J-A06007-21
2021 PA Super 128
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
AARON CHARLES MARTIN :
:
Appellant : No. 199 WDA 2020
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 9, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-02-CR-0000409-2019
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and McCAFFERY, J.
OPINION BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED: June 23, 2021
Appellant, Aaron Charles Martin, appeals from the judgment of sentence
of 8-16 months’ imprisonment and 2 years’ consecutive probation, imposed
after he was found guilty of carrying a firearm without a license 1 following a
stipulated, non-jury trial. Appellant contends that the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress the seized firearm, arguing that the seizure
was the poisonous fruit of observations made by police after an
unconstitutional entry into the hotel room where he was found. Alternatively,
Appellant maintains that, even if observed from a lawful vantage point, the
police did not possess reasonable suspicion to enter the room and search him
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1 18 Pa.C.S. § 6106(a)(1) (“[A]ny person who carries a firearm in any vehicle
or any person who carries a firearm concealed on or about his person, except
in his place of abode or fixed place of business, without a valid and lawfully
issued license under this chapter commits a felony of the third degree.”).
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for a firearm. After careful review, we reverse Appellant’s conviction and
vacate his judgment of sentence.
On December 30, 2018, Ross Township Police Officer Jason Moss and
two of his colleagues were summoned to a Holiday Inn on McKnight Road in
Allegheny County after a report of an odor of marijuana smoke. Trial Court
Opinion (“TCO”), 6/29/20, at 3. Upon their arrival, the officers were directed
to a room by hotel staff, where Officer Moss immediately detected the odor of
marijuana smoke emanating from the room. Id. Officer Moss, who was in
uniform, knocked on the door. Id. He did not announce his identity as a
police officer, but he took no other efforts to conceal himself. Id.
A woman opened the door, allowing Officer Moss to peer inside, which
is when he first observed Appellant. Id. at 4. Appellant immediately reached
over a chair, triggering the officer’s fear that Appellant was reaching for a
weapon.2 Id. Officer Moss drew his firearm and ordered Appellant to put his
hands on his head; Appellant complied and sat down on a chair. Id. Officer
Moss then observed the outline of a firearm in the pocket of Appellant’s pants.
Id. Appellant twice made motions with his hands toward the pocket,
prompting Officer Moss to repeatedly order him to return his hands to the top
of his head. Id. Officer Moss subsequently entered the room and conducted
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2 As discussed at length, infra, Appellant and the Commonwealth vigorously
dispute whether Officer Moss had effectively ‘entered’ the room at the moment
he made this critical observation.
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a pat-down search of Appellant, yielding the at-issue firearm, and resulting in
Appellant’s arrest. Id.
The Commonwealth charged Appellant with carrying a firearm without
a license, receiving stolen property, and possession of drug paraphernalia.
Appellant filed a motion to suppress the seized contraband, which the trial
court ultimately denied following a suppression hearing held on November 4,
2019. The case proceeded to a non-jury trial on January 9, 2020, where all
the Commonwealth’s evidence was admitted by stipulation, including the
transcripts from the suppression hearing. N.T., 1/9/20, at 10-11. The trial
court found Appellant guilty of carrying a firearm without a license, and not
guilty of the remaining charges. Id. at 24-25. By agreement of the parties,
the case immediately proceeded to sentencing, and the court imposed the
above-stated sentence. Id. at 34. Appellant did not file a post-sentence
motion, but he filed a timely notice of appeal and a timely, court-ordered
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. TCO at 2. The trial court issued its Rule 1925(a)
opinion on June 29, 2020.
Appellant now presents the following questions for our review:
I. Did the trial court err in denying the suppression motion
when Officer Moss entered the hotel room without a warrant
or consent, and there were no exigent circumstances?
II. Did the trial court err in denying the suppression motion
because Officer Moss conducted an illegal seizure, as he did
not have reasonable suspicion that [Appellant] had
committed a crime?
Appellant’s Brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).
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Both Appellant’s claims challenge the trial court’s order denying
suppression.
Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to the
denial of a suppression motion is limited to determining whether
the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the
record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts
are correct. Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the
suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the
Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as
remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as
a whole. Where the suppression court’s factual findings are
supported by the record, we are bound by these findings and may
reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are erroneous. Where
… the appeal of the determination of the suppression court turns
on allegations of legal error, the suppression court’s legal
conclusions are not binding on an appellate court, whose duty it
is to determine if the suppression court properly applied the law
to the facts. Thus, the conclusions of law of the courts below are
subject to our plenary review.
Commonwealth v. McAdoo, 46 A.3d 781, 783–84 (Pa. Super. 2012)
(cleaned up).
The first question before us concerns whether Officer Moss observed
Appellant’s ostensibly furtive movements from a lawful vantage point. In
considering this question, we are cognizant of the following principles.
“The law is clear that citizens are protected by both federal and state
constitutional provisions from unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S.
Const. Amend. IV; Pa. Const. Art. I, § 8.” Commonwealth v. Dean, 940
A.2d 514, 520 (Pa. Super. 2008). A “hotel room can clearly be the object of
Fourth Amendment protection as much as a home or an office.”
Id. at 519
(cleaned up). Moreover, a “warrantless search or seizure is presumptively
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unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment and Article I, § 8, subject to a few
specifically established, well-delineated exceptions.” Commonwealth v.
McCree, 924 A.2d 621, 627 (Pa. 2007). Exceptions to the warrant
requirement include the “plain-view” and “exigent circumstances” exceptions.
Commonwealth v. Evans,
153 A.3d 323, 327–28 (Pa. Super. 2016).
The applicability of these exceptions is not unlimited. “It is, of course,
an essential predicate to any valid warrantless seizure of incriminating
evidence that the officer did not violate the Fourth Amendment in arriving at
the place from which the evidence could be plainly viewed.” Horton v.
California, 496 U.S. 128, 136 (1990). Similarly, “[i]t is well established that
police cannot rely upon exigent circumstances to justify a warrantless entry
where the exigency derives from their own actions.” Commonwealth v.
Demshock,
854 A.2d 553, 557 (Pa. Super. 2004).
Here, Appellant contends that “Officer Moss entered the hotel room
when he positioned half of his body through the doorway, at which point he
saw [Appellant], who was facing away from the officer and reaching over a
chair.” Appellant’s Brief at 15. He further argues that:
As Officer Moss’s body was halfway through the door when he
observed [Appellant], he had entered the “unambiguous physical
dimensions” of the hotel room. [U.S. v.] Payton, 445 U.S. [573,]
589-90 [(1980)] (“The Fourth Amendment has drawn a firm line
at the entrance to the house. Absent exigent circumstances, that
threshold may not reasonably be crossed without a warrant.”).
Officer Moss crossed “that threshold,” [i]d., when he placed half
of his body through the door.
Appellant’s Brief at 16-17.
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The Commonwealth does not dispute the basic formulation of the legal
question, but instead argues that the facts simply fail to support Appellant’s
claim. It contends that,
contrary to [Appellant]’s interpretation of events, [Officer Moss]
did not actually enter the hotel room until he walked in after
having already observed [Appellant], from the doorway, turn his
back to the door and reach over a chair in what the officer
perceived as an attempt to retrieve a weapon and then
subsequently reach toward the gun in his jeans’ pocket on two
separate occasions. Thus, because the officer’s mere viewing of
[Appellant]’s actions from the doorway was not an entry—unlawful
or otherwise—and, in fact, did not even constitute a search at all,
[Appellant]’s claim fails, and the lower court cannot be said to
have erred in denying his motion to suppress.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 9-10 (footnote omitted).
During the direct examination of Officer Moss, he initially testified that
he was still outside of the threshold of the door when he first observed
Appellant reaching over a chair. See N.T., 11/4/19, at 10 (“A female
answered the door. And, obviously, I was in full uniform. She answers the
door. [Appellant] is to my left. And as I look in -- I didn’t enter the door
at this point -- as I look in from outside, [Appellant] is reaching over a
chair. So at that point I felt like he may have been attempting to retrieve a
weapon.”) (emphasis added). If this were the entirety of Officer Moss’s
testimony regarding his initial positioning when he first observed Appellant
potentially reaching for a weapon, we would be compelled to agree with the
Commonwealth. “When law enforcement officers who are not armed with a
warrant knock on a door, they do no more than any private citizen might do.”
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Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 469 (2011). If Officer Moss was completely
outside of the hotel room when he observed Appellant’s seemingly furtive
behavior, he made those observations from a lawful vantage point for Fourth
Amendment purposes.
However, Officer Moss’s testimony evolved as the suppression hearing
continued, as demonstrated by the following line of questioning by the
prosecutor:
Q. Okay. And where were you when the defendant reached over
the chair?
A. I was just, like, in the threshold of the door.
Q. And when you say in the threshold of the door, could you
approximate how far or where exactly you were standing in
comparison to the door?
A. I mean, just basically peeking through the door into the
inside of the room on the left.
N.T., 11/4/19, at 13 (emphasis added).
While this differs from his initial testimony, it also does not establish a
Fourth Amendment violation premised upon Officer Moss’s crossing of the
threshold. Viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, Officer
Moss’s statement that he was “in the threshold of the door” might be subject
to multiple interpretations, but does not clearly convey that he had entered
the room by crossing the threshold as described in Payton. Similarly, the
phrase, “peeking through the door” might suggest that he had crossed the
threshold by leaning into the room to observe Appellant, who was on the left
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side of the room from Officer Moss’s perspective, but that phrase is equally
consistent with Officer Moss’s ‘peeking’ from behind the threshold.3
However, during cross-examination, Officer Moss’s testimony was
unambiguous. While discussing the moment when he saw Appellant’s
reaching behind a chair, the following exchange occurred:
Q. So would you say that half of your body was through the
door right at that point?
A. Yes. I think that’s fair. Yes.
Id. at 20 (emphasis added).
The trial court did not discuss these discrepancies in its Rule 1925(a)
opinion. Instead, the court stated that Officer Moss observed Appellant’s
movements “while [he] was still at the door,” citing only Officer Moss’s
testimony during direct examination. TCO at 4. The trial court did not
address Officer Moss’s testimony during cross-examination, where he
indicated that at least half of his body had crossed the threshold of the door
at the moment that he observed Appellant reaching over the chair. In these
circumstances, we conclude that the record does not support the trial court’s
factual conclusion that Officer Moss was merely at the doorway when he made
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3 We note that the suppression court specifically asked Officer Moss whether
the door, when opened, had obstructed his view of the left side of the room,
as might be the case if the door swung inward with the hinge on Officer Moss’s
left. Id. Officer Moss testified that the door swung inward, with the hinge on
his right, and that the handle was on his left. Id. Thus, the door did not
obstruct his view of the left side of the room from his vantage point.
Consequently, we cannot reasonably infer that it would have been impossible
for Officer Moss to observe Appellant without crossing the threshold in some
fashion.
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this critical observation, because Officer Moss testified on cross-examination
that half of his body had entered the room when he saw Appellant reach over
the chair. N.T., 11/4/19, at 20.
The Commonwealth contends that the record supports the factual
conclusion that Officer Moss was on the threshold of the door, not across it,
but it relies solely on Officer Moss’s direct-examination testimony to suggest
that he had not entered the room. Regarding Officer Moss’s subsequent
testimony during cross-examination, the Commonwealth argues that
Appellant’s “classification of Officer Moss’[s] actions as an entry relies entirely
on the fact that [Officer] Moss, during cross-examination, indicated that at
some point while [Appellant] was reaching over the chair, his—the officer’s—
upper body probably leaned into the room from the doorway….”
Commonwealth’s Brief at 13-14. We disagree.
First, the record is clear that Officer Moss was describing his positioning
at the moment he observed Appellant’s reaching over the chair, not his
positioning after that observation was made, and he made no probabilistic
statements about whether he had crossed the threshold. See N.T., 11/4/19,
at 20. Immediately prior to his admission to having at least partially entered
the room, the officer was describing his body position to the court, indicating
that his body was oriented at an angle to the doorway at the moment he made
the initial observation. Id. It was at that point when Officer Moss answered
defense counsel’s question, acknowledging that half of his body was inside the
room. Id. To the extent that the Commonwealth is now suggesting that
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Officer Moss “was entirely outside of the doorway at least until he had viewed
[Appellant] begin to reach over the chair,” the record simply does not support
that version of events, when considering Officer Moss’s entire testimony on
both direct and cross-examination. Commonwealth’s Brief at 15. Indeed,
that version is not even supported by Officer Moss’s direct-examination
testimony, as Officer Moss’s description of his position changed during direct-
examination. He first testified that he was fully outside of the doorway, N.T.,
11/4/19, at 10, but then, soon thereafter, he said that he was “in the threshold
of the door,” id. at 13, when he observed Appellant’s reaching over the chair.
However, upon cross-examination, Officer Moss admitted that he was at least
partially across the threshold when he made that observation. Id. at 20.
In the alternative, the Commonwealth appears to argue that, even if
partially inside the room, Officer Moss’s observation was made from a lawful
vantage point, relying on Commonwealth v. McBride, 570 A.2d 539 (Pa.
Super. 1990). Yet, in that case, there was only a limited discussion of the
specific facts pertaining to the alleged illegal entry, made in the context of a
collateral attack on McBride’s trial counsel’s failure to file a suppression
motion. The Commonwealth relies on a portion of the McBride Court’s
discussion, quoting from a legal treatise, which stated: “But the mere fact that
the door of the house is opened in response to the officer’s knock or ring does
not mean that the officer is entitled to walk past the person so responding into
the interior of the residence.” McBride, 570 A.2d at 542–43 (quoting 1 W.
LaFave, Search and Seizure, § 2.3(b), at 387 (1987)). The Commonwealth
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argues from this platform that “Officer Moss certainly did not walk past the
woman who answered the door….” Commonwealth’s Brief at 14. However,
this is of no moment. As the McBride Court stated immediately thereafter:
“These principles make it clear that if the police, in fact, entered [McBride]’s
home without his consent and without a warrant, they violated rights
guaranteed to [the] appellant by the Fourth Amendment of the United States
Constitution.” McBride, 570 A.2d at 543 (emphasis added). Our inquiry
concerns whether Officer Moss had entered the room, not whether he passed
someone along the way. The space protected by the Fourth Amendment ends
at the threshold of the door, not at some undetermined point inside the
dwelling where the person who answers the door is located. Obviously, if an
officer walks past a person who answers the door, he necessarily crosses the
threshold of the doorway to do so. That does not at all suggest, much less
establish, that he had not entered the room merely because he had not yet
walked past the person who answered the door.
The record here establishes that Officer Moss had ‘entered’ the room by
crossing the threshold of the door with half of his body when he observed
Appellant’s furtive movements. This entry occurred without Officer Moss’s
having first obtained a warrant, and without the consent of either Appellant
or the woman who had answered the door. As such, the officer did not make
the observation that gave rise to a concern for his safety from a lawful vantage
point. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court erred when it denied
Appellant’s suppression motion premised upon the unsupported factual
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conclusion that Officer Moss had not yet entered the room when he observed
Appellant’s reaching over the chair.
Given this conclusion, we need not address Appellant’s second claim.
Officer Moss had already violated Appellant’s Fourth Amendment rights before
making the observations that led to the seizure of the firearm. Whether or
not those observations established reasonable suspicion that Appellant
committed a crime or posed a danger to the officer, they were the direct
result of the unconstitutional entry (and search from an unlawful vantage
point) and, therefore, should have been suppressed. See Wong Sun v. U.S.,
371 U.S. 471, 485 (1963) (stating “verbal evidence which derives so
immediately from an unlawful entry … is no less the ‘fruit’ of official illegality
than the more common tangible fruits of the unwarranted intrusion”).
Consequently, the seizure of the firearm should have also been suppressed as
fruit of the poisonous tree stemming from that initial unconstitutional entry.
As Appellant’s conviction for carrying a firearm without a license was
unsustainable without this physical evidence (as well as the observations
made by Officer Moss following the illegal entry), we reverse Appellant’s
conviction for that offense.
Judgment of Sentence reversed. Appellant discharged.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/23/2021
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