 5.) Having reviewed
the record, we agree. Though Caballero's prior counsel did not review with Caballero the
novel defenses that Caballero's new counsel wished to advance, the trial court correctly
noted those defenses lacked merit. Thus, we agree with the trial court that the fact that
Caballero "did not like the accurate advice that he received from former counsel does not
equate to that counsel being incompetent in assisting [Caballero] in resolving this case."
(Decision & Entry at 5.) Given Caballero's prior counsel's testimony at the plea
withdrawal hearing, we conclude the second factor of our balancing test weighs against
Caballero's motion.
3. Crim.R. 11 Hearing
{¶ 17} The third factor examines the extent of the Crim.R. 11 hearing before
Caballero entered his plea. The record reflects the trial court conducted a comprehensive
Crim.R. 11 hearing on August 26, 2014. Even Caballero does not contest the thoroughness
or adequacy of his plea hearing, instead arguing that his purported difficulty
understanding English may have rendered his plea unknowingly or involuntary, an
argument we will address in factor eight of the balancing test. Because the trial court fully
and properly conducted the Crim.R. 11 hearing, the third factor also weighs against
Caballero's motion.
4. Receipt of a Full Hearing on the Motion to Withdraw
{¶ 18} The fourth factor in the balancing test asks whether Caballero received a full
hearing on his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. The record reflects the trial court
conducted a hearing on January 29, 2015 during which Caballero's prior counsel testified
and Caballero's new counsel extensively argued the reasons why Caballero wanted to
withdraw his plea. The trial court also postponed the hearing to accommodate Caballero's
No. 15AP-1132 7
last-minute request for the services of an interpreter. Thus, because the trial court gave
Caballero a full opportunity to be heard on his motion, the fourth factor weighs against
Caballero's motion.
5. Full and Fair Consideration of the Motion
{¶ 19} The fifth factor looks to whether the trial court fully and fairly considered
Caballero's motion to withdraw his guilty plea. After providing Caballero with a full
hearing, the trial court issued a written decision explaining its reasons for denying
Caballero's motion. The trial court noted that Caballero's primary reason for wanting to
withdraw his plea were alleged defenses to the crimes charged. The trial court then went
through each of those stated defenses and explained why those defenses lacked merit and
thus were not an appropriate basis to allow Caballero to withdraw his plea. After duly
considering Caballero's motion and conducting the appropriate balancing test, the trial
court concluded Caballero did not present a reasonable and legitimate basis for the
withdrawal of his plea. Thus, the fifth factor weighs against Caballero's motion.
6. Reasonable Time
{¶ 20} The sixth factor asks us to consider whether Caballero made his motion
within a reasonable time. As the trial court noted, Caballero waited two months after
entering his plea to file his motion to withdraw, and he filed his motion to withdraw on
the same day he was set for sentencing. The trial court also noted that Caballero's new
defenses, if true or meritorious, could have been raised at any time within the amount of
time that elapsed after the plea and before the sentencing date. A motion to withdraw a
guilty plea made on the day of the sentencing hearing is not made at a reasonable time.
Harris at ¶ 31. See also State v. Hassink, 7th Dist. No. 2000-CO-11 (Nov. 20, 2000)
(stating a motion to withdraw "filed contemporaneously with the appearance of new
counsel and immediately prior to sentencing seems to indicate" that the defendant "may
have been somewhat desperate in light of [the defendant's] sincere understanding as to
the penalties which may befall him on that day"). Thus, we agree with the trial court that
Caballero did not file his motion to withdraw within a reasonable time, and the sixth
factor weighs against Caballero's motion.
No. 15AP-1132 8
7. Specific Reasons for Withdrawal
{¶ 21} The seventh factor asks whether Caballero set forth in his motion specific
reasons for the withdrawal. In his initial motion to withdraw and his subsequent
supplement to his motion to withdraw, Caballero gave the same, specific reasons for
wanting to withdraw his plea: (1) his prior counsel did not advise him of all possible
defenses; (2) he may have possible defenses to the crimes charged; and (3) he did not fully
understand the consequences of his plea. We conclude these are specific reasons for
seeking withdrawal of his plea, and, even if his specific reasons ultimately lack merit, the
seventh factor nonetheless weighs in favor of Caballero's motion.
8. Whether Caballero Understood the Charges and Possible Penalties
{¶ 22} The eighth factor asks whether Caballero understood the nature of the
charges and the possible penalties. At the Crim.R. 11 hearing, the trial court asked
Caballero whether he understood that he would be entering a guilty plea to one count of
theft, and Caballero stated he understood. Caballero also stated he was entering his plea
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Caballero affirmatively stated he reads and
writes the English language. The trial court specifically advised Caballero of the
immigration consequences associated with entering a guilty plea, and Caballero stated he
understood those consequences and still wanted to move forward with entering a plea.
Additionally, the trial court explained to Caballero the joint recommendation as to
sentence, and Caballero stated he understood.
{¶ 23} Despite the extensive Crim.R. 11 hearing and Caballero's repeated
indications that he fully understood the proceedings and their consequences, at the first
scheduled hearing on his motion to withdraw, Caballero asserted for the first time in the
approximately 17-month history of the case that he may have difficulty understanding
English which would hinder his ability to fully comprehend the proceedings. However, at
the continued plea withdrawal hearing, Caballero's prior counsel testified that he talked
with Caballero in English on at least eight occasions and that it was his belief that
Caballero entered his plea knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. Caballero did not
present any witnesses at the plea withdrawal hearing to corroborate his claim that he did
not understand English. Having reviewed the record, we agree with the trial court that
No. 15AP-1132 9
Caballero understood the charges and possible penalties against him, and we conclude the
eighth factor weighs against Caballero's motion.
9. Possible Defenses to the Charges
{¶ 24} Under the ninth and final consideration, we look to whether Caballero had
possible defenses to the charges against him. Caballero presented the trial court with a
number of novel legal arguments in an attempt to suggest he had a defense to the crimes
charged. However, as the trial court correctly concluded, all of Caballero's arguments
lacked merit.
{¶ 25} Caballero first argues that although he acknowledges Ohio Adm.Code 5160-
15-03(B)(2)(e), the version of the administrative code in effect at the time of his hearing,
provides "[t]he individual must actually be transported in a wheel chair," he asserts he
always had a wheel chair in his vehicle, so he was technically in compliance with that
section of the code even if the patients were not seated in a wheel chair. As the trial court
noted, through this argument, Caballero admits he was not in compliance with the terms
of the provider agreement governing his relationship with the Ohio Department of Job
and Family Services as an independent provider of ambulette services. Alternatively,
Caballero argues it would be impossible to comply with former Ohio Adm.Code 5101:3-15-
03(B)(2)(e), renumbered as Ohio Adm.Code 5160-15-03(B)(2)(e), because a patient sits
on a wheel chair, not in a wheel chair, and thus it is possible the administrative code was
directing a patient to be transported inside the actual frame of the wheel chair rather than
seated on the designated seat portion of the chair. This argument relies on an implausible
interpretation of the administrative code. We agree with the trial court that in
considering a motion to withdraw a guilty plea, a court should not entertain a nonsensical
interpretation of a statute or rule in order to create a plausible defense for the defendant.
See State v. Tipton, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-743, 2010-Ohio-628, ¶ 11 (stating "[i]t is
axiomatic that the first rule of statutory interpretation is to give effect to the plain
meaning of the words employed in the statute" (internal quotation marks omitted)).
{¶ 26} Caballero additionally argues a possible defense on the basis that some of
the applicable Ohio Revised Code sections no longer exist. However, the portions of the
Ohio Administrative Code at issue in the charges against Caballero were in effect during
the time period of Caballero's conduct charged in the indictment. The code sections were
No. 15AP-1132 10
later renumbered on October 1, 2013 to coincide with the creation of the Ohio Department
of Medicaid which had previously performed its functions within the Ohio Department of
Job and Family Services. The renumbered administrative code sections are still in effect.
{¶ 27} We agree with the trial court that Caballero presented no new evidence or
new witnesses to support his claim of a defense to the charges. Because we agree with the
trial court that Caballero's alleged defenses to the charges are without merit or substance,
we conclude the ninth and final factor weighs against Caballero's motion.
{¶ 28} Balancing all nine factors, the overwhelming majority of the factors weigh
against Caballero's motion. Caballero stated his main reason for wanting to withdraw his
plea was that he had possible defenses, but those defenses lacked merit both legally and
factually. Caballero failed to demonstrate a reasonable and legitimate basis for
withdrawing his plea, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion
to withdraw. We overrule Caballero's first assignment of error.
IV. Second Assignment of Error – Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
{¶ 29} In his second assignment of error, Caballero argues the trial court abused its
discretion in denying his motion to withdraw because he asserts he received the
ineffective assistance of counsel when he entered his plea.
{¶ 30} A defendant seeking to withdraw his or her guilty plea based on ineffective
assistance of counsel must show that: (1) counsel's performance was deficient, and
(2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for the counsel's errors, the defendant would
not have agreed to plead guilty. State v. Hernandez, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-202, 2011-Ohio-
5407, ¶ 13, citing Xie at 524. Additionally, a defendant's guilty plea waives his or her right
to assert ineffective assistance of counsel unless the counsel's errors affected the knowing
and voluntary nature of the plea. Hernandez at ¶ 13, citing State v. Hill, 10th Dist. No.
10AP-634,
2011-Ohio-2869, ¶ 15, citing State v. Spates,
64 Ohio St.3d 269, 272 (1999).
{¶ 31} Caballero alleges his counsel was deficient in failing to advise him of all of
the possible defenses to the charges against him. As we explained in our resolution of
Caballero's first assignment of error, however, the additional defenses Caballero claims
his prior counsel did not explore are defenses that lack merit. We agree with the trial
court that Caballero's counsel at the time he entered his plea functioned as highly
competent counsel, extensively reviewing discovery and meeting with both the state and
No. 15AP-1132 11
Caballero on numerous occasions to negotiate a plea agreement. Caballero stated on the
record during the Crim.R. 11 hearing that he was satisfied with his counsel's legal advice
and recommendations. Thus, based on the record, we conclude Caballero has not
established that his counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and pursue all
possible, legitimate defenses. We overrule Caballero's second assignment of error.
V. Third Assignment of Error – Trial Court's Application of Law
{¶ 32} In its third and final assignment of error, Caballero argues the trial court
erroneously applied the legal standard for a post-sentence motion to withdraw a plea
rather than the standard for a pre-sentence motion to withdraw a plea.
{¶ 33} In our resolution of Caballero's first assignment of error, we outlined the
applicable standard for a pre-sentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea. The trial court,
on pages 2 and 3 of its decision and entry, set forth that standard and subsequently
applied the nine-part balancing test in a thorough, well-reasoned decision. Nonetheless,
Caballero argues the trial court's citation to State v. Powell, 10th Dist. No. 01AP-891
(Apr. 16, 2002) requires reversal of the trial court's decision because Caballero asserts
Powell involved a post-sentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea. Caballero is mistaken.
The procedural history outlined in Powell is clear that Powell filed a pre-sentence motion
to withdraw his guilty plea, and this court on appeal analyzed it as such. Id. at ¶ 2-3.
Thus, the trial court did not apply the wrong legal standard in denying Caballero's motion
to withdraw his guilty plea, and we overrule Caballero's third and final assignment of
error.
VI. Disposition
{¶ 34} Based on the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying Caballero's pre-sentence motion to withdraw his guilty plea, Caballero did not
receive the ineffective assistance of counsel, and the trial court did not apply the wrong
legal standard in denying Caballero's motion. Having overruled Caballero's three
assignments of error, we affirm the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common
Pleas.
Judgment affirmed.
TYACK and SADLER, JJ., concur.
