J-S61042-19
2019 PA Super 358
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DAVON MARKIEM WRIGHT :
:
Appellant : No. 2991 EDA 2018
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered June 7, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-51-CR-0001903-2017
BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
OPINION BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED DECEMBER 19, 2019
Appellant, Davon Markiem Wright, appeals from the judgment of
sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
following his conviction by a jury on the charges of possession of firearm
prohibited, firearms not to be carried without a license, carrying firearms in
public in Philadelphia, and unlawful body armor.1 After a careful review, we
affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows: Following his
arrest, Appellant filed a counseled omnibus pre-trial motion seeking the
suppression of physical evidence seized by the police. Specifically, Appellant
averred the police lacked reasonable suspicion or probable cause to detain
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6105(a)(1), 6106(a)(1), 6108, and 907(c), respectively.
J-S61042-19
him beyond what was necessary to effectuate a routine traffic stop. The
matter proceeded to a suppression hearing on July 18, 2017, at which
Philadelphia Police Officer John Lang was the sole testifying witness.
Officer Lang, who has been a police officer for over eleven years,
testified that, on February 14, 2017, he and his partner were dispatched to
Club Onyx on South Columbus Boulevard to investigate threats made against
the club. N.T., 7/18/17, at 7-9, 15. Club Onyx is in an area where “numerous
shootings” and “a few homicides” have occurred. Id. at 15-16. As the officers
were driving a marked police cruiser to the club, at approximately 11:20 p.m.,
they observed a black Hyundai parked a short distance from the club in one
of the two southbound travel lanes of Columbus Boulevard. Id. at 9-10. The
officers did not effectuate a stop of the Hyundai, but continued to the club to
perform their investigation. Id. at 10.
The officers were in the club for approximately thirty to forty-five
minutes, and when they left, they travelled northbound on Columbus
Boulevard. Id. As they drove away from the club, they noticed the same black
Hyundai was still parked in the same southbound travel lane of Columbus
Boulevard. Id. at 10-12.
At this point, the officers drove their police vehicle across the island
between the northbound and southbound lanes and parked in front of the
black Hyundai so that the vehicles came “bumper to bumper” with each other.
Id. at 10. Officer Lang testified they “indicate[d] a traffic stop” because the
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black Hyundai was parked near the club where they were investigating the
threat offenses, and additionally, the vehicle was parked in a lane of travel as
opposed to being in a proper parking spot. Id. at 10-11. Officer Lang noted
that people are not “allowed to park in that lane[,]” and “it’s very hazardous
to…park there.” Id. at 11.
Officer Lang testified that, after he and his partner initiated the traffic
stop, he approached the driver’s side of the black Hyundai while his partner
approached the passenger’s side. Id. at 12. Appellant was sitting in the
driver’s seat; there were no passengers in the black Hyundai. Id. Officer
Lang testified he approached Appellant and asked him for his license,
registration, and insurance card. Id. He also asked Appellant why he was
parked in the travel lane, and Appellant responded that he was “using his cell
phone[.]” Id. Officer Lang testified he had not seen Appellant using his cell
phone. Id. at 12-13. Officer Lang indicated that at this point in the
interaction, Appellant, who was wearing tactical pants, used his left hand to
grab towards a small pocket on his left pant leg while his right hand went
towards the gearshift in the center console. Id. at 13.
Believing Appellant was going to drive away, Officer Lang and his
partner repeatedly requested that Appellant exit the vehicle, and despite
Appellant saying “I am, I am, I am[,]” Appellant made no move to exit the
vehicle. Id. at 13-14. Instead, Appellant continued to reach for the gearshift.
Id. at 14. Officer Lang opened the driver’s side door and, at this point, he
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noticed Appellant was wearing a ballistic vest with a police-style insignia or
badge indicating “agent.” Id. Appellant was also wearing a thin, partially
unzipped windbreaker over the vest. Id. Officer Lang observed that the front
center pocket of the windbreaker was “very weighted down,” and based on
his training, he believed there was a firearm in the pocket. Id. at 14-15.
Appellant continued to resist exiting the black Hyundai while reaching for the
gearshift, so Officer Lang, who feared for his safety, with the assistance of his
partner, forcibly removed Appellant from the black Hyundai. Id. at 15, 20.
After they removed Appellant from the vehicle, they put him face-down
on the ground, and Officer Lang “hear[d] a clanking sound when [Appellant]
hit the ground.” Id. at 21. Officer Lang believed the “clanking sound” was
the sound of a gun hitting the ground. Id. Officer Lang indicated that
Appellant would not put his hands behind his back but kept them underneath
his body. Id. When Officer Lang reached under Appellant to grab his hands,
he felt the firearm. Id. The officer took the firearm, which was a loaded Glock
19, and slid it underneath the parked black Hyundai so that it was out of
everyone’s reach. Id. at 22. Appellant was then successfully handcuffed. Id.
Officer Lang testified the police seized from Appellant’s person the
ballistics vest, a PA certified badge, a bail enforcement badge, a Philadelphia
permit to carry a firearm, a certified agent identification card, and a laminated
bail enforcement identification card. Id. at 23. Officer Lang later determined
that Appellant’s permit to carry a firearm was not valid. Id.
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At the conclusion of the hearing, the suppression court denied
Appellant’s suppression motion, and on March 26, 2018, a jury convicted
Appellant of the offenses indicated supra. On June 7, 2018, the trial court
sentenced Appellant to eight years to sixteen years in prison, to be followed
by eighteen months of probation, for possession of a firearm prohibited; three
years to six years in prison, to be followed by eighteen months of probation,
for firearms not to be carried without a license; and three years to six years
in prison, to be followed by eighteen months of probation, for unlawful body
armor. The sentences were imposed concurrently to each other; no further
penalty was imposed for carrying firearms in public in Philadelphia.
Appellant filed a timely, counseled motion for reconsideration of
sentence, which was denied by operation of law on October 5, 2018. On
October 16, 2018, Appellant filed a timely, counseled notice of appeal.2
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2 On October 18, 2018, recognizing its eighteen month probationary tail on
the firearms not to be carried without a license and unlawful body armor
convictions clearly exceeded the statutory maximum, the trial court entered
an amended sentencing order to reflect that the probationary tail had been
reduced to twelve months with regard to each conviction. We note the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court has recognized that the trial court possesses the
inherent jurisdiction to correct “patent and obvious mistakes” beyond the
general rule set forth in 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5505 and Pa.R.A.P. 1701. See
Commonwealth v. Holmes, 593 Pa. 601,
933 A.2d 57, 66-67 (2007)
(holding the trial court may correct a sentence that is illegal on its face
notwithstanding the time limits set forth in Section 5505 and despite the fact
an appeal is pending).
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On appeal, Appellant contends the suppression court erred in denying
his motion to suppress the physical evidence seized by Officer Lang.
Specifically, while Appellant does not challenge the validity of the initial traffic
stop,3 he contends that “the stop was only permitted to last as long as
necessary to issue a traffic citation[, but] the officer[s] detained Appellant for
longer than necessary and conducted a search of Appellant…without
reasonable suspicion.” Appellant’s Brief at 7.
Our standard of review of the denial of a motion to suppress evidence
is as follows:
[An appellate court’s] standard of review in addressing a
challenge to the denial of a suppression motion is limited to
determining whether the suppression court’s factual findings are
supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn
from those facts are correct. Because the Commonwealth
prevailed before the suppression court, we may consider only the
evidence of the Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for
the defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the context
of the record as a whole. Where the suppression court’s factual
findings are supported by the record, [the appellate court is]
bound by [those] findings and may reverse only if the court’s legal
conclusions are erroneous. Where...the appeal of the
determination of the suppression court turns on allegations of
legal error, the suppression court’s legal conclusions are not
binding on [the] appellate court, whose duty it is to determine if
the suppression court properly applied the law to the facts. Thus,
the conclusions of law of the [trial court are] subject to plenary
review.
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3In any event, as the suppression court noted, the officers were permitted to
effectuate a traffic stop due to Appellant’s violation of 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3351,
pertaining to parking a vehicle on the roadway. See Commonwealth v.
Bozeman, 205 A.3d 1264 (Pa.Super. 2019) (discussing Section 3351).
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Commonwealth v. Hoppert, 39 A.3d 358, 361-62 (Pa.Super. 2012).
Moreover, “[a]ppellate courts are limited to reviewing only the evidence
presented at the suppression hearing when examining a ruling on a pre-trial
motion to suppress.” Commonwealth v. Stilo, 138 A.3d 33, 35-36
(Pa.Super. 2016) (citation omitted)). Also, “[i]t is within the suppression
court’s sole province as factfinder to pass on the credibility of witnesses and
the weight to be given their testimony.” Commonwealth v. Gallagher,
896
A.2d 583, 585 (Pa.Super. 2006) (quotation marks and quotation omitted).
It is well-settled that, during a traffic stop, the officer “may ask the
detainee a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to try
to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer’s suspicions.”
Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 439 (1984). See Commonwealth v.
Harris,
176 A.3d 1009 (Pa.Super. 2017). Moreover, during “a lawful traffic
stop, the officer may order [] the driver…of a vehicle to exit the vehicle until
the traffic stop is completed, even absent a reasonable suspicion that criminal
activity is afoot.” Commonwealth v. Pratt,
930 A.2d 561, 564 (Pa.Super.
2007). See Commonwealth v. Dunham,
203 A.3d 272 (Pa.Super. 2019)
(noting a police officer conducting a lawful traffic stop may order the driver to
get out of the car); Commonwealth v. Campbell,
862 A.2d 659 (Pa.Super.
2004) (holding that during a routine traffic stop the police may request the
driver exit the vehicle as a matter of course). We have recognized that “‘when
an officer detains a vehicle for violation of a traffic law, it is inherently
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reasonable that he or she be concerned with safety and, as a result, may order
the occupants of the vehicle to alight from the car.’” Harris, 176 A.3d at 1009
(quoting Commonwealth v. Rosas,
875 A.2d 341, 348 (Pa.Super. 2005)).
“[A]llowing police officers to control all movement in a traffic encounter…is a
reasonable and justifiable step towards protecting their safety.” Pratt,
930
A.2d at 567-68.
Further, “if there is a legitimate stop for a traffic violation…additional
suspicion may arise before the initial stop’s purpose has been fulfilled; then,
detention may be permissible to investigate the new suspicions.”
Commonwealth v. Chase, 599 Pa. 80,
960 A.2d 108, 115 n.5 (2008). “[F]or
their safety, police officers may handcuff individuals during an investigative
detention.” Harris,
176 A.3d at 1021 (footnote and citation omitted).
Additionally, the officer may conduct a pat-down of a suspect’s outer
garments if the officer observes conduct that leads him to reasonably believe
the suspect may be armed and dangerous. Commonwealth v. Mack, 953
A.2d 587, 590 (Pa.Super. 2008) (noting officer’s observation of suspect’s
reaching movements while suspect was in vehicle can lead officer to
reasonably conclude his safety is in jeopardy). In considering whether
evidence supports a Terry4 frisk, we are “guided by common sense concerns,
giving preference to the safety of the officer during an encounter with a
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4 Terry v. Ohio,
392 U.S. 1,
88 S.Ct. 1868 (1968).
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suspect where circumstances indicate that the suspect may have, or may be
reaching for, a weapon.” Mack, 953 A.2d at 590. “In order to establish
reasonable suspicion, the police officer must articulate specific facts from
which he could reasonably infer that the individual was armed and dangerous.”
Id. When assessing the validity of a Terry frisk, we examine the totality of
the circumstances. Commonwealth v. Zhahir,
561 Pa. 545,
751 A.2d 1153
(2000).
Here, as the suppression court aptly noted, upon effectuating the lawful
traffic stop, Officer Lang approached Appellant, who was sitting in the driver’s
seat of the black Hyundai, and asked Appellant for his license, registration,
and insurance card, as well as Appellant’s purpose for parking in the travel
lane of Columbus Boulevard. We conclude these questions were all properly
part of Officer Lang’s investigation of the initial traffic stop. See Harris,
supra.
During this initial interaction, Appellant responded that he was parked
in the road because he was using his cell phone. Officer Lang noticed
Appellant kept reaching his left hand towards a pocket on his left pant leg
while Appellant’s right hand kept reaching towards the gearshift in the center
console. Officer Lang testified he asked Appellant to exit the vehicle at this
juncture because he was concerned Appellant was going to drive way. We
conclude that, even assuming, arguendo, Officer Lang did not have reasonable
suspicion to think criminal activity beyond the initial traffic stop was afoot, he
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was permitted to order Appellant to exit the vehicle as a matter of course in
connection with the initial traffic stop, which was still ongoing. See Dunham,
supra;Pratt, supra;Campbell, supra.
Officer Lang testified that, at this point, despite repeated requests,
Appellant made no move to exit the vehicle and, instead, he kept reaching for
the gearshift. Accordingly, Officer Lang opened the driver’s side door. This
was legally permissible. See Commonwealth v. Thorne, 191 A.3d 901
(Pa.Super. 2018).
As soon as he opened the car door, Officer Lang noticed Appellant was
wearing a ballistic vest with some kind of badge, as well as a thin windbreaker
which appeared to be “very weighted down” in the front pocket. Based on his
training, Officer Lang believed the “heavy” item to be a handgun. Further,
Officer Lang testified Appellant resisted exiting the black Hyundai while
continuing to reach toward the gearshift, thus Officer Lang and his partner
forcibly removed Appellant from the vehicle.
Even assuming, arguendo, as Appellant argues, Officer Lang was not
permitted to forcibly remove Appellant from the vehicle as a matter of course
in connection with the initial traffic stop, we agree with the suppression court
that additional reasonable suspicion arose such that Officer Lang was
permitted to forcibly remove Appellant from the vehicle. See Mack, supra.
Simply put, under the totality of the circumstances, Officer Lang had
reasonable suspicion to believe that Appellant was armed and dangerous such
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that he could remove Appellant from the vehicle to conduct a pat-down for
weapons. See id.
Thereafter, as Appellant continued to struggle, Officer Lang heard a
“clanking sound” when Appellant was placed face-down on the ground, and
when the officer reached under Appellant, he felt the firearm. Officer Lang
properly seized the firearm at this juncture. See Harris, supra; Mack,
supra. Further, upon seizing the gun, Officer Lang had probable cause to
arrest, as well as search Appellant’s person incident to the arrest. See
Commonwealth v. Simonson,
148 A.3d 792 (Pa.Super. 2016) (explaining
probable cause to arrest and “search incident to arrest” exception).
Accordingly, we conclude the suppression court properly denied Appellant’s
motion to suppress.
For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
Affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/19/19
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