[Cite as State v. Myer,
2017-Ohio-1047.]
COURT OF APPEALS
PERRY COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
JUDGES:
STATE OF OHIO : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J.
: Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
Plaintiff-Appellant : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
:
-vs- :
: Case No. 16-CA-00008
JAMIE L. MYER :
:
Defendant-Appellee : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal appeal from the Perry County
Court of Common Pleas, Case No.16-CR-
0007
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: March 22, 2017
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellant For Defendant-Appellee
JOSEPH FLAUTT MICHAEL DALSANTO
111 North High Street 33 W. Main Street
Box 569 Suite 106
New Lexington, OH 43764 Newark, OH 43055
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 2
Gwin, P.J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant the State of Ohio appeals the August 19, 2016 Judgment
Entry of the Perry County Court of Common Pleas granting defendant-appellee Jamie
Myer’s [“Myer”] motion to suppress.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} The facts leading to Myer’s initial arrest and incarceration on November 14,
2015 are set forth in the companion appeal State v. Myer, 5th Dist. Perry No. 16-CA-
0007. The state’s first assignment of error was addressed in that case.
{¶3} Myer was subsequently indicted in Perry County Court of Common Pleas,
Case No. 16-CR-0007 on February 19, 2016. That case is the subject of this appeal.
The state’s second assignment of error will be addressed in this appeal.
Perry County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 16-CR-0007.
{¶4} On December 8, 2015, Myer was detained in booking at the Perry County
Sheriff's Office. Myer asked if she could speak with Sergeant Briggs, the officer that had
arrested her on November 14, 2016. Sergeant Briggs moved Myer from the first floor of
the Sheriff's Office to the third floor interview room. The pair engaged in an unrecorded
conversation for several minutes about Myer becoming an informant. Myer was at all
times in the custody of the Sheriff in Perry County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 15-
CR-0005. Sergeant Briggs did not read Myer her Miranda warnings at that time. He also
did not tell Myer that she was free to leave.
{¶5} After approximately fifteen minutes, Sergeant Briggs left the interview room
to speak with Lieutenant Starrett. Lieutenant Starrett activated recording equipment
in the interview room at that time. (T. at. at 65). The recording of this interview was
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 3
admitted at the suppression hearing as Joint Exhibit 1. (T. at 2). No transcript was
prepared of the audio-recorded portion of the interview.
{¶6} The recorded portion of the interview began with Sergeant Briggs describing
a heroin overdose by T. D. Sergeant Briggs informs Myer that the overdose is "the one
that he can prove that you [Myer] were involved.” (See, Joint Exhibit 1, File
20151208_153716_PCSO_RM 140001 at 01:00, et seq). Sergeant Briggs then tells Myer
that he could trace another overdose back to her, the fatal overdose of A. M. Sergeant
Briggs told Myer that the heroin was a "bad batch" and that the "bad batch" had caused
A.M.’s overdose. (Id. at 01:50). They then discussed Myer's tolerance for heroin, and
the makeup of heroin verses Percocet. (Id. at 2:30, et seq). Early in the interview, Briggs
asked Myer if she “gave [T.D.] the heroin.” Myer confessed to selling T. D. heroin. (Id. at
3:40).
{¶7} The conversation turned to whether Myer or her boyfriend D. S. gave A.M.
a fatal dose of heroin on the night that she died,
[BRIGGS]: Let's just be honest here. Let's — let's get this out in the open.
I mean — if — if — if you had something to do with this or you know [D.S.]
had something to do with this, that's going to haunt you for the rest of your
life. You know that, right? You're never going to forget that, that's going to
eat at you and eat at you and eat at you. So let's just be honest. If you
know that [D.S.] gave her heroin, be honest. If you did it, be honest. And
that's the only thing that you can do. And if not, you're gonna live with that.
[MYER]: And then what?
[BRIGGS]: That I don't know. But -
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 4
[MYER]: I mean, I know I didn't give her anything. Because I told her,
I kept telling her not to — not to do anything.
[BRIGGS]: So, where'd she get heroin then?
[MYER]: I mean, she was with me and [D.S.] both, so —
[BRIGGS]; She was with you and [D.S.] both?
[MYER]: Yeah.
[BRIGGS]: Did you give her any heroin?
[MYER]: No.
[BRIGGS]: Did [D.S.] give her any heroin?
[MYER]: Not that I know of.
[BRIGGS]: Now why you gonna sit here and lie to me?
[MYER]: [Laughs]
[BRIGGS]: Have I ever lied to you?
[MYER]: No.
[BRIGGS]: Have I always been straight up and honest with you?
[MYER]: I've always been straight up and honest with you too.
[BRIGGS]: You lied to me during the traffic stop.
[MYER]: How?
[BRIGGS]: You denied having anything in the car.
[MYER]: No I didn't, I said it was in my purse.
[BRIGGS]: No, when I first asked you, you said there was nothing.
[MYER]: Oh, well, I don't even remember that.
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 5
[BRIGGS]: Have I always been straight up and honest with you? Have I
ever sugarcoated anything? Have I ever answered a question that I couldn't
answer or do I tell you I'm gonna look into it? I'm not gonna lie to you, I'm
not gonna bullshit ya. That's not my style. I'm very straight up and very
straightforward.
[MYER]: What are we facing with this? I mean —
[BRIGGS]: Well, depends on what exactly what your part was. I mean,
there's charges that are misdemeanors and there's charges that could be
felonies, I don't know. I'd have to know the exact details of what happened
and what took place. And then from there, I could let you know. But I mean
the investigation is going to ensue. It's going to happen. I mean, we're
gonna go hook [D.S.] up and talk to him, and we're gonna go talk to every
— we've already got statements from everybody surrounding [A.M.]. I mean
it's just - it's just a matter of time. I mean, I'm not — I'm not here for my
benefit. I'm here to show that you're going to cooperate. It's no skin off my
back, you know what I mean? I get paid the same amount whether you
cooperate —
[MYER]: Right.
[BRIGGS]: — or whether you lie to me. I'm not gonna get upset at you,
tip the table over. [Inaudible]. You know? But I'm here to give you your
amnesty hour. I'm here to give you that opportunity to be honest, to get that
off your chest and to help yourself out.
[MYER]: How are you going to help me?
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 6
[BRIGGS]: Well, cooperation always goes a long way.
[MYER]: I mean, I don't remember who — if anyone gave her anything.
[BRIGGS]: You do, because it's weighing on your chest heavy right now.
I can see it in your eyes. You want to tell me but you're afraid to tell me.
I've been doing this a long time, Jamie. I've interviewed a thousand people
from that chair. Honesty is your only saving grace here. I'm not here to
pass judgment, that's not my job, that's — that's for powers above me. But
I'm here to tell you, there's a reason why Catholics hold confession, to get
things off their chest. You know what I mean, I mean — I'm not — I'm not
gonna pry it out of ya, but I'm gonna give you an opportunity. It's like during
the traffic stop, I gave you an opportunity to be honest with me.
[MYER]: I told you everything. I mean, I gave you everything.
[BRIGGS]: Right, and I'm giving you that opportunity right now.
[MYER]: What is that gonna do for me?
[BRIGGS]: Without knowing the role that you played in that, I can't answer
that question. You tell me the role that you played, and I can have a little
more insight and let you know what charges would fit the bill. Right now, I
can only speculate, I mean, there's — there's — misdemeanor charges of
like reckless homicide and stuff like that and then there's involuntary
manslaughter which are felonies — which — depending on the
circumstances and, I mean, there's so many variables and laws, different
subsections, you know what I mean?
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 7
{¶8} Joint Exhibit 1, File 20151208_153716_PCSO_RM 1_00001 at 5:00 to
10:00 (emphasis added).
{¶9} Sergeant Briggs next describes the drug possession statutes to emphasize
the point that he cannot know with what Myer will be charged. (Id. at 10:00 — 11:30).
Shortly thereafter, Myer admitted to giving A.M. heroin the night before she died but
denied selling it to her. (Id. at 12:30).
{¶10} The interrogation continued as follows at approximately 13:20,
[BRIGGS]...You guys had heroin on you as you were users and sellers
both?
[MYER]: I don't — yeah.
[BRIGGS]: Basically, you sell heroin to support your heroin habit. [D.S.]
sells heroin to support his heroin habit. Is that correct?
[MYER:] Yeah, I never sold to anybody until I was with [D.S.]. Like, it
was all his people.
[BRIGGS]: Right, right, right. And I get that. So you guys were with [A.M.]
the night before, and I'm assuming that you guys had heroin on you.
[MYER]: (Affirmative response).
[BRIGGS]: Okay, did you give the heroin to Jamie, or did you use heroin
with Jamie?
[MYER]: [A.M.]
[BRIGGS]: Er - I'm sorry, [inaudible] [A.M.]. Did you give heroin to [A.M.],
or did you use heroin with [A.M.]?
[MYER]: I used heroin with [A.M.] the night that — the night before.
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 8
[BRIGGS]: Did [D.S.] use with her too?
[MYER]: I don't remember. We went to Walmart in Pickerington.
[BRIGGS]: You and...?
[MYER]: [A.M.].
[BRIGGS]: Anybody else go with you?
[MYER]: (Negative response).
[BRIGGS]: Did you go before or after you used the heroin? With her?
[MYER]: We went after.
[BRIGGS]: The one in Pickerington?
[MYER]: I don't know. I don't remember. That's just where we always
went.
[BRIGGS]: What time do you think you used with her?
[MYER]: That was — uh — I don't know. It was at night. It was like
maybe nine — it was after dark.
[BRIGGS]: Are we talking like....
[MYER]: Nine, ten o'clock probably. I mean she was fine when I
dropped her off. Because if anyone, anyone would have been with me and
OD'd I would call, I would call 9-1-1.
[BRIGGS]: Oh, absolutely.
[MYER]: I wouldn't fuckin' let somebody die.
[BRIGGS]: All right. Back to [T.D.] How many times did you sell to [T.D.]
total? Because he said he was [inaudible].
[MYER]: [D.S.] usually met him.
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 9
[BRIGGS]: Okay. How many times?
[MYER]: I don't know, quite a few.
[BRIGGS]: How many times did you meet him?
[MYER]: A few.
[BRIGGS]: When you would meet him, where would you meet him at?
[MYER]: Usually right down the road from [D.S.’s].
[BRIGGS]: [Inaudible]. Like at the [inaudible] tanks?
[MYER]: Mhmm.Yeah, there or by [inaudible] Road.
[BRIGGS]: Uh - how much did you usually sell him at a time?
[MYER]: Like a bag to three bags.
[BRIGGS]: So, a tenth to three tenths of a gram?
[MYER]: Well, if that. Like -
[BRIGGS]: You're pinchin' it, but —
[MYER]: I mean, if [D.S.] made them, they were small. (Laughter). I'm
just sayin'. 'Cuz he's really stingy with shit, even with me. And how the hell
would I even get him for trafficking. I mean, like, I would have to go get shit
off of my guy in Columbus, and bring it down here. You know what I mean?
[BRIGGS]: So?
[MYER]: Well, I'm saying that if you want me to do that that's how it
would have to happen.
[BRIGGS]: Okay. Uh — when is the last — the last time you met with
[T.D.], how much did he buy?
[MYER]: A bag. Twenty bucks.
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 10
[BRIGGS]: Twenty bucks a tenth?
[MYER]: Well yeah.
[BRIGGS]: That's fuckin' ridiculous!
[MYER]: What do you mean?
[BRIGGS]: It's ten dollars a tenth!
[MYER]: Maybe in Columbus, or California. California I could get, I
could pay ten dollars and I'd get heroin and coke together.
[BRIGGS]: Nice. Where did you meet him at when he bought that time,
do you remember, the last time?
[MYER]: Out on 668. Err — whatever. It goes to — um— Logan.
[BRIGGS]: Okay.
[MYER]: Is that where he lives?
[BRIGGS]: Just a second, he's calling' for me.
{¶11} Joint Exhibit 1, File 20151208_153716_PCSO_RM 1_00001, at 13:20 to
18:06 (emphasis added).
{¶12} At that point, Sergeant Briggs left for approximately thirteen minutes and
returned. Id at 18:06 to 31:33.
[BRIGGS]: My fancy notebook. All right, sorry about that. I forget where
we were at.... Oh, okay. Here's the thing. What? You got something to
say? You started talking.
[MYER]: So, if I were to get [D.S.] for trafficking, what would that...?
[BRIGGS]: Uhhh, we'll talk about that in a second. Basically, everything
I’m talking to you about, um, I actually — I just went and pulled [A.M.’s]
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 11
report from the night. It's all — I mean — family says that she left to go to
Walmart with you at around 11:00 and she was fine. I think that's all Kosher
to be honest with you. I mean, I have to look at the autopsy report and all
that stuff before I could make a determination, but —
[MYER]: Right.
[BRIGGS]: Everything you told me was accurate.
[MYER]: Yeah, I know.
[BRIGGS]: According to the report. So, um, here's the thing. I'm getting
into an investigation of other things. And, let's just be honest, we know
[Lieutenant] Starrett’s a dick. I'll admit it. So, what I'm gonna do is, I'm just
gonna, remember when I traffic stopped you I read you Miranda?
[MYER]: Yeah.
[BRIGGS]: I'm just gonna do that again. Then we're gonna talk about
this and, I just, I don't, I mean everything you said about [A.M.] was fine. I
mean, it all matched up, so, I mean, in the report it states that there were
two empty bottles of Klonopin in the dresser drawer, right by she was at and
stuff. So, what I'm gonna do is gonna go over and talk to — uh — Dr.
Wilson. Or I'm gonna have him pull it up [inaudible]. But, uh, I mean, if that
all checks out, I don't see any...
[MYER]: Yeah, I swear to you, that's everything.
[BRIGGS]: But what we're going to do is I'm going to read you Miranda,
just like I did the night of the traffic stop.
[MYER]: Why?
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 12
[BRIGGS]: Why what?
[MYER]: Why are you reading me my rights again?
[BRIGGS]: Because basically Starrett's bitchin' at me for talking without
reading Miranda.
[MYER]: Oh.
[BRIGGS]: I'm not gonna ask you anything different. I'm not gonna — I'm
still not gonna flip this table because it's heavy. I'm not gonna try to pressure
you into anything. [Inaudible] I’m going to ask you the same questions I've
already asked you, you can tell me to go pound sand, I really don't care.
But, it's just, I'm getting getting bitched at because I didn't read Miranda.
So, that's what it boils down to, I'm not going to lie. So, let's go over here
so you can read this with me. Same one I read you last time only a different
header than the one downstairs. These are what we have up here. We
don't have the Perry County ones up here. All right, before I ask you any
questions, you must first understand your rights. You have the right to
remain silent. Anything you say can and be [sic] used against you in a court
of law. You have a right to a lawyer and have one present with you while
being questioned. If you cannot afford to hire a lawyer, one will be
appointed to represent you before any questioning if you wish. If you decide
to answer questions now without a lawyer present, you still have the right
to stop answering questions at any time. You also have the right to stop
answering questions at any time until you talk to a lawyer. Do you
understand that? That being said, I'm not going to ask you any questions
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 13
about your traffic stop, okay? I'm not going to ask you to incriminate yourself
about the traffic stop I made and what was found. I am going to ask you
about [T.D.] and [A.M.] and that's it, that's all I'm gonna ask you about.
Because I don't want you incriminating yourself about the traffic stop.
[MYER]: Okay (laughing).
[BRIGGS]: That's me trying to be polite and courteous. I'm not gonna try
and hem you up on that. That traffic stop in my mind is done. I have nothing
more to say about that. Okay? Do you understand everything? I just need
you to, same as before, initial, read that, sign.
[MYER]: I'm trying to get a hold of my mom and dad before I leave here.
[BRIGGS]: Yeah, I'll let you make a phone call, I don't have a problem
with that.
[BRIGGS]: Read that out loud to me.
[MYER]: I have read this statement of my rights and I understand what
my rights are. I am willing to make a statement and answer questions. I do
not want a lawyer at this time. I understand and know what I am doing. No
promises or threats have been made to me and no pressure or coercion of
any kind has been used against me.
[BRIGGS]: Okay. Just sign and date it there.
[MYER]: But what if I want a lawyer present?
[BRIGGS]: Pardon me? Then I'll get up and walk out. I have no problem
doing that.
[MYER]: What's today's date?
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 14
[BRIGGS]: Twelve ... seven.., eight. Today is the eighth. I had to think.
Umm. If you don't want to talk, if you want a lawyer, by all means tell me
and well conclude the interview. Umm, like I said, I'm not gonna talk to you
about anything regarding your traffic stop or anything like that, same
questions I already asked you.
[MYER]: But you already know my answers. I mean,
[BRIGGS]: Right. I need to take better notes.
[MYER]: (Laughter)
[BRIGGS]: Look, I'm not a perfect cop, all right? I'm not. I make plenty
of mistakes. The other thing I want you to do is I want you to talk to Kevin
today.
[MYER]: You want me to talk to Kevin?
[BRIGGS]: I want you to talk to Kevin. And I want you to talk to Kevin
about everything. [T.D.] and [A.M.], [D.S.]. I need you to help you.
{¶13} Joint Exhibit 1, File 20151208_153716_PCSO_RM 1_00001 at 31:33 to
38:00 (emphasis added).
{¶14} After this, Myer continued to engage in an interview with Sergeant Briggs,
and later Lieutenant Starrett and Sergeant Briggs, covering the same topics with respect
to selling heroin, and also other drug transactions that she had engaged in during that
time.
{¶15} Myer filed a motion to suppress on June 14, 2016. The trial court held an
evidentiary hearing on July 7, 2016. By Judgment Entry filed August 19, 2016, the trial
court granted Myer’s motion to suppress.
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 15
{¶16} On August 23, 2016, the state filed a certifying statement as outlined in
Crim.R. 12(K). Accordingly, this Court has jurisdiction to entertain the state's appeal from
the trial court's decision to suppress evidence.
Assignment of Error
{¶17} As relevant to this case, the state has raised one assignment of error1,
{¶18} “II. THE TRIAL COURT IMPROPERLY SUPPRESSED THE ENTIRE
STATEMENT OF APPELLEE MADE ON DECEMBER 8, 2015.”
Law and Analysis
{¶19} Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law
and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 154-155,
2003-Ohio-5372,
797 N.E.2d
71, ¶ 8. When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of
fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate witness
credibility. See State v. Dunlap,
73 Ohio St.3d 308,314,
1995-Ohio-243,
652 N.E.2d 988;
State v. Fanning,
1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20,
437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). Accordingly, a reviewing
court must defer to the trial court's factual findings if competent, credible evidence exists
to support those findings. See
Burnside, supra; Dunlap, supra; State v. Long,
127 Ohio
App.3d 328, 332,
713 N.E.2d 1(4th Dist. 1998); State v. Medcalf,
111 Ohio App.3d 142,
675 N.E.2d 1268 (4th Dist. 1996). However, once this Court has accepted those facts as
true, it must independently determine as a matter of law whether the trial court met the
applicable legal standard. See
Burnside, supra, citing State v. McNamara,
124 Ohio
App.3d 706,
707 N.E.2d 539(4th Dist. 1997); See, generally, United States v. Arvizu, 534
1Myer was previously indicted in Perry County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 16-CR-0005 on
January 21, 2016. That case is the subject of the appeal in State v. Myer, 5th Dist. Perry No. 16-CA-0007.
The state’s first assignment of error will be addressed in that appeal.
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 16
U.S. 266,
122 S.Ct. 744,
151 L.Ed.2d 740(2002); Ornelas v. United States,
517 U.S. 690,
116 S.Ct. 1657,
134 L.Ed.2d 911(1996). That is, the application of the law to the trial
court's findings of fact is subject to a de novo standard of review
Ornelas, supra.
Moreover, due weight should be given “to inferences drawn from those facts by resident
judges and local law enforcement officers.”
Ornelas, supra at 698,
116 S.Ct. at 1663.
Miranda.
{¶20} The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that
“‘[n]o person … shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself,’
and that ‘the accused shall … have the Assistance of Counsel.’” (Ellipses sic.) Miranda
v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 442,
86 S.Ct. 1602,
16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966); Accord, State v.
Barker, ___ Ohio St.3d ___,
2016-Ohio-2708, ___N.E.2d ___ (Apr. 28, 2016), ¶21. The
inherently coercive nature of custodial interrogation heightens the risk that a suspect will
be denied the Fifth Amendment privilege not to be compelled to incriminate himself
because custodial interrogation can “ ‘undermine the individual’s will to resist and …
compel him to speak where he would not otherwise do so freely.’” (Ellipsis sic.) J.D.B.
v. North Carolina,
564 U.S. 261,
131 S.Ct. 2394, 2401,
180 L.Ed.2d 310 (2011), quoting
Miranda at 467, 86 S.Ct. 1602; Dickerson v. United States,
530 U.S. 428, 435,
120 S.Ct.
2326,
147 L.Ed.2d 405 (2000).
{¶21} In light of the inherent coercion involved in custodial interrogation, Miranda
established “a set of prophylactic measures” to safeguard the constitutional privilege
against self-incrimination. Id. In broad terms, Miranda held that the state may not use a
defendant’s statements from custodial interrogation “unless it demonstrates the use of
procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination.”
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 17
Miranda at 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602. Prior to questioning, the police must warn the suspect
“that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as
evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either
retained or appointed.”
Id. The Supreme Court recognized the importance of a suspect’s
“real understanding” of his rights and his intelligent decision whether to exercise them.
Id. at 469,
86 S.Ct. 1602; State v. Barker, ___ Ohio St.3d ___,
2016-Ohio-2708,
___N.E.2d ___, ¶22.
{¶22} Miranda conditioned the admissibility at trial of any custodial confession on
warning a suspect of his rights: failure to give the prescribed warnings and obtain a waiver
of rights before custodial questioning generally requires exclusion of any statements
obtained. Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600, 608,
124 S.Ct. 2601,
159 L.Ed.2d 643(2004).
{¶23} In the case at bar, Myer voluntarily contacted Sargent Briggs and requested
and opportunity to speak to him about becoming a confidential informant. The pair spoke
for a period of time before the recording device was activated. Myer was not advised of
her rights under Miranda prior to the unrecorded discussions. Nor did Sargent Briggs
advise Myer of her rights at the time the recording equipment was activated.
{¶24} The state argues that Myer’s statements to Sergeant Briggs were voluntarily
and further the statements were not made while she was being interrogated. The state
agrees that Myer was in custody.2
Interrogation requiring Miranda Warnings.
{¶25} “A suspect in police custody ‘must be warned prior to any questioning that
he has the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court
2 The state did not contest the issue of “custody” in the trial court or in its brief in this Court.
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 18
of law, that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford an
attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires.’” State v.
Lather, 110 Ohio St.3d 270, 2006–Ohio–4477, ¶ 6, quoting Miranda v. Arizona,
384 U.S.
436, 479 (1966).
{¶26} In Rhode Island v. Innis, the United States Supreme Court defined
“interrogation,”
We conclude that the Miranda safeguards come into play whenever
a person in custody is subjected to either express questioning or its
functional equivalent. That is to say, the term “interrogation” under Miranda
refers not only to express questioning, but also to any words or actions on
the part of the police (other than those normally attendant to arrest and
custody) that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an
incriminating response from the suspect. The latter portion of this definition
focuses primarily upon the perceptions of the suspect, rather than the intent
of the police. This focus reflects the fact that the Miranda safeguards were
designed to vest a suspect in custody with an added measure of protection
against coercive police practices, without regard to objective proof of the
underlying intent of the police. A practice that the police should know is
reasonably likely to evoke an incriminating response from a suspect thus
amounts to interrogation. But, since the police surely cannot be held
accountable for the unforeseeable results of their words or actions, the
definition of interrogation can extend only to words or actions on the part of
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 19
police officers that they should have known were reasonably likely to elicit
an incriminating response.
446 U.S. 291, 300-302,
100 S.Ct. 1682,
64 L.Ed.2d 297(1980 (footnotes omitted). The
Court further noted, “[a]ny knowledge the police may have had concerning the unusual
susceptibility of a defendant to a particular form of persuasion might be an important factor
in determining whether the police should have known that their words or actions were
reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect.”
446 U.S. 302,
100
S.Ct. 1682,
64 L.Ed.2d 297, n.8.
{¶27} In the case at bar, Myer sought to speak to the police in an attempt to garner
favorable treatment in her then pending drug case. Her request to speak to Sergeant
Briggs was not for the purpose of talking about that case or any other crime with which
she may have been involved. We further note that in this situation law enforcement hold
the keys to its own destiny; if the suspect is advised of his or her Miranda rights prior to
any discussions and a waiver is obtained, then admissibility of any incriminating
statements becomes a less Herculean task for the state.
{¶28} In the case at bar, Sergeant Briggs did not stop the questioning at the point
Myer began to incriminated herself; rather he began the interrogation accusing Myer of
involvement in the overdose deaths of A.M. and T.D. He continued to guide and
encourage her with pointed and leading questions directed to further implicating herself
in other crimes. When asked by Myer “what is that gonna do for me?” Briggs responded
“Without knowing what role you played in that, I can’t answer that question. You tell me
the role that you played, and I can have a little more insight and let you know what charges
would fit the bill.” Clearly this is contrary to the state’s assertion that “he still did not give
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 20
Miranda warnings because he [Briggs] was not interrogating [Myer] about her involvement
in crime.” (Appellant’s Brief at 9).
{¶29} Sergeant Briggs was acutely aware that Myer was seeking to cooperate to
garner favorable treatment in her pending drug case and he used that susceptibility to his
advantage.
Question First Warn Later.
{¶30} In Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600,
124 S.Ct. 2601,
159 L.Ed.2d
643(2004), the United States Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether the
technique of successive interrogations, the first before Miranda warnings and the other(s)
after, violated a defendant’s Miranda rights. In Seibert, the defendant was taken to the
police station for questioning after a fire at her home resulted in the death of one of the
residents. She was questioned about the incident without first being provided her Miranda
warnings and she made incriminating statements. The defendant was then issued her
Miranda warnings and was confronted with the statements she had made before she was
provided such warnings. The defendant then confirmed her previous statements.
{¶31} In Missouri v. Seibert, the United States Supreme Court was troubled by
the adherence to litigating the question of voluntariness where Miranda warnings were
not given until after law enforcement had obtained a confession,
There are those, of course, who preferred the old way of doing
things, giving no warnings and litigating the voluntariness of any statement
in nearly every instance. In the aftermath of Miranda, Congress even
passed a statute seeking to restore that old regime, 18 U.S.C. § 3501,
although the Act lay dormant for years until finally invoked and challenged
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 21
in Dickerson v. United States, supra. Dickerson reaffirmed Miranda and
held that its constitutional character prevailed against the statute.
542 U.S. 600, 609,
124 S.Ct. 2601,
159 L.Ed.2d 643(2004).
{¶32} The Court in Seibert court set forth the following test to determine the
effectiveness of the technique in any given case,
The threshold issue when interrogators question first and warn later
is thus whether it would be reasonable to find that in these circumstances
the warnings could function “effectively” as Miranda requires. Could the
warnings effectively advise the suspect that he had a real choice about
giving an admissible statement at that juncture? Could they reasonably
convey that he could choose to stop talking even if he had talked earlier?
For unless the warnings could place a suspect who has just been
interrogated in a position to make such an informed choice, there is no
practical justification for accepting the formal warnings as compliance with
Miranda, or for treating the second stage of interrogation as distinct from
the first, unwarned and inadmissible segment.
…
Thus, when Miranda warnings are inserted in the midst of
coordinated and continuing interrogation, they are likely to mislead and
“depriv[e] a defendant of knowledge essential to his ability to understand
the nature of his rights and the consequences of abandoning them.” Moran
v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 424,
106 S.Ct. 1135,
89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986). By
the same token, it would ordinarily be unrealistic to treat two spates of
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 22
integrated and proximately conducted questioning as independent
interrogations subject to independent evaluation simply because Miranda
warnings formally punctuate them in the middle.
542 U.S. at 611-612; 613-614,
124 S.Ct. 2601,
159 L.Ed.2d 643.
{¶33} As noted by the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Farris, 109 Ohio St.3d 519,
2006–Ohio–3255,
849 N.E.2d 985, “Seibert points out that in ‘question first’ scenarios
when the circumstances of the given case show that the Miranda warning could not
reasonably be found effective, the post warning statements are inadmissible because ‘the
earlier and later statements are realistically seen as parts of a single, unwarned sequence
of questioning.’ Id. at 612,
542 U.S. 600,
124 S.Ct. 2601,
159 L.Ed.2d 643, fn. 4.” Farris,
¶ 21.
{¶34} The United States Supreme Court, in Seibert, specifically held that the
following factors should be considered in determining whether Miranda warnings
delivered midstream could be effective enough to accomplish their object: “the
completeness and detail of the questions and answers in the first round of interrogation,
the overlapping content of the two statements, the timing and setting of the first and the
second, the continuity of police personnel, and the degree to which the interrogator’s
questions treated the second round as continuous with the first.” Id. at 615; Accord, State
v. Bonnell, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 07 CAA 01 0006,
2008-Ohio-28, ¶ 37.
{¶35} In the case at bar, before she was given her Miranda warnings Myer’s was
told that Sergeant Briggs had evidence that she was involved in the overdose deaths of
T.D. and A.M. Myer asked Briggs, “what are we facing with this?” Briggs intimated that
he would need more specific details about Myer’s involvement before he could tell her.
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 23
Briggs specifically asked about the details of the night A.M. died, whether Myer, D.S., or
both had given A.M. heroin. Briggs further directed Myer to details surrounding T.D.’s
death.
{¶36} We find, based on the foregoing, that the trial court was correct in granting
Myer’s motion to suppress the statements she made before and after she was
Mirandized. The statements were close in time to the statements Myer made prior to
being given Miranda warnings, were elicited by the same deputy and overlapped in
content with his earlier, pre-Miranda statements. The interrogations occurred in the police
station while Myer was in custody on pending drug charges. As noted by Myer the second
interrogation was treated as continuous with the initial interrogation is evidenced by the
fact that the Sergeant Briggs told Myer “I’m not gonna ask you anything different…. I am
going to ask you about T.D. and A.M. and that’s it, that’s all I’m gonna ask you about.
Because I don’t want you incriminating yourself about the traffic stop.” Briggs continually
asked her for more specific facts about her involvement in the deaths of A.M. and T.D.
Indisputably, he had to have been aware that Myer’s responses were reasonably likely to
elicit an incriminating response from the suspect.
{¶37} We find that the “mid-stream” Miranda warnings in this case were not
effective enough to accomplish their objectives and that the trial court, therefore, correctly
granted Myer’s Motion to Suppress her statements.
{¶38} The state’s second assignment of error is overruled.
Perry County, Case No. 16-CA-00008 24
{¶39} The judgment of the Perry County Court of Common Pleas is granted.
By Gwin, P.J.,
Hoffman, J., and
Baldwin, J., concur
