The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions
constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by
the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be
cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division.
Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion
should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.
SUMMARY
February 8, 2018
2018COA12
No. 14CA0144, People v. Trujillo — Criminal Law — Sentencing
— Probation — Indeterminate Sentence
A division of the court of appeals considers whether a
Colorado statute authorizes imposition of a sentence to an
indeterminate term of probation and whether the defendant was
entitled to the benefit of amendments to the statute criminalizing
theft. Relying on People v. Jenkins, 2013 COA 76,
305 P.3d 420,
the division concludes that section 18-1.3-202(1), C.R.S. 2017,
provides statutory authority for the imposition of an indeterminate
probation sentence. Following People v. Stellabotte,
2016 COA 106,
___ P.3d ___ (cert. granted Feb. 6, 2017), the majority further
concludes that the defendant is entitled to the benefit of
amendments to the theft statute. The partial dissent concludes
that the amendments to the theft statute do not apply retroactively,
and would therefore affirm the sentence in full.
Additionally, the division rejects the defendant’s contentions
that reversal is required due to the trial court’s rejection of
defense-tendered jury instructions, wrongfully admitted character
evidence, and prosecutorial misconduct. However, the division
remands for the trial court to make findings of fact concerning the
assessment of the costs of prosecution.
Accordingly, the division affirms the conviction, affirms the
sentence in part, vacates the sentence in part, and remands the
case with directions.
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2018COA12
Court of Appeals No. 14CA0144
Mesa County District Court No. 11CR447
Honorable Valerie J. Robison, Judge
The People of the State of Colorado,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Michael Floyd Trujillo,
Defendant-Appellant.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED, SENTENCE AFFIRMED IN PART AND
VACATED IN PART, AND CASE REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
Division I
Opinion by JUDGE TAUBMAN
Richman, J., concurs
Furman, J., concurs in part and dissents in part
Announced February 8, 2018
Cynthia H. Coffman, Attorney General, Joseph G. Michaels, Assistant Attorney
General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee
Douglas K. Wilson, Colorado State Public Defender, James S. Hardy, Deputy
State Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant
¶1 Defendant, Michael Floyd Trujillo, appeals his judgment of
conviction entered on a jury verdict finding him guilty of one count
of theft of more than $20,000 and one count of criminal mischief of
$20,000 or more. He also appeals his sentence. We perceive no
basis for reversing his convictions, but remand for the trial court to
make findings of fact regarding the assessment of the costs of
prosecution and to reclassify his theft conviction as a class 4 felony.
I. Background
¶2 In 2007, Trujillo began building a home, doing much of the
labor himself and initially using his own money to fund the project.
He later took out a construction loan from the victim, a bank, for
just under $255,000. After construction was completed on the
house, Trujillo stopped making his monthly loan payments. The
bank declined to restructure the loan and initiated foreclosure
proceedings in September 2010.
¶3 Before the foreclosure sale, Trujillo removed or destroyed
property in the house, including kitchen cabinets, countertops,
interior and exterior doors, doorjambs and casings, flooring,
baseboards, light fixtures, bathroom fixtures, the fireplace,
handrails, the boiler, the air conditioner, and the garage door.
1
Because of this damage, the house was appraised at $150,000;
however, the appraiser estimated that if the house were in good
repair, it would have been worth $320,000.
¶4 Trujillo was charged with defrauding a secured creditor, theft
of $20,000 or more, but less than $100,000, and criminal mischief
of $20,000 or more, but less than $100,000. The jury found him
not guilty of defrauding a secured creditor and guilty of theft and
criminal mischief.
¶5 On appeal, Trujillo raises six contentions: (1) the trial court
erred in rejecting defense-tendered jury instructions; (2) the trial
court erred in allowing evidence of a prior foreclosure against
Trujillo; (3) prosecutorial misconduct during direct examination of a
witness and closing rebuttal argument warrants reversal; (4) the
trial court imposed an illegal sentence of indeterminate probation;
(5) the trial court erred in awarding the People costs of prosecution;
and (6) an amendment to the theft statute applies to his conviction.
We perceive no basis for reversal with respect to the first four
contentions, but agree with Trujillo’s final two contentions. We
therefore affirm the convictions and the sentence in part but vacate
the sentence in part and remand with directions.
2
II. Jury Instructions
¶6 Trujillo asserts that the trial court erred in rejecting various
jury instructions regarding his theory of the case. We disagree.
A. Additional Facts
¶7 Throughout trial, the defense’s theory of the case was that
Trujillo lacked the requisite intent to commit the charged offenses
because he believed that the property he removed from the house
belonged to him. The defense tendered five jury instructions related
to this theory of the case.
¶8 Trujillo’s tendered jury instructions detailed property law
concepts. For example, the first tendered instruction stated that
“the person who has title to real property is still the owner of the
property even if there is a lien or secured interest on the property.”
Another tendered instruction defined “title,” “deed of trust,” and
“holder of a certificate of purchase[].” One instruction described the
lien theory detailed in section 38-35-117, C.R.S. 2017, and another
instructed that title to property “does not vest with the purchaser
until eight days after [a] foreclosure sale.”
¶9 The trial court declined to give these instructions as tendered.
However, portions of the defense-tendered instructions were
3
included in a final definitional jury instruction. The final
instructions defined “deed of trust” and stated that the title to
property is transferred to the holder of the certificate of purchase
eight days after a foreclosure sale. Though it rejected other
portions of the defense-tendered instructions, the trial court
permitted defense counsel to argue the issues raised in the
instructions during closing argument.
¶ 10 The defense also tendered an instruction which the trial court
modified and gave as a theory of the case instruction. That
instruction stated, “Trujillo contends that the items removed from
the home . . . were his; purchased by him and installed by him. . . .
Trujillo conten[d]s that the items that he took and damaged were
his sole property.”
B. Standard of Review
¶ 11 We review jury instructions de novo to determine whether, as
a whole, they accurately informed the jury of the governing law.
Riley v. People, 266 P.3d 1089, 1092-93 (Colo. 2011). If the jury
instructions properly inform the jury of the law, the district court
has “broad discretion to determine the form and style of jury
instructions.” Day v. Johnson,
255 P.3d 1064, 1067 (Colo. 2011).
4
Accordingly, we review a trial court’s decision concerning a
proposed jury instruction for an abuse of discretion and will not
disturb the ruling unless it is manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or
unfair. Id.
¶ 12 When a defendant objects to the trial court’s ruling on a jury
instruction, we review for nonconstitutional harmless error and will
thus affirm if “there is not a reasonable probability that the error
contributed to the defendant’s conviction.” People v. Garcia,
28
P.3d 340, 344 (Colo. 2001) (quoting Salcedo v. People,
999 P.2d
833, 841 (Colo. 2000)).
C. Applicable Law
¶ 13 “[A]n instruction embodying a defendant’s theory of the case
must be given by the trial court if the record contains any evidence
to support the theory.” People v. Nunez, 841 P.2d 261, 264 (Colo.
1992). Moreover, a trial court has “an affirmative obligation” to
work with counsel to correct a tendered theory of the case
instruction “or to incorporate the substance of such in an
instruction drafted by the court.”
Id. at 265; see also People v.
Tippett,
733 P.2d 1183, 1195 (Colo. 1987) (a trial court may refuse
to give an instruction already embodied in other instructions).
5
¶ 14 In considering whether a jury was adequately informed of a
defendant’s theory of the case, a reviewing court can take into
account whether defense counsel’s closing argument “fairly
represented” the theory to the jury. People v. Dore, 997 P.2d 1214,
1222 (Colo. App. 1999).
D. Analysis
¶ 15 Trujillo contends that the trial court abused its discretion in
rejecting the tendered instructions. We disagree.
¶ 16 Trujillo asserts that the tendered instructions were essential
because they communicated his theory of the case. However, the
trial court instructed the jury on his theory of the case in an
instruction that clearly stated that he believed the property he took
from the house was “his sole property.” To the extent that the trial
court had a duty to work with the defense in crafting a proper
theory of defense instruction, we conclude that the trial court
fulfilled that duty here by giving an alternative theory of the case
instruction that encompassed Trujillo’s tendered instructions. See
Nunez, 841 P.2d at 265 n.9. Moreover, the trial court specifically
stated that defense counsel would be allowed to incorporate the
6
property law concepts into her closing argument, which defense
counsel did.
¶ 17 Trujillo asserts that the instructions he tendered were
accurate statements of property law. In contrast, the People argue
that the instructions misstated the law as it applies in criminal
prosecutions for theft and criminal mischief. Because we conclude
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in drafting a theory
of defense instruction that encompassed the defense’s tendered
instructions, we do not address whether the rejected instructions
were accurate statements of the law.
¶ 18 The jury instructions, as a whole, “fairly and adequately
cover[ed] the issues presented.” People v. Pahl, 169 P.3d 169, 183
(Colo. App. 2006). Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in rejecting in part the defense-tendered jury
instructions.
III. Evidence of Prior Foreclosure
¶ 19 Trujillo next asserts that the trial court erred in allowing the
People to introduce evidence that another property of his had been
foreclosed. We disagree.
7
A. Additional Facts
¶ 20 Before trial, Trujillo filed a motion to exclude evidence of other
acts or res gestae evidence. Trujillo’s motion addressed several
categories of other acts evidence, including evidence related to any
“financial and/or legal problems” unrelated to the charged offenses.
During a motions hearing, the People stated that they did not
intend to introduce any other acts or res gestae evidence. In a
written ruling, the trial court granted Trujillo’s motion to exclude
evidence of his unrelated financial and legal problems “unless the
prosecution fe[lt] that the ‘door ha[d] been opened.’” The trial court
further ordered that, if the People felt Trujillo introduced evidence of
his other financial and legal problems, the People could request a
bench conference during trial.
¶ 21 On the first day of trial, defense counsel stated that she was
withdrawing her motion to exclude other acts evidence insofar as it
pertained to evidence of Trujillo’s bankruptcy proceedings. During
her opening statement, defense counsel then mentioned those
proceedings.
¶ 22 Later, the People called the bank’s former vice president as an
expert witness. During direct examination, the prosecutor asked
8
the witness why the bank had declined to restructure Trujillo’s
loan. The prosecutor also asked about Trujillo’s demeanor during
interactions with the bank. Trujillo objected. After a bench
conference, the trial court allowed the witness to testify on both
matters.
¶ 23 Specifically, the witness testified that, during a conversation
about restructuring the loan, Trujillo “seemed like he was very
upset.” The witness recalled, “He got into [that] he had a piece of
property that [another bank] had foreclosed on and it sounded like
they had sold it for what [Trujillo] believed was a lot less, leaving
him a large deficiency balance.”
¶ 24 During closing argument, the People alluded to the witness’s
testimony and referred several times to Trujillo’s general animosity
against banks.
B. Standard of Review
¶ 25 We review a trial court’s decision to admit other acts or res
gestae evidence for an abuse of discretion. People v. Jimenez, 217
P.3d 841, 846 (Colo. App. 2008). A court abuses its discretion if its
decision to admit such evidence is manifestly arbitrary,
unreasonable, or unfair.
Id.
9
¶ 26 We review a preserved claim of nonconstitutional error for
harmless error, reversing only if any error “substantially influenced
the verdict or affected the fairness of the trial proceedings.” Hagos
v. People, 2012 CO 63, ¶ 12,
288 P.3d 116, 119 (quoting Tevlin v.
People,
715 P.2d 338, 342 (Colo. 1986)).
C. Applicable Law
¶ 27 Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of
the action more probable or less probable than it would be without
the evidence.” CRE 401. Generally speaking, “[t]he Colorado Rules
of Evidence strongly favor the admission of relevant evidence.”
People v. Brown, 2014 COA 155M-2, ¶ 22,
360 P.3d 167, 172.
However, relevant evidence is nevertheless inadmissible when “its
probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury.” CRE
403. Similarly, evidence of “other crimes, wrongs, or acts” is
inadmissible to prove a person’s character “in order to show that he
acted in conformity therewith,” though it may be admissible for
other purposes, including proving intent. CRE 404(b).
10
¶ 28 “Res gestae is a theory of relevance which recognizes that
certain evidence is relevant because of its unique relationship to the
charged crime.” People v. Greenlee, 200 P.3d 363, 368 (Colo. 2009).
However, “there is no need to consider an alternative theory of
relevance, such as res gestae, where the evidence is admissible
under general rules of relevancy.”
Id.
D. Analysis
¶ 29 Trujillo contends that the evidence of the prior foreclosure
action portrayed him as a “serial defaulter” and was impermissible
under CRE 404(b) and 403. The People assert that the evidence
was admissible as “directly relevant” to Trujillo’s intent and motive.
In the alternative, the People argue that the evidence was res gestae
evidence. We agree with the People’s first argument that the
evidence was admissible under CRE 401, and was not barred by
CRE 403.1
1 During the bench conference, the trial court allowed the bank’s
former vice president to testify after conducting an abbreviated CRE
404(b) analysis that did not specifically address the four-factor test
set forth in People v. Spoto, 795 P.2d 1314, 1318 (Colo. 1990). The
trial court did not admit the evidence under the res gestae doctrine.
However, we can affirm a trial court’s evidentiary ruling on any
ground supported by the record, “even if that ground was not
11
¶ 30 The evidence of the prior foreclosure was probative of the
interactions between Trujillo and the bank — it made it more
probable that Trujillo had the requisite intent to commit theft. It
was therefore relevant under CRE 401. Further, the risk of unfair
prejudice did not substantially outweigh the probative value of the
evidence, especially where the prior foreclosure was referenced only
in passing and the details of that foreclosure were not revealed.
Thus, the evidence was not barred by CRE 403.
¶ 31 Because we conclude that the evidence of the prior foreclosure
was relevant under CRE 401 and admissible under CRE 403, we
need not address whether the evidence was res gestae evidence or
“other acts” evidence under CRE 404(b). See Greenlee, 200 P.3d at
368-69. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in
allowing the testimony concerning the prior foreclosure action.
IV. Prosecutorial Misconduct
¶ 32 Trujillo argues that the prosecutor improperly commented on
the district attorney’s screening process for bringing charges and
articulated or considered by the trial court.” People v. Phillips, 2012
COA 176, ¶ 63,
315 P.3d 136, 153.
12
Trujillo’s right not to testify, and improperly denigrated defense
counsel. We perceive no basis for reversal.
A. Additional Facts
¶ 33 During redirect examination of one of the People’s expert
witnesses, an attorney who worked at the bank, the prosecutor
asked whether the bank played a role in charging Trujillo. The
prosecutor asked if the witness himself made the decision to file a
criminal case, to which the witness replied, “No.” The prosecutor
then asked, “[W]ho is it, according to your understanding, that
makes those decisions on whether a case gets filed criminally?” The
witness responded, “A complaint’s made to a police department or
sheriff’s department and they make that decision in conjunction
with I believe you.” The prosecutor clarified that “you” meant the
district attorney’s office. The defense did not object.
¶ 34 During rebuttal closing argument, the prosecutor said,
Did you hear all that? [Defense counsel]’s
talking about all of this stuff, about what
Trujillo’s intent was. And then did you hear
her towards the end what she did? She says,
and correct – this part was correct of what she
said. My job is to prove intent, right. That is
my burden. And she’s absolutely right. The
Defendant has every right to remain silent,
13
and he exercised that right and that is
something that you cannot use against him.
But it is completely ridiculous for [defense
counsel] to get up here and say that [Trujillo]
didn’t testify to what his intent was and then
to go on and talk about what his intent
actually was. We don’t know what his intent
was because he never testified to that, which
he has every right to do. But did you hear
her? She’s up here saying his intent was this.
¶ 35 Trujillo objected on the basis that the prosecutor was
denigrating defense counsel. The trial court sustained the objection
as to the prosecutor’s tone, but overruled it as to content. The
prosecutor then argued, “[I]f you go out and run somebody over and
– and think that you had the right to do that, is that gonna be a
legitimate defense by saying, well, I thought I could do that. I didn’t
– nobody ever told me. Nobody put it in writing. When I bought my
car, in the instruction manual, nothing said that about that. That’s
preposterous.” Trujillo did not renew his objection.
B. Standard of Review
¶ 36 In reviewing alleged prosecutorial misconduct, an appellate
court engages in a two-step analysis. First, we determine whether
the prosecutor’s conduct was improper based on the totality of the
circumstances. Wend v. People, 235 P.3d 1089, 1096 (Colo. 2010).
14
Second, we determine whether any misconduct warrants reversal
under the proper standard of review. Id.
¶ 37 When the alleged misconduct is objected to at trial and is of
constitutional magnitude, we review for constitutional harmless
error.
Id. When the alleged misconduct is not of a constitutional
magnitude, and when the defense objected at trial, we subject the
prosecutorial misconduct to harmless error review.
Id. at 1097.
Such prosecutorial misconduct will be considered harmless
“whenever there is no reasonable probability that it contributed to
the defendant’s conviction.” Crider v. People,
186 P.3d 39, 42 (Colo.
2008). When the defense did not object to the misconduct, we
review for plain error. Wend,
235 P.3d at 1097-98.
C. Applicable Law
¶ 38 A prosecutor cannot comment on a “screening process” for
charging cases “because it both hints that additional evidence
supporting guilt exists and reveals the personal opinion of the
prosecutor.” Domingo-Gomez v. People, 125 P.3d 1043, 1052 (Colo.
2005). It is also improper for a prosecutor to make remarks “for the
obvious purpose of denigrating defense counsel.” People v. Jones,
832 P.2d 1036, 1038 (Colo. App. 1991). It is similarly improper for
15
a prosecutor to comment on a defendant’s decision not to testify.
Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 614 (1965); see also People v.
Martinez,
652 P.2d 174, 177 (Colo. App. 1981) (noting that a
prosecutor’s comment on a defendant’s silence constitutes
reversible error when “the prosecution argued that such silence
constituted an implied admission of guilt”).
¶ 39 Nevertheless, “[a] prosecutor is allowed considerable latitude
in responding to the argument made by opposing counsel.” People
v. Ramirez,
997 P.2d 1200, 1211 (Colo. App. 1999), aff’d,
43 P.3d
611 (Colo. 2001). Further, “[a]lthough it is improper for a
prosecutor to assert that opposing counsel knows that the
accused’s case is not meritorious,” the prosecutor may permissibly
argue “that the evidence in support of defendant’s innocence lacked
substance.” Id. at 1211; see also People v. Samson,
2012 COA 167,
¶ 31,
302 P.3d 311, 317 (stating that a prosecutor may permissibly
“comment on the absence of evidence to support a defendant’s
contentions”).
¶ 40 Appellate courts consider several factors in determining
whether prosecutorial misconduct was prejudicial, including the
nature of the error, the pervasiveness of the misconduct, the
16
context, and the overall strength of the evidence supporting the
conviction. People v. McBride, 228 P.3d 216, 225 (Colo. App. 2009);
see also Crider,
186 P.3d at 43. For example, a reviewing court may
consider whether proper jury instructions mitigated the prejudicial
effect of prosecutorial misconduct. See People v. Castillo,
2014 COA
140M, ¶ 78, ___ P.3d ___, ___ (concluding prosecutor’s
misstatements were harmless in light of instructions from the trial
court and the defense’s closing argument) (cert. granted in part Nov.
23, 2015).
D. Analysis
¶ 41 Trujillo contends that three instances of prosecutorial
misconduct require reversal. We disagree.
¶ 42 Trujillo first contends that the prosecutor improperly referred
to a screening process while examining the expert witness. We
perceive no prosecutorial misconduct. The prosecutor here did not
imply that he had engaged in a screening process to “weed out the
weaker cases and, implicitly, that the State d[id] not consider this a
weak case.” Domingo-Gomez, 125 P.3d at 1052 (concluding the
prosecutor’s comment that “it takes a lot more than somebody
saying that person did it” to bring charges was improper). Rather,
17
the prosecutor clarified that the bank did not bring criminal
charges and that the witness himself did not stand to gain as a
result of Trujillo’s conviction. The People assert, and we agree, that
the prosecutor’s question merely elicited testimony to establish that
the district attorney’s office was responsible for pursuing the
criminal charges against Trujillo.
¶ 43 Second, Trujillo asserts that the prosecutor impermissibly
commented on his decision not to testify. We disagree. Even if we
assume the comment on Trujillo’s decision not to testify was
improper, not every comment on a defendant’s choice not to testify
requires reversal. See Martinez, 652 P.2d at 177. “The determining
factor is whether the defendant’s silence was used by the
prosecution as a means of creating an inference of guilt,”
id., and
we conclude that the prosecutor’s comments here did not raise
such an inference.
¶ 44 Finally, Trujillo contends that the prosecutor impermissibly
denigrated defense counsel and the defense’s theory of the case
during rebuttal closing argument. We agree that the prosecutor
improperly denigrated defense counsel and the defense’s theory of
18
the case when he characterized her arguments as “completely
ridiculous” and “preposterous.”
¶ 45 However, we perceive no basis for reversal as a result of these
improper remarks. The comments were limited to the People’s
rebuttal closing argument. Moreover, significant evidence
corroborated the jury’s finding of guilt — specifically, the
undisputed evidence that Trujillo had removed an extensive amount
of property from the house. Viewing the record as a whole, we
cannot say that there was a “reasonable probability” that the
prosecutor’s remarks denigrating defense counsel contributed to
Trujillo’s convictions. See Crider, 186 P.3d at 42. Thus, we
determine the error was harmless.
¶ 46 In sum, though we agree that the prosecutor improperly
denigrated defense counsel, we perceive no basis for reversal.
V. Indeterminate Probation
¶ 47 Trujillo contends that the trial court did not have the statutory
authority to sentence him to indeterminate probation. We disagree.
A. Additional Facts
¶ 48 During the sentencing hearing, the People requested that
Trujillo be placed on a “long period of probation . . . somewhere in
19
the neighborhood of eight to ten years” because they anticipated
that Trujillo would be ordered to pay substantial restitution.2
Trujillo requested unsupervised probation with a collections
investigator monitoring his restitution payments.
¶ 49 The trial court imposed an “indefinite probation sentence”
because of the substantial restitution that Trujillo was expected to
owe. In imposing an indeterminate probation sentence, the trial
court stated, “There is case law that talks about whether
[indeterminate probation] is something that can or should be
imposed and it’s certainly something that is allowed regardless of
the type of conviction that has been entered.”
¶ 50 The mittimus states that the sentence imposed was a term of
probation for seven years to life.
B. Standard of Review
¶ 51 The People contend that we should not consider this claim
because a sentence to probation is not ordinarily subject to
2 The trial court ultimately ordered Trujillo to pay $171,421.97 in
restitution. Trujillo separately appealed that order, and a division
of this court affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for
reconsideration. People v. Trujillo, (Colo. App. No. 14CA2486, Oct.
5, 2017) (not published pursuant to C.A.R. 35(e)).
20
appellate review. However, “where, as here, a defendant contends
that ‘a court has exceeded its statutory authority’ in imposing a
probationary sentence, appellate review is warranted.” People v.
Jenkins, 2013 COA 76, ¶ 10,
305 P.3d 420, 423 (quoting People v.
Rossman,
140 P.3d 172, 174 (Colo. App. 2006)).
¶ 52 “We review sentencing decisions that are within the statutory
range for an abuse of discretion.” People v. Torrez,
2013 COA 37,
¶ 71,
316 P.3d 25, 37. However, where the defendant contends that
a court exceeded its statutory sentencing authority, our inquiry
involves statutory interpretation. Jenkins, ¶ 12,
305 P.3d at 423.
We review such issues of statutory interpretation de novo.
Id.
C. Applicable Law
¶ 53 Under section 18-1.3-202(1)(a), C.R.S. 2017, a trial court “may
grant the defendant probation for such period and upon such terms
and conditions as it deems best.” Further, “[t]he length of probation
shall be subject to the discretion of the court and may exceed the
maximum period of incarceration authorized for the classification of
the offense of which the defendant is convicted.” Id.
¶ 54 In Jenkins, a division of this court concluded that section 18-
1.3-202(1) “authorizes a trial court to impose an indeterminate term
21
of probation.” Jenkins, ¶ 38, 305 P.3d at 426. The Jenkins division
bolstered its conclusion by looking to the plain language of the
statute — which the division noted “contemplate[s] both
determinate and indeterminate terms of probation” — and to the
provision’s legislative history. Id. at ¶¶ 40, 42, 46,
305 P.3d at 426-
28. Finally, the division noted that section 18-1.3-202(1) “generally
pertains to a broad class of cases, and it simply allows a trial court
to elect an indeterminate term if it sentences an offender who has
been convicted of a felony to probation.” Id. at ¶ 50,
305 P.3d at
428 (upholding probationary sentence of ten years to life); see also
People v. Martinez,
844 P.2d 1203, 1206 (Colo. App. 1992)
(concluding that a trial court has authority to impose a term of
probation that exceeds the sentence to imprisonment in the
statutory aggravated range for an offense).
D. Analysis
¶ 55 Trujillo asserts that the trial court exceeded its statutory
authority in imposing an indeterminate probationary sentence. We
disagree.
¶ 56 Like the Jenkins division, we conclude that section 18-1.3-
202(1) gives a trial court the authority to sentence a defendant
22
convicted of a felony to an indefinite probationary period. Trujillo
urges that the statute limits a trial court’s authority to impose an
indeterminate probation sentence. Under Trujillo’s logic, a sentence
to probation for 100 years is permissible, but an indeterminate
probation sentence is outside the trial court’s statutory authority.
The statute offers no basis for reaching this conclusion.
¶ 57 Trujillo asserts that Jenkins is distinguishable because that
case concerned whether a defendant convicted of a sex offense not
falling under the supervision scheme of the Colorado Sex Offender
Lifetime Supervision Act of 1998 (SOLSA), see §§ 18-1.3-1001
to -1012, C.R.S. 2017, could nevertheless be sentenced to
indeterminate probation. Jenkins, ¶ 1, 305 P.3d at 422. Trujillo
contends that Jenkins was limited to the particular circumstances
of that case, and does not widely apply to all offenses and
defendants. However, the Jenkins division made clear that section
18-1.3-202(1) “establishes a general rule as far as the possibility of
an indeterminate probationary term for felonies” and “authorizes a
trial court to impose an indeterminate term of probation.” Id. at
¶¶ 38, 50,
305 P.3d at 426, 428. In fact, Jenkins explicitly rejected
the argument that a sentence of indeterminate probation could be
23
imposed only in sex offense cases subject to SOLSA. Id. at ¶¶ 49-
50,
305 P.3d at 428. Thus, Trujillo’s argument that Jenkins is
limited to sex offenses is unavailing.
¶ 58 In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not exceed its
statutory authority in imposing the probation sentence here.
VI. Costs of Prosecution
¶ 59 Trujillo next asserts that the trial court erred in awarding the
full costs of prosecution requested by the People without making a
finding on whether any portion of the costs was attributable to the
charge on which he was acquitted. We agree.
A. Additional Facts
¶ 60 Before sentencing, the People moved for reimbursement of the
costs of prosecution pursuant to section 18-1.3-701, C.R.S. 2017.
The People requested $768.70. Trujillo opposed the motion on the
basis that the People bore responsibility for the costs incurred to
prove the defrauding a secured creditor charge, of which Trujillo
was acquitted.
¶ 61 During the sentencing hearing, the trial court awarded the
requested costs of prosecution, ordering Trujillo to pay $768.70.
24
B. Standard of Review
¶ 62 The trial court, in its discretion, may assess reasonable and
necessary costs of prosecution against a convicted defendant. See
§ 18-1.3-701(2)(j.5). Thus, we review an assessment of costs of
prosecution for an abuse of discretion, reversing if the trial court’s
determination is manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair,
People v. Palomo, 272 P.3d 1106, 1110 (Colo. App. 2011), or if the
trial court misapplied the law, People v. Jefferson,
2017 CO 35,
¶ 25,
393 P.3d 493, 499.
C. Applicable Law
¶ 63 Under section 16-18-101(1), C.R.S. 2017, the state bears the
costs of prosecution when a defendant is acquitted. Such costs
may include witness fees, mileage, lodging expenses, transportation
costs, and other reasonable and necessary costs that directly result
from prosecuting the defendant. § 18-1.3-701(2); see also People v.
Sinovcic, 2013 COA 38, ¶¶ 15-16,
304 P.3d 1176, 1179. If a
defendant is convicted of fewer than all of the charged counts, the
court may assess only those costs attributable to the counts for
which the defendant was convicted, if an allocation is practicable.
Palomo,
272 P.3d at 1112.
25
D. Analysis
¶ 64 Trujillo asserts that the trial court erred in not making a
finding as to whether some portion of the requested costs of
prosecution were allocable to the acquitted charge. We agree.
¶ 65 As Trujillo concedes, it is possible that the costs cannot be
allocated between the charge on which he was acquitted and the
two charges on which he was convicted. However, the trial court
did not find that such an allocation was impracticable. Because the
trial court was required to consider whether some portion of the
requested costs was practicably attributable to the acquitted
charge, the trial court abused its discretion. See DeBella v. People,
233 P.3d 664, 667 (Colo. 2010) (failure to exercise discretion
constitutes an abuse of the court’s discretion).
¶ 66 Accordingly, we vacate the order awarding the People costs of
prosecution and remand for the trial court to make appropriate
findings of fact and “assess only those costs that are related to the
prosecution of the . . . counts of which [Trujillo] was convicted, to
the extent an allocation is practicable.” Palomo,
272 P.3d at 1113.
26
VII. Amendment to Theft Statute
¶ 67 Trujillo contends that he should have benefited from an
amendment to the theft statute reclassifying theft between $20,000
and $100,000 as a class 4 felony. We agree.
A. Additional Facts
¶ 68 The General Assembly amended the theft statute on June 5,
2013. See Ch. 373, sec. 1, § 18-4-401, 2013 Colo. Sess. Laws
2196. Under the amended statute, theft between $20,000 and
$100,000 constitutes a class 4 felony. See § 18-4-401(2)(h), C.R.S.
2017. Prior to the amendment, theft over $20,000 constituted a
class 3 felony. § 18-4-401(2)(d), C.R.S. 2011.
¶ 69 Trujillo was charged with theft of $20,000 or more in April
2011. He was convicted in October 2013 and sentenced in
December 2013. His theft conviction was recorded on the mittimus
as a class 3 felony.
B. Standard of Review
¶ 70 The People assert that, because Trujillo did not make this
argument before the trial court, we should review only for plain
error. However, the division in People v. Stellabotte rejected this
argument. 2016 COA 106, ¶ 42, ___ P.3d ___, ___ (noting that plain
27
error review was inappropriate because “a defendant may raise a
claim at any time that his or her sentence was not authorized by
law”) (cert. granted Feb. 6, 2017). Following Stellabotte, we review
the legality of the sentence de novo. Id. at ¶ 4, ___ P.3d at ___.
C. Applicable Law
¶ 71 In determining whether to apply amendments to legislation,
we first look to the plain language of the statute. People v.
Summers, 208 P.3d 251, 253-54 (Colo. 2009). If a statute explicitly
states that it applies only to offenses committed after the effective
date, it must be applied accordingly. See People v. McCoy,
764 P.2d
1171, 1174 (Colo. 1988).
¶ 72 As a general rule, “[a] statute is presumed to be prospective in
its operation.” § 2-4-202, C.R.S. 2017. However, if a statute is
silent as to whether it applies only prospectively, a defendant may
seek retroactive application if he or she benefits from a significant
change in the law. § 18-1-410(1)(f)(I), C.R.S. 2017; see also People
v. Thornton,
187 Colo. 202, 203,
529 P.2d 628, 628 (1974) (allowing
defendant to seek relief on direct appeal under statute).
¶ 73 In Stellabotte, a division of this court concluded that the
amendatory theft legislation “applies retroactively to cases pending
28
in the trial court when the amendment was enacted.” Stellabotte,
¶ 45, ___ P.3d at ___; People v. Patton, 2016 COA 187, ¶ 32, ___ P.3d
___, ___; see also People v. Patton, (Colo. App. No. 14CA2359, Aug.
11, 2016) (not published pursuant to C.A.R. 35(e)) (cert. granted
Feb. 6, 2017).
D. Analysis
¶ 74 Trujillo contends that the amendment to the theft statute
requires that we vacate his sentence and remand for the trial court
to enter his theft conviction as a class 4 felony. We agree.
¶ 75 As the division noted in Stellabotte, the theft amendment does
not explicitly state that it is either retroactive or prospective.
Stellabotte, ¶ 45, ___ P.3d at ___. In the face of this legislative
silence, the division held that a defendant who committed theft
prior to the statutory amendment but was not convicted until after
its passage was entitled to the benefit retroactively. See id. at
¶¶ 39, 45, ___ P.3d at ___. The same is true here.
¶ 76 Trujillo was charged with theft before the statute was
amended, but was not convicted or sentenced until after the
General Assembly lowered the classification for theft between
29
$20,000 and $100,000.3 Thus, like the defendant in Stellabotte,
Trujillo is entitled to the benefit of the amendment. As a result, we
vacate the sentence for the theft conviction and remand for the
conviction to be entered as a class 4 felony.
¶ 77 The partial dissent looks to several statutory provisions in
support of its conclusion that Trujillo is not entitled to the benefit of
the amendatory legislation. First, the partial dissent cites section
2-4-202, which states the general presumption that statutes apply
prospectively. However, as the division noted in Stellabotte, section
18-1-410 is a specific exception to the general rule expressed in
section 2-4-202. Stellabotte, ¶ 47 n.4, ___ P.3d at ___ n.4. We
agree with that analysis. Thus, the general presumption that
statutes apply prospectively does not apply here where Trujillo
seeks the benefit of a “significant change in the law, . . . allowing in
3 Trujillo asserts that the theft was between $20,000 and $100,000
based on testimony from trial. The People do not contest the value
of the stolen property in this case. We therefore assume that
Trujillo’s offense properly fell within the value range set forth in
section 18-4-401(2)(h), C.R.S. 2017.
30
the interests of justice retroactive application of the changed legal
standard.”4 § 18-1-410(1)(f)(I).
¶ 78 The partial dissent also invokes section 2-4-303, C.R.S. 2017,
in support of its conclusion. Section 2-4-303 states:
The repeal, revision, amendment, or
consolidation of any statute or part of a statute
or section or part of a section of any statute
shall not have the effect to release, extinguish,
alter, modify, or change in whole or in part any
penalty, forfeiture, or liability, either civil or
criminal, which shall have been incurred
under such statute, unless the repealing,
revising, amending, or consolidating act so
expressly provides.
¶ 79 However, the supreme court has noted that the “general
saving” provision codified in this statute is not applicable to
criminal cases; instead, the court noted in dictum that it “has
4 The partial dissent also asserts that section 18-1-410(1)(f)(I),
C.R.S. 2017, does not provide any relief to Trujillo because that
provision requires that “there has been significant change in the
law, applied to the [defendant’s] conviction or sentence.” The
partial dissent asserts that the phrase “applied to” requires that the
legislation expressly state that it applies retroactively. We disagree
with that interpretation, and believe that our view finds authority in
supreme court case law. See People v. Thomas, 185 Colo. 395, 397,
525 P.2d 1136, 1137 (1974) (noting that “[t]he legislature intended
the changed legal standards to apply wherever constitutionally
permissible” but making no mention of whether the amendatory
legislation reclassifying attempted second degree burglary explicitly
stated that it applied retroactively).
31
consistently adhered to the principle . . . that a defendant is entitled
to the benefits of amendatory legislation when relief is sought before
finality has attached to the judgment of conviction.” Noe v. Dolan,
197 Colo. 32, 36 n.3,
589 P.2d 483, 486 n.3 (1979).
¶ 80 In People v. Boyd, a division of the court of appeals concluded
that section 2-4-303 did not prevent the retroactive effect of an
amendatory constitutional provision.
2015 COA 109, ¶ 27,
395
P.3d 1128, 1134, aff’d,
2017 CO 2,
387 P.3d 755.5 The division
noted the supreme court’s language in Noe. Id. at ¶ 28,
395 P.3d at
1134. To the extent that other supreme court cases included
contrary statements, the Boyd division concluded that such
statements were dicta and that the supreme court had not
overruled or disapproved of either Noe or People v. Thomas,
185
Colo. 395, 398,
525 P.2d 1136, 1138 (1974) (holding that
“amendatory legislation mitigating the penalties for crimes should
be applied to any case which has not received final judgment”).
5 The supreme court in Boyd affirmed the Court of Appeals decision
on different grounds, concluding that the marijuana criminal
offense statute had been rendered inoperative by Amendment 64.
Neither the majority nor the dissent in Boyd cited section 2-4-303,
C.R.S. 2017.
32
Boyd, ¶¶ 29-30, 395 P.3d at 1134-35. Finally, the Boyd division
concluded that section 18-1-410(1)(f)(I) controls over section 2-4-
303 because the former sets forth a specific exception to the latter,
which codifies a “general rule[] of construction regarding
prospective effect for amendatory legislation.” Id. at ¶¶ 31-32,
395
P.3d at 1135. We agree with the Boyd division’s analysis and
therefore do not perceive section 2-4-303 as a bar to the relief
Trujillo seeks.
¶ 81 In making its statutory arguments, the partial dissent relies
on the plain meaning of both section 2-4-303 and section 18-1-
410(1)(f)(I). However, as discussed, the supreme court has not
given either provision its plain meaning. Despite express reference
in section 2-4-303 to civil and criminal penalties, the supreme court
has indicated that the provision does not apply to criminal cases.
Noe,
197 Colo. at 36 n.3,
589 P.2d at 486 n.3. Similarly, while
section 18-1-410(1)(f)(I) by its express terms applies to defendants
seeking postconviction relief, the supreme court has held that the
statute also extends to defendants seeking relief on direct appeal.
Thornton,
187 Colo. at 203,
529 P.2d at 628. In light of the
33
supreme court’s interpretation of these statutes, we cannot give
them the meanings that the partial dissent ascribes to them.
¶ 82 Finally, the partial dissent also relies on Riley v. People, in
which the supreme court noted that it has “emphasized that a
defendant is not entitled to the ameliorative effects of amendatory
legislation if the General Assembly has not clearly indicated its
intent to require such retroactive application.” 828 P.2d 254, 258
(Colo. 1992). However, we do not consider this statement to have
the controlling effect the partial dissent gives it. In Riley, the
defendant committed a crime in April 1988 and sought relief under
two sentencing provisions that expressly stated they applied to acts
“committed on or after” July 1, 1988.
Id. at 255-56. The Riley
court held the defendant there was not entitled to relief because
applying the statutes retroactively would require the court to ignore
the “clear legislative determination” that the amended sentencing
provisions would apply only to acts after that date.
Id. at 257.
¶ 83 Thus, Riley is readily distinguishable from the present case,
where the amendments to the theft statute do not expressly provide
an effective date, and the language relied on by the partial dissent is
dicta. Accord McCoy,
764 P.2d at 1174 (noting that, where
34
legislation expressly stated it applied to acts committed on or after
its effective date, a “defendant does not receive any ameliorative
benefit” because “retroactive application of the amendatory
legislation is clearly not intended by its own terms”); People v.
Macias, 631 P.2d 584, 587 (Colo. 1981) (same).
¶ 84 Thus, we conclude, in accordance with Stellabotte, that Trujillo
should receive the benefit of the amendment to the theft statute
reclassifying theft between $20,000 and $100,000 as a class 4
felony. See Stellabotte, ¶ 40, ___ P.3d at ___.
VIII. Conclusion
¶ 85 Accordingly, the judgment of conviction is affirmed. The
sentence is affirmed in part and vacated in part, and the case is
remanded for further proceedings consistent with the views
expressed in this opinion.
JUDGE RICHMAN concurs.
JUDGE FURMAN concurs in part and dissents in part.
35
JUDGE FURMAN, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
¶ 86 I respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion only as to the
effect of the 2013 amendments to the theft statute. I conclude that
the 2013 amendments to the theft statute do not apply retroactively
to Trujillo’s case. I reach this conclusion for several reasons.
¶ 87 First, the General Assembly has made it clear that a “statute is
presumed to be prospective in its operation.” § 2-4-202, C.R.S.
2017. The 2013 amendments to the theft statute are silent as to
whether they apply prospectively or retroactively. Therefore, I
presume that the 2013 amendments are prospective in operation
and do not apply to Trujillo’s offense, which occurred before 2013.
See id.
¶ 88 Second, an amendment to a criminal statute does not change
the penalty for crimes already committed under the statute unless
the amendatory legislation expressly provides for such a change.
See § 2-4-303, C.R.S. 2017. Section 2-4-303 provides, in relevant
part:
The . . . amendment . . . of any statute or part
of a statute . . . shall not have the effect to
release, extinguish, alter, modify, or change in
whole or in part any penalty, forfeiture, or
liability, either civil or criminal, which shall
36
have been incurred under such statute, unless
the . . . amending . . . act so expressly
provides, and such statute or part of a statute
. . . so . . . amended . . . shall be treated and
held as still remaining in force for the purpose
of sustaining any and all proper actions, suits,
proceedings, and prosecutions, criminal as
well as civil, for the enforcement of such
penalty, forfeiture, or liability, as well as for
the purpose of sustaining any judgment,
decree, or order which can or may be rendered,
entered, or made in such actions, suits,
proceedings, or prosecutions imposing,
inflicting, or declaring such penalty, forfeiture,
or liability.
Because the 2013 amendments to the theft statute do not expressly
provide that they apply retroactively, and Trujillo committed his
crime before 2013, he is liable for theft as it was defined when he
committed the offense. See id.
¶ 89 Third, in Riley v. People, 828 P.2d 254, 258 (Colo. 1992), our
supreme court “emphasized that a defendant is not entitled to the
ameliorative effects of amendatory legislation if the General
Assembly has not clearly indicated its intent to require such
retroactive application.”
Id. I consider this statement by the
supreme court about its own jurisprudence on this issue to be
controlling.
37
¶ 90 Fourth, section 18-1-410(1)(f)(I), C.R.S. 2017, does not allow
Trujillo, on direct appeal, to seek retroactive application of the 2013
amendments to his case. Section 18-1-410(1)(f)(I) allows a
defendant to seek retroactive application of a “significant change in
the law, applied to” a defendant’s “conviction or sentence.” I believe
that the phrase “applied to” reflects the General Assembly’s intent
that, for amendatory legislation to apply retroactively to a
defendant’s conviction or sentence, the legislation must state that it
applies retroactively. Thus, because, as noted, the 2013
amendments do not state that they apply retroactively to Trujillo’s
conviction and sentence, he may not seek retroactive application
under section 18-1-410(1)(f)(I).
¶ 91 Finally, and with all due respect, I decline to follow People v.
Stellabotte, 2016 COA 106 (cert. granted Feb. 6, 2017). Indeed, I
agree with Judge Dailey’s dissent in Stellabotte. See id. at ¶¶ 62-70
(Dailey, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
38
