[Cite as Nnazor v. Cent. State Univ.,
2016-Ohio-8539.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
Reginald Nnazor, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, : No. 16AP-327
(Ct. of Cl. No. 2015-00202)
v. :
(REGULAR CALENDAR)
Central State University, :
Defendant-Appellee. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on December 30, 2016
On brief: Mowery, Youell & Galeano, Ltd., James S.
Mowery, Jr., and Merl H. Wayman, for appellant. Argued:
Merl H. Wayman.
On brief: Mike DeWine, Attorney General, and Velda K.
Hofacker, for appellee. Argued: Velda K. Hofacker.
APPEAL from Court of Claims of Ohio
LUPER SCHUSTER, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Reginald Nnazor, appeals from a decision and judgment
entry of the Court of Claims of Ohio granting the motion for summary judgment of
defendant-appellee, Central State University ("CSU"). For the following reasons, we
affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} On November 3, 2010, Juliette Bell, the Provost and Vice President for
Academic Affairs at CSU, sent an offer letter to Nnazor offering Nnazor the position of
Dean of the College of Education, effective January 3, 2011. The letter stated Nnazor's
salary would be $94,000 and that he would serve at the pleasure of the board of trustees.
Further, the letter stated that upon his acceptance of the offer, Bell would:
No. 16AP-327 2
refer [Nnazor] for a tenured faculty appointment as a full
professor of education. The faculty Collective Bargaining
Agreement governs faculty appointments, tenure and rank.
Pursuant to the Collective Bargaining Agreement, [Nnazor's]
faculty appointment will be based upon the recommendation
of the Department Chairperson in consultation with the
faculty of the Department.
(Pl.'s Ex. A at 1, Mar. 16, 2015 Compl.) The letter stated Nnazor would effectuate his
acceptance of the offer by signing the offer letter and returning it to Bell within seven
working days. Nnazor signed the offer letter on November 5, 2010.
{¶ 3} On December 3, 2010, Nnazor wrote a letter to Bell "formally and
respectfully" requesting CSU grant him tenure as a full professor of education. (Ex. 5,
Apr. 4, 2016 Pl.'s Memo. in Opp.) Nnazor then began his employment with CSU in the
position of Dean of the College of Education on January 3, 2011. Subsequently, on
February 25, 2011, the Board of Trustees of CSU approved Nnazor's request of tenure and
faculty status for the rank of professor of education "as part of [Nnazor's] appointment to
the position of Dean of the College of Education effective March 1, 2011." (Ex. 6, Pl's
Memo. in Opp.) The grant of tenure and faculty status did not require Nnazor to perform
any additional duties or responsibilities, and Nnazor did not serve as faculty or teach any
courses during the time he served as Dean.
{¶ 4} In May 2014, Charles Wesley Ford, Jr., the Provost and Vice President for
Academic Affairs of CSU asked Nnazor to resign his position as Dean of the College of
Education. Nnazor indicated he would submit a resignation letter but requested an
opportunity to discuss his adjusted salary and pay schedule. Nnazor then tendered a
resignation letter to CSU on May 30, 2014 which stated, in part, that Nnazor "would like
to resign [his] position as Dean of the College of Education effective June 30, 2014 to
assume active role as tenured Full Professor of Education effective July 1, 2014." (Ex. C,
Mar. 4, 2016 Def.'s Mot. for Summ. Jgmt.)
{¶ 5} After receipt of Nnazor's resignation letter, CSU issued a letter to Nnazor on
June 23, 2014 stating, in pertinent part:
We are pleased to reaffirm your tenured appointment as
Professor of Professional Education effective fall 2014. This is
a nine month appointment which begins on August 7, 2014.
No. 16AP-327 3
The base salary is $63,000. The university will pay you
$5,250.00 per month for July and August 2014. …
We know that our offer represents an important professional
decision for you. Please contact the Chair of the Professional
Education Department to clarify the department's
expectations and to discuss your professional activities, course
assignments, syllabi, textbook orders and office space.
… In addition to teaching and scholarship, we expect all
faculty to advise students, to participate in University
activities, and to be active in public service and other services
as discussed in the Collective Bargaining Agreement. Criteria
for reappointment, tenure, and promotion focus on all of
these elements.
…
Please accept this Offer of Appointment by signing below in
the space noted and returning a copy of this letter to [Ford]
within seven working days.
(Ex. D, Def.'s Mot. for Summ. Jgmt.) Pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement
between CSU and the American Association of University Professors, Central State
University Chapter, effective September 1, 2011 through August 31, 2014, the minimum
salary for the position of professor was $63,000.
{¶ 6} Nnazor did not sign the June 23, 2014 letter. However, Nnazor did begin
serving as a member of the faculty and was paid at the rate of $63,000 per calendar year.
Since that time, Nnazor has received salary increases in accordance with the collective
bargaining agreement.
{¶ 7} On March 16, 2015, Nnazor filed a complaint alleging CSU breached
Nnazor's contract of employment when it unilaterally reduced his salary from $94,000 to
$63,000. Nnazor also asserted a claim that the reduction in his pay violated his state and
federal constitutional rights. Initially, the trial court stayed the case and referred the
matter to mediation, which was ultimately unsuccessful. CSU filed a motion for judgment
on the pleadings on September 10, 2015, asserting both that the factual assertions in the
complaint did not support a claim for breach of contract and that the Court of Claims
lacked jurisdiction over claims alleging violations of constitutional rights. In a
No. 16AP-327 4
January 25, 2016 entry, the trial court granted CSU's motion in part and dismissed
Nnazor's claim for the alleged violation of constitutional rights.
{¶ 8} CSU then filed a motion for summary judgment on March 4, 2016 arguing
Nnazor's breach of contract claims fail because (1) Nnazor was an at-will employee when
he served as Dean of the College of Education, not a contract employee; (2) Nnazor
resigned his position as Dean of the College of Education so any alleged contract of
employment ceased to exist upon his resignation; (3) the reduction in salary, which
Nnazor claims to be the breach of his contract, occurred after the alleged contract ceased
to exist; and (4) Nnazor's employment as a faculty professor is pursuant to the collective
bargaining agreement, so the trial court lacks jurisdiction over the matter. After obtaining
leave of court, Nnazor filed a memorandum contra on April 4, 2016. CSU filed, on April 8,
2016, a motion for leave to file a supplemental memorandum in support of its motion for
summary judgment and the supplemental memorandum.
{¶ 9} In an April 20, 2016 decision, the trial court granted CSU leave to file the
supplemental memorandum. In that same decision, the trial court granted CSU's motion
for summary judgment, concluding Nnazor's breach of contract claim fails as a matter of
law because Nnazor cannot demonstrate he performed under a contract for his position as
Dean, that Nnazor failed to identify any contractual provision that CSU breached, and
that Nnazor did not present any evidence that an implied contract existed. The trial court
filed a judgment entry concurrently with its decision, granting summary judgment in
favor of CSU. Nnazor timely appeals.
II. Assignments of Error
{¶ 10} Nnazor assigns the following errors for our review:
[1.] The lower court erred by granting appellee's motion for
summary judgment and dismissing appellant's breach of
contract claim, upon finding that appellant cannot prove that
he performed under a contract as the Dean of the College of
Education and a tenured professor.
[2.] The lower court erred by granting appellee's motion for
summary judgment and dismissing appellant's breach of
contract claim, upon finding that appellant accepted
appellee's offer of employment as Professor of Professional
No. 16AP-327 5
Education, effective Fall 2014, at a base annual salary of
$63,000 even though he did not sign the offer letter.
[3.] The lower court erred by granting appellee's motion for
summary judgment and dismissing appellant's breach of
contract claim, upon finding that appellant's employment was
governed by the Collective Bargaining Agreement.
[4.] The lower court erred by granting appellee's motion for
summary judgment and dismissing appellant's breach of
contract claim upon finding it did not have jurisdiction to hear
appellant's breach of contract claim with regards to his 2014
letter of appointment.
III. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
{¶ 11} An appellate court reviews summary judgment under a de novo standard.
Coventry Twp. v. Ecker, 101 Ohio App.3d 38, 41 (9th Dist.1995); Koos v. Cent. Ohio
Cellular, Inc.,
94 Ohio App.3d 579, 588 (8th Dist.1994). Summary judgment is
appropriate only when the moving party demonstrates (1) no genuine issue of material
fact exists, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and
(3) reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to
the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that party being
entitled to have the evidence most strongly construed in its favor. Civ.R. 56(C); State ex
rel. Grady v. State Emp. Relations Bd.,
78 Ohio St.3d 181, 183 (1997).
{¶ 12} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), the moving party bears the initial burden of
informing the trial court of the basis for the motion and identifying those portions of the
record demonstrating the absence of a material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,
293 (1996). However, the moving party cannot discharge its initial burden under this rule
with a conclusory assertion that the nonmoving party has no evidence to prove its case;
the moving party must specifically point to evidence of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C)
affirmatively demonstrating that the nonmoving party has no evidence to support the
nonmoving party's claims. Id.; Vahila v. Hall,
77 Ohio St.3d 421, 429 (1997). Once the
moving party discharges its initial burden, summary judgment is appropriate if the
nonmoving party does not respond, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Civ.R. 56,
No. 16AP-327 6
with specific facts showing that a genuine issue exists for trial.
Dresher at 293;
Vahila at
430; Civ.R. 56(E).
{¶ 13} In his four assignments of error, Nnazor argues the trial court erred in
granting CSU's motion for summary judgment on Nnazor's claim for breach of contract.
To succeed on a claim of breach of contract, a plaintiff must demonstrate (1) the existence
of a contract, (2) plaintiff's performance, (3) defendant's breach, and (4) damages or loss
to the plaintiff. Thyssen Krupp Elevator Corp. v. Constr. Plus, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 09AP-
788, 2010-Ohio-1649, ¶ 13, citing Jarupan v. Hanna,
173 Ohio App.3d 284, 2007-Ohio-
5081, ¶ 18 (10th Dist.).
IV. First Assignment of Error – Existence of a Contract
{¶ 14} In his first assignment of error, Nnazor argues the trial court erred in
concluding Nnazor was not employed under a contract when he accepted the position of
Dean of the College of Education and received his tenure and faculty appointment.
Nnazor argues there remain genuine issues of material fact as to whether the November 3,
2010 offer letter constituted a contract of employment. In response, CSU argues Nnazor's
breach of contract claim fails as a matter of law because Nnazor served as an at-will
employee when he served as Dean of the College of Education, and, thus, there is no
contract.
{¶ 15} The Supreme Court of Ohio has delineated two exceptions to the
employment-at-will doctrine: "(1) the existence of implied or express contractual
provisions which alter the terms of discharge; and (2) the existence of promissory
estoppel where representations or promises have been made to an employee." Wright v.
Honda of Am. Mfg., Inc., 73 Ohio St.3d 571, 574 (1995), citing Mers v. Dispatch Printing
Co.,
19 Ohio St.3d 100, 104-05 (1985). Nnazor argues the November 3, 2010 offer letter
coupled with the February 25, 2011 letter confirming Nnazor's award of tenure and faculty
status collectively operate to establish either an express or implied contract of
employment.
{¶ 16} Here, it is irrelevant whether there was either an express or implied contract
of employment because Nnazor resigned his position as Dean of the College of Education,
evidenced by his May 30, 2014 letter. Thus, even if we were to somehow construe the
November 3, 2010 offer letter and CSU's subsequent conduct as a contract, Nnazor admits
No. 16AP-327 7
he ceased performing under that contract when he resigned. As we noted above, an
essential element to a breach of contract claim is the plaintiff's performance. Thyssen
Krupp Elevator Corp. at ¶ 13. Where an employee admittedly resigns his employment,
the employee cannot demonstrate his own performance and thus cannot establish a claim
for a breach of contract. Kunkle v. Akron Mgt. Corp., 9th Dist. No. 22511, 2005-Ohio-
5185, ¶ 20 (holding that where an employee submitted his resignation instead of refusing
to resign, absent any claims for duress or constructive discharge, the employee "cannot
prove that [the employer] breached any implied contract not to fire [the employee],
because [the employee] resigned" and the employer is entitled to summary judgment as a
matter of law). Because Nnazor resigned his position of Dean, CSU is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law in regard to Nnazor's claim of a breach of contract related to
his position of Dean. Accordingly, we overrule Nnazor's first assignment of error.
V. Second, Third, and Fourth Assignments of Error – Employment as
Professor
{¶ 17} Nnazor's second, third, and fourth assignments of error are interrelated and
we address them together. In his second assignment of error, Nnazor argues the trial
court erred in concluding Nnazor accepted CSU's offer of employment as professor at the
starting salary of $63,000 when he began performing as a professor. In his third
assignment of error, Nnazor asserts the trial court erred in concluding the collective
bargaining agreement covered Nnazor's breach of contract claim. In his fourth and final
assignment of error, Nnazor argues the trial court erred in concluding it lacked
jurisdiction to hear Nnazor's breach of contract claim with respect to his position as
professor. Instead, Nnazor argues there remain genuine issues of material fact as to
whether he agreed to the terms of his employment because he never signed the June 23,
2014 letter.
{¶ 18} The trial court concluded that Nnazor accepted CSU's offer of employment
when he began performance in the fall of 2014 despite his lack of signature. CSU does not
dispute that Nnazor did not sign the June 23, 2014 letter informing him of the $63,000
salary for his position of Professor of Professional Education. Nnazor characterizes the
June 23, 2014 letter not as an offer of employment but, instead, an offer to make a
contract to which Nnazor never assented. Nnazor points to his request to meet with the
No. 16AP-327 8
Provost or board of trustees to discuss adjustments to his salary once he resigned as Dean
and stayed on as a professor. As CSU notes, however, if Nnazor asserts the June 23, 2014
letter did not constitute a contract because of his refusal to sign it, then the letter cannot
form the basis of a breach of contract claim.
{¶ 19} To the extent Nnazor argues the November 3, 2010 offer letter detailing his
salary as Dean of the College of Education and CSU's subsequent conduct in granting
Nnazor tenure and faculty status should also be construed as a contract governing his
salary as a faculty professor, we agree with the trial court that the collective bargaining
agreement governs Nnazor's employment as a professor. Indeed, Nnazor admitted as
much in his complaint. The collective bargaining agreement in effect at the time that
Nnazor began performing his position of professor listed a minimum annual salary of
$63,000 for a professor, the exact amount CSU offered to, and subsequently paid to,
Nnazor.
{¶ 20} Finally, the trial court concluded that Nnazor's arguments related to loss of
seniority or years of service are issues governed by a collective bargaining agreement. We
agree. Portions of the collective bargaining agreement are part of the record in this case,
and the collective bargaining agreement covers minimum salaries in Article 33, salary
adjustments for years of service in Article 34, salary adjustments for promotion in Article
35, and the grievance and arbitration procedure in Article 47. Nnazor's claim that his
resignation of his position of Dean could negatively affect his seniority or years of service
falls squarely within the provisions of the collective bargaining agreement to which
Nnazor admits he is subject.
{¶ 21} Because Nnazor's claim of breach of contract stems from an alleged
violation of the collective bargaining agreement, we agree with the trial court that it lacked
jurisdiction to consider Nnazor's claims with regard to his June 23, 2014 letter of
appointment. As this court has held, "[t]he Court of Claims lacks jurisdiction over an
action which alleges a violation of a collective bargaining agreement because R.C. 4117.09
grants exclusive jurisdiction over such actions to the courts of common pleas." Crable v.
Ohio Dept. of Youth Servs., 10th Dist. No. 09AP-191, 2010-Ohio-788, ¶ 12, citing Moore v.
Youngstown State Univ.,
63 Ohio App.3d 238, 242 (10th Dist.1989).
No. 16AP-327 9
{¶ 22} For these reasons, we agree with the trial court that there remain no
genuine issues of material fact with regard to Nnazor's claim for breach of contract.
Accordingly, we overrule Nnazor's second, third, and fourth assignments of error.
VI. Disposition
{¶ 23} Based on the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err in granting CSU's
motion for summary judgment. Having overruled Nnazor's four assignments of error, we
affirm the decision and entry of the Court of Claims of Ohio.
Judgment affirmed.
DORRIAN, P.J., and BRUNNER, J., concur.
