J-A15003-21
2022 PA Super 224
K.D. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
E.D. : No. 1883 EDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered October 5, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Wayne County Domestic Relations at
No(s): 336-2015 DR
BEFORE: BOWES, J., STABILE, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
OPINION BY BOWES, J.: Filed: November 16, 2021
K.D. (“Mother”) appeals from October 5, 2020 order that modified the
custody arrangement with E.D. (“Father”) to provide him supervised
therapeutic visitation1 with their three youngest children. We affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history as follows:
The instant custody case has a lengthy and complicated history.
[K.D] and [E.D.] are the natural parents of four (4) children,
[Jo].D., age 18, J.D., age 14, [Sh].D., age 11, and S.D., age 7.
The only children applicable to the instant matter are the three
minor children[.] The parties have been separated since April of
2015, and Father has not seen the three minor children since that
time. [Pursuant to an order entered on July 2015, Mother
exercises sole legal and primary physical custody of the children.]
____________________________________________
1 Pursuant to the Child Custody Act, “visitation” is subsumed by the definitions
of partial physical custody, shared physical custody, and supervised physical
custody. See 23 Pa.C.S. § 5322(b). As the parties and the trial court
periodically utilize the term in their respective briefs and opinions, we refer to
“visitation” where it is necessary to maintain continuity.
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. . . Mother has made many allegations of physical, mental, and
sexual abuse by Father with regards to the children. The eldest
child, [Jo].D., . . . has resided primarily with Father since January
of 2020 and has recanted all of his allegations regarding sexual
abuse by Father.
Trial Court Opinion, 12/4/20, at 1.
Two of the foregoing points require further discussion. First, the
allegations of physical and emotional abuse relate to Father’s use of corporal
punishment as a means of disciplining the children in accordance with the
practices of No Greater Ministries, also referred to as the Pearl Family
Ministries, which Mother and Father followed as active members. Second,
while Father initially informed Mother that he viewed child pornography on the
Internet, he subsequently learned that the website disclosure statement
indicated that the actors were at least eighteen years old. In this vein, we
note that the police ultimately closed their child pornography investigation,
which included the confiscation of the family’s computer, without filing any
pornography-related charges against Father.
On April 5, 2016, Father filed a petition to modify the July 2015 custody
order so that he could exercise supervised partial physical custody with the
three youngest children. A custody master was appointed, and during the
ensuing evidentiary hearings, the parties presented, inter alia, the testimony
of one mental health professional, Robert Gordon, Ph.D., two social workers,
Heather Evans and Chris Charleton, and Leatrice Anderson, Esquire, the
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guardian ad litem (“GAL”). By stipulation, the master also considered a prior
evaluation prepared by then-court-appointed custody evaluator Judith Munoz.
Dr. Gordon recommended supervised visitation, but the remaining
professionals did not believe that supervised visitation was appropriate at that
time. Except for one social worker, Ms. Evans, who viewed supervised
visitation as the re-victimization of the children, none of the remaining
professionals opined that supervised visitation should be precluded outright.
As the Honorable Raymond Hamill subsequently summarized in granting
Mother’s exceptions to the master’s recommendation for supervised physical
custody, the qualified objections to Father’s supervised visitation with the
three youngest children were as follows: (1) Ms. Munoz was “open to
reunification counseling” but recommended that Father participate so that the
children do not feel that their concerns were unheeded; (2) Mr. Charleton
“estimated that it would take one and one-half to two years before supervised
visitation might be helpful;” and (3) noting the “unity and solidarity” among
the children, the GAL pronounced “I cannot conclude that separating the two
or three youngest children to implement visitation is in any of their best
interests at this time.” Trial Court Opinion, 1/11/18, at 5-6 (cleaned up).
Following the evidentiary hearings and the submission of briefs by
Mother and Father, the master filed a report and recommendation granting
partial relief. Specifically, the custody master recommended that Father
participate in clinically-supervised visitation with the two youngest children.
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As noted supra, Mother filed exceptions to the master’s
recommendation, which Judge Hamill granted. Essentially, Judge Hamill
concluded that, “[w]hile the allegations of sexual abuse were deemed
unfounded,” in light of Father’s failure to address his severe mental and moral
deficiencies and lack of insight into how those deficiencies affected his
children, it was not appropriate for Father to engage in clinically supervised
visits with the two younger children at that juncture. Trial Court Opinion,
1/11/18, at 13. He reasoned,
The professionals who have been involved since the onset
of this matter in 2015, Heather Evans, Chris Charleton, and
Attorney Leatrice Anderson, all concluded that supervised
visitation would not be in the children’s best interest at this time.
Ms. Munoz testified that to do this reunification counseling sought,
Father must take responsibility or we are putting the children in a
situation where they will feel like what they have said does not
matter. Additionally, evidence from trial established that now,
after years of therapy, the older two children are getting to the
point where they are starting to recover from the trauma. The
fact that Father would even propose that the children be taken out
of the care of these professionals who have been treating them
for years demonstrates his moral deficiency and his lack of
concern for the children’s best interests.
It is the opinion of this Court that, after taking into
consideration all of the evidence – the allegations of physical,
sexual, and emotional abuse, Father’s confirmed use of corporal
punishment, and threats to endanger himself and family members
to keep such punishment secret — the record rises to a showing
that Father is severely mentally or morally deficient as to
constitute a grave threat to the welfare of the children. Further,
Father has shown no insight into how his conduct has affected and
harmed his children. While the allegations of sexual abuse were
deemed unfounded, and therefore makes the case at bar fall
somewhere between the factual analyses employed in In re C.B.
[861 A.2d 287 (Pa.Super. 2004)] and Rosenberg, [
504 A.2d 350
(Pa.Super. 1986)], this fact alone is not dispositive that it is
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an appropriate time for Father to engage in clinically supervised
visits with the two younger children.
Id. (emphases added). We affirmed. K.D. v. E.D.,
195 A.3d 1020 (Pa.Super.
2018) (unpublished memorandum).
More than three years after filing his first modification petition, on July
26, 2019, Father filed a second petition for the modification of the existing
custody order pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 5338(a). Referencing his completion
of psychological and psychiatric evaluations and ongoing psychological
counseling, Father asserted that he addressed the deficiencies that formed the
basis of Judge Hamill’s decision to deny the first petition. Thus, noting these
accomplishments, Father sought to modify the custody arrangement to permit
periods of supervised partial physical custody with the minor children.
Subsequent to Father’s filing his modification petition, then seventeen-year-
old Jo.D. recanted the allegation of sexual abuse against Father, re-kindled
the parent-child relationship, and moved into Father’s residence.2
____________________________________________
2 Throughout her brief, Mother assails the trial court for acknowledging Jo.D’s
recantation because she believes that the trial court insisted that his
recantation was not at issue in its decision relative to the younger children.
In reality, however, the court stated that the recantation was not its central
focus but was relevant to determine the best interest of the children in
relation to Father’s motion for supervised visitation. Thus, despite Mother’s
persistent declarations to the contrary, the trial court did not feign to ignore
Jo.D.’s recantation entirely. Rather, the court stated the precise basis for its
consideration of that uncontested fact and concluded that Mother’s proffered
authority regarding recantations generally was not relevant. See N.T.,
9/17/20, at 153-54.
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The custody matter was specially assigned to the Honorable Kelly A.
Gaughan of Pike County (hereinafter referred to as the “trial court”) because
of the “Full Bench Recusal” by the Wayne County judges. See Trial Court
Order, 1/30/20, at 1. Judge Gaughan ordered a fresh custody evaluation by
Ronald Esteve, Ph.D. and appointed a new GAL, Shannon Muir, Esquire, to
represent the best interests of the three youngest children. Dr. Esteve
completed a comprehensive custody evaluation that ultimately recommended
periods of supervised therapeutic custody, and Attorney Muir issued a forty-
eight page report, including eleven pages of analysis and recommendations,
which the trial court ordered sealed with the exception of counsel.
During the ensuing five-day evidentiary hearing, the trial court
considered, inter alia, Dr. Esteve’s custody evaluation and supporting
testimony, and the in camera interview with the two older children at issue,
J.D. and Sh.D. In addition, the court heard testimony from Steven M.
Timchack, Psy.D, Father’s current therapist, the parties’ respective experts,
and the GAL.
On October 2, 2020, upon consideration of the sixteen custody factors
delineated in Pa.C.S. § 5328(a), which we discuss infra, the trial court entered
the above-referenced order that, inter alia, awarded Father therapeutic
supervised partial physical custody of J.D., Sh.D., and S.D. under the
directions of Honesdale Behavioral Health. Emphasizing the urgency of the
situation, the trial court also outlined the expectations of cooperation between
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the respective parties, and the continued reporting requirements among the
GAL and the mental health professionals in anticipation of a review hearing on
February 22, 2021.
This timely appeal followed. Mother asserted thirty-one issues in the
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal that she filed
contemporaneously with the notice of appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a)(2)(i). The trial court addressed Mother’s litany of issues in its Rule
1925(a) opinion and the matter is ready for our review.
Mother presents three questions for our review:
1) Did the trial court err as a matter of law or abuse its discretion
in wholly disregarding and altering the 2018 fully adjudicated
factual findings of Judge Hamill in this case, upheld by this Court
on appeal, in violation of the doctrines of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, and the coordinate jurisdiction rule?
2) Did the trial court err as a matter of law or abuse its discretion
in determining that there was no objective evidence of abuse by
[Father], making inferences and conclusions that are not
supported by the evidence presented at trial and the previous
factual findings of the court?
3) Did the trial court err as a matter of law or abuse its discretion
in finding that it was in the best interests of the children to have
therapeutic supervised visitation with their father where the
evidence demonstrated that [Father] still presented a grave threat
to the minor children?
Mother’s brief at 6.
Since the trial court styled the October 2, 2020 order as an “interim
custody order” and scheduled a review hearing for February 2021, we must
first address whether this appeal is proper. An appeal “may only be taken
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from: 1) a final order or one certified by the trial court as final; 2) an
interlocutory order as of right [Rule 311]; 3) an interlocutory order by
permission; or 4) a collateral order [Rule 313].” Estate of Considine v.
Wachovia Bank, 966 A.2d 1148, 1151 (Pa.Super. 2009); See Pa.R.A.P.
341(a). Stated another way, “an appeal properly lies only from a final order
unless otherwise permitted by rule or statute.” G.B. v. M.M.B.,
670 A.2d 714,
717 (Pa.Super. 1996)(citations omitted). As the instant order is neither
collateral to the underlying litigation nor an interlocutory order that is
appealable as of right or permission, we must determine whether it is a final
order notwithstanding the “interim” designation.
Pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 341(b)(1), a final
order is any order that disposes of all claims and of all parties. In G.B., supra,
we explained that a child custody order is final and appealable “only if it is
both: 1) entered after the court has completed its hearings on the merits; and
2) intended by the court to constitute a complete resolution of the custody
claims pending between the parties.” We continued, “this holding will protect
the child from the protraction of custody litigation through repetitive appeals
while still allowing prompt and comprehensive review of custody
determinations. It will also support judicial economy and efficiency and uphold
the integrity of the trial court’s process in deciding custody matters.”
Id.
As we stated in J.M. v. K W, 164 A.3d 1260, 1263 (Pa.Super. 2017)
(en banc), “until the trial court has rendered its best-interest determination
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on the merits, an interim custody order is ephemeral and subject to further
modification upon petition.” Thus, an order that is intended to determine the
parties’ temporary status during ongoing custody litigation, and is not entered
following a full evidentiary hearing, is not a final order. G.B. supra at 719
citing Williams v. Thornton,
577 A.2d 215 (Pa.Super. 1990).
Instantly, the trial court’s interim custody order was temporary in name
only. The order was entered following a full evidentiary hearing and the
court’s extensive consideration of the statutory factors, and it constitutes the
trial court’s final determination as to Father’s petition to modify custody. As
the February 2021 review hearing was only to hone the court-ordered
therapeutic process and confirm the parties’ participation, it had no bearing
on the best interest analysis or the merits of Father’s petition. Hence, it is
external to the underlying custody determination which meets the
requirements of Rule 341. See Cady v. Weber, 464 A.2d 423, 426.
Accordingly, this appeal is proper and we address the merits of Mother’s
assertions.
Mother’s first argument is that the trial court abused its discretion in
discounting Judge Hamill’s 2018 finding that Father perpetrated child abuse.
To be clear, despite investigations by both the police and the child protective
service agency, there is no determination of abuse in this case pursuant to
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the Child Protective Services Law (“CPSL”).3 Indeed, Mother’s principal
assertion that the trial court misstated Father’s status as a perpetrator of
abuse misses the mark. Pursuant to the CPSL, an “Unfounded report” is one
which was not determined to be “Indicated” by a county agency or “Founded”
based on a criminal proceeding or a judicial adjudication that is typically in
accordance with the Juvenile Act or the Protection From Abuse Act. See
Pa.C.S. § 6303 (defining “Founded report,” “Indicated report,” and Unfounded
report”). Thus, notwithstanding Mother’s repeated protestations in the case
at bar, there is no “Substantiated child abuse” report in this case, i.e., “Child
abuse as to which there is an indicated report or founded report.” Id.
(defining “Substantiated child abuse”).
Nevertheless, Mother’s arguments are predicated upon Judge Hamill’s
proclamation of abuse, made in considering whether visitation was
appropriate. Specifically, Judge Hamill concluded that “Father subjected his
children to a pattern of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse for many years
before the parties’ separation in 2015.” Trial Court Opinion, 12/4/20, at 12.
Essentially, she conflates Judge Hamill’s finding that Father constituted a
threat to the children under the purview of the Child Custody Act with a
substantiated finding of abuse under the CPSL.
____________________________________________
3 While Wayne County Children and Youth Services made an initial finding of
abuse as to Jo.D., that determination was subsequently overturned. N.T.,
9/14/21, at 11.
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The three-faceted contention that the trial court was bound by Judge
Hamill’s finding embraces res judicata, collateral estoppel, and the coordinate
jurisdiction rule. Specifically, Mother asserts that, in granting the instant
petition for modification, the trial court disregarded Judge Hamill’s factual
findings from 2018, reversed the determination that Father subjected the
children to abuse, and overruled the 2018 order denying the prior petition to
modify. Mother’s brief at 12-13. She concludes that, despite recognizing that
Father’s status as a perpetrator of abuse “must be treated as established,[the
trial court] unabashedly rejects the 2018 evidentiary findings.” Id. at 14-15.
As we discuss infra, Mother’s assertions concerning the effect of Judge Hamill’s
prior custody decision are unconvincing. For the following reasons, none of
the doctrines the Mother invokes controls our disposition.
Application of the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel is a
question of law requiring de novo review and the scope of review is plenary.
Weinar v. Lex, 176 A.3d 907, 915 (Pa.Super. 2017). The trial court
addressed these aspects of Mother’s arguments collectively in its Rule 1925(a)
opinion, reasoning that child custody is fluid and trial courts are free to modify
custody orders where modification serves a child’s best interest in light of the
best interest factors outlined in 23 Pa. C.S. §5328. Essentially, the court
concluded that modification was warranted “based upon competent evidence”
presented during the five–day hearing because “the facts and circumstances
surrounding this matter have changed significantly in the past four years.’”
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(cleaned up). Trial Court Opinion, 12/4/20, at 3. The trial court further
surmised that it was “free to modify an existing custody order, even if the
facts previously litigated are treated as established, if it believes that the
modification will serve the best interests of the child.” Id. While we agree
with the trial court’s discussion of the relevant law and its ultimate conclusion,
we address Mother’s arguments relative to the three doctrines seriatim
because each doctrine impacts this case differently.
Res judicata, i.e., claim preclusion, blocks the re-litigation of a
previously litigated claim or cause of action when a former suit possess four
elements of commonality: “(1) the identity of the thing sued upon; (2) the
identity of the cause of action; (3) the identity of the persons and parties to
the action; and (4) the identity of the quality or capacity of the parties suing
or being sued.” In re N.A., 116 A.3d 1144, 1148-49 (Pa.Super. 2015).
Furthermore, “[t]he dominant inquiry under those elements, then, is whether
the controlling issues have been decided in a prior action, in which the parties
had a full opportunity to assert their rights.”
As it relates to res judicata, Mother posits that,
because [Father’s] petition for modification of custody included no
new issues related to whether the abuse had or had not occurred,
that issue was subject to res judicata as it had already been
decided in the 2018 proceeding in which the parties had an
opportunity to appear and fully assert their rights, including on
appeal.
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Id. at 18 (cleaned up). Hence, she asserts that, absent demonstrating a
change of circumstances, Father cannot seek to disturb Judge Hamill’s
determination of abuse. No relief is due.
Notwithstanding the fact that Mother phrases this claim as an “issue”
concerning whether Father was a perpetrator of abuse, the doctrine of res
judicata relates to claim preclusion, i.e., whether Father can reassert a petition
for modification years after Judge Hamill denied a similar petition. This claim
fails because, regardless of any determination concerning the issue of
Father’s conduct prior to 2018, the trial court simply was not bound by Judge
Hamill’s 2018 order so long as the instant modification serves the best interest
of the children.
Pursuant to the Child Custody Act, a custody order may be modified at
any time, provided the modification is in the best interest of the child. See
23 Pa.C.S. §5338(a) (“Upon petition, a court may modify a custody order to
serve the best interest of the child.”); 23 Pa.C.S. §5328 (relating factors to
determine child’s best interest). As we explained in Holler v. Smith, 928
A.2d 330, 331–32 (Pa.Super. 2007), “[c]ustody matters are a special
creature. . . . Unlike other actions which have a clear beginning, middle, and
end, custody orders may be repeatedly modified.”
Furthermore, contrary to Mother’s assertion, the essential issue in
deciding whether to modify custody is not whether a petitioner has
demonstrated a change of circumstances. See Karis v. Karis, 544 A.2d
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1328 (Pa. 1988) (“we hold that a petition for modification of a partial custody
to shared custody order requires the court to inquire into the best interest of
the child regardless of whether a ‘substantial’ change in circumstances has
been shown.”); see also Hutchinson v. Hutchinson, 549 A.2d 999
(Pa.Super.1988) (changed circumstances are no longer required for court to
review child custody orders.). Indeed, as explained in the legislative
committee comment accompanying the custody modification provisions in the
Child Custody Act, § 5338(a) is the codification of the High Court’s holding in
Karis, supra. 23 Pa.C.S. § 5338, Jt. St. Govt. Comm. cmt.–– 2010
(“Subsection (a) codifies the standard used in Karis v. Karis,
518 Pa. 601,
544 A.2d 1328 (1988), where the Supreme Court held that ‘a petition for
modification of a partial custody to shared custody order requires the court to
inquire into the best interest of the child regardless of whether a ‘substantial’
change of circumstances has been shown.’”).
The authority that Mother cites in support of her argument in favor of
the application of res judicata is either Commonwealth Court precedent or
predates § 5338. See Mother’s brief at 16-18. As it is beyond peradventure
that we are not bound by precedential decisions of the Commonwealth Court,
and the Child Custody Act unequivocally reaffirms that the focus of a custody
modification is upon the child’s best interest rather than circumstantial
changes, Mother’s contrary assertions are unpersuasive. Buttaccio v. Am.
Premier Underwriters, Inc., 175 A.3d 311, 319 (Pa.Super. 2017); 23
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Pa.C.S. § 5338, Jt. St. Govt. Comm. cmt.–– 2010. Thus, for all of the
foregoing reasons, the doctrine of res judicata did not preclude the trial court’s
consideration of Father’s petition for modification filed in 2019. The only
salient issue before the trial court concerned whether Father’s 2019 entreaty
served the best interests of J.D., Sh.D., and S.D. based upon contemporary
evidence.
Next, we address Mother’s argument relative to collateral estoppel,
which bars the re-litigation of a previously litigated issue. Vignola v.
Vignola, 39 A.3d 390, 393 (Pa.Super. 2012). We examine the following
factors to determine whether the doctrine applies: (1) whether the issue is
identical to an issue that was decided in a prior adjudication; (2) whether
there was a final judgment on the merits; (3) whether it involves the party
against whom the plea was asserted in the prior adjudication; (4) whether the
party against whom it is asserted has had a full and fair opportunity to litigate
the issue in question in a prior action; and (5) whether the determination in
the prior proceeding was essential to the judgment.
Id.
Again, Mother’s argument implicates the trial court’s finding that “There
are currently no indicated, founded or substantiated findings of either sexual
or physical abuse of a child of record against Father.” See Opinion and Order,
10/2/20 at 2. She asserts that the trial court effectively reconsidered the
issue concerning “whether [Father] physically, sexually, and emotionally
abused the children,” which is a previously adjudicated fact determined by
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Judge Hamill in 2018. Appellant’s brief at 17. She continues that, because
the issue regarding the prior abuse was subject to collateral estoppel, “it was
egregious error for [the trial court] to . . . alter [Judge Hamill’s] original
finding[.]” Mother’s brief at 17-18.
Unlike Mother’s argument relative to the res judicata, collateral estoppel
will, in fact, bar the re-litigation of any issue concerning Judge Hamill’s finding
that Father was the perpetrator of abuse. Unfortunately for Mother, however,
that is not the end of our inquiry. While it is beyond argument that the trial
court is bound by Judge Hamill’s 2018 determinations relative to Father’s
abusive behavior or the children’s best interest when Judge Hamill reviewed
the case, neither of those issues precluded the trial court from modifying
custody in 2020 based upon contemporary evidence that demonstrated that
modification served the bests interests of the children. Hence, we reject
Mother’s contention that the doctrine of collateral estoppel barred Father from
litigating his petition for modification based upon current evidence. Phrased
differently, “Past conditions have relevance in a custody modification
proceeding only to the extent that such conditions have a current impact on
the child.” 17 West’s Pa. Prac., Family Law § 28:17 (Joanne Ross Wilder, et
al., 8th ed.) (footnote omitted) (citing In re Leskovich, 385 A.2d 373
(Pa.Super. 1978)).
The final component of Mother’s first issue implicates the coordinate
jurisdiction rule, which is an aspect of the law of the case doctrine. Zane v.
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Friends Hosp., 836 A.2d 25, 29 (Pa.2003). The rule establishes that “judges
of coordinate jurisdiction should not overrule each other’s decisions.”
Id.
Principally, the purpose of the rule is to serve judicial economy, protect settled
expectations, maintain consistency, and ensures efficiency within the
litigation. Ryan v. Berman,
813 A.2d 792, 795 (Pa. 2002) quoting Salerno
v. Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc.,
546 A.2d 1168, 1170 (Pa.Super. 1988);
see also Commonwealth v. Starr,
664 A.2d 1326 (Pa. 1995) (rule promotes
judicial economy, protects settled expectations, insures uniformity of
decisions, maintains consistency of single case; effectuates streamlined
administration of justice, and brings litigation to end).
Significantly, however, “the coordinate jurisdiction rule does not bar a
judge at a later and different procedural stage of the case from overruling
another judge’s decision . . ., even on an identical legal issue and even where
the record is unchanged.” Xtreme Caged Combat v. Zarro, 247 A.3d 42,
47 (Pa.Super. 2021). As articulated by our High Court, the “general
prohibition against revisiting the prior holding of a judge of coordinate
jurisdiction . . . is not absolute.”
Zane supra at 29 (citations omitted).
The precise component of the rule that Mother invokes in the case at
bar relates to the principle that, “upon transfer of a matter between trial
judges of coordinate jurisdiction, the transferee trial court may not alter the
resolution of a legal question previously decided by the transferor trial court.”
Starr, supra at 1331. Thus, invoking, once more, the trial court’s statement
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regarding the absence of a current finding of abuse, Mother re-asserts that
the trial court erred following the transfer of the case to Pike County in
disregarding Judge Hamill’s 2018 determination that Father was the
perpetrator of abuse. Specifically, she argues, the trial court “made [its] own
findings on the same issue already established by Judge Hamill . . . and instead
claim[ed], ‘there are currently no indicated, founded or substantiated findings
of either sexual or physical abuse of a child of record against Father.” Mother’s
brief at 40 (quoting Opinion and Order, 10/2/20 at 2).
Mother’s claim regarding the coordinate jurisdiction rule fails for reasons
similar to those that derailed her attempt to invoke res judicata, i.e.,
modification of child custody orders is permitted where it serves the best
interest of the child. Stated plainly, the trial court did not ignore Judge
Hamill’s factual findings, but rather, it put those facts in context of the current
information available to it.
Father filed the instant petition for modification at a different stage of
the children’s maturity and it involves facts that have evolved since Judge
Hamill disposed of a different motion in Mother’s favor in 2018. Hence, the
trial court did not disregard the prior allegations against Father. Rather, it
considered all of the evidence concerning Father’s actions, including those that
Judge Hamill considered in 2018. Thus, in light of the doctrine’s noted
inapplicability where the posture of a case differs when judges of coordinate
jurisdictions rule on a given issue, and mindful that child custody cases are
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fluid, we reject Mother’s attempt to call upon the coordinate jurisdiction rule
in this case. Phrased differently, since the posture of the two motions differs
significantly, the coordinate jurisdiction rule did not impede the trial court’s
authority to grant Father’s petition for modification seeking supervised
custody. See Xtreme Caged Combat, supra at 74; Mellon Bank, N.A. v.
Nat’l Union Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, PA,
768 A.2d 865, 870 (Pa.Super. 2001)
(“[A]pplication of [coordinate jurisdiction rule] focuses on the procedural
posture of the rulings in question.”); K.H. ex rel. H.S. v. Kumar,
122 A.3d
1080, 1092 (Pa.Super. 2015)(“Under Mellon Bank, the procedural context
alone precludes application of the coordinate jurisdiction rule.”).
Next, we address Mother’s related contention that the trial court abused
its discretion by failing to consider Judge Hamill’s prior finding of abuse in
rendering its decision in favor of Father. After revisiting portions of the notes
of testimony presented during the prior modification hearing that spanned
2016 and 2017, Mother first asserts that Judge Hamill’s 2018 finding was
supported by “objective evidence of abuse.” Mother’s brief at 19-23. Next,
she identifies the favorable evidence adduced during the 2020 proceedings
and contends that, “It is only by changing the facts, in direct contradiction to
the outlined principles of law, that the trial court reaches the outcome that it
does in the October 2, 2020, Opinion.” Id. at 26. Mother continues that the
trial court “has ‘changed significantly’ the facts and circumstances surrounding
this matter.” Id. Likewise, she complains that Dr. Esteve, the court-
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appointed custody expert, undercut the children’s credibility by equivocating,
“I believe they were being as truthful and forthright and honest as they could
be” and she criticizes him as having “issues in understanding ‘facts.’” Id. at
26-27. In sum, Mother ultimately concludes that the trial court abused its
discretion in “totally disregard[ing]” the 2018 findings in order to “determine
that there was no objective evidence of abuse.” Id. at 27.
Father counters that the trial court’s findings are supported by the
certified record. Father’s brief at 14-15. He highlights the evidence
establishing that he was not indicated as a perpetrator of abuse in a CPSL
report or charged with any associated crimes. Id. at 14-15. Similarly, he
notes that, following psychiatric testing, he was determined to not possess
the characteristics of a sexual abuser. Id. at 14-15. Furthermore, Father
highlights that Jo.D., who now resides with Father, subsequently recanted his
accusation of sexual abuse and indicated that Mother coerced him to make
the allegations by threatening to withhold his medication. Id. at 15. Father
posits that Mother’s perspective is clouded by her inability to accept any
evidence that is favorable to his position. Id.
For the reasons explained, infra, Mother’s attempt to frame the trial
court’s determination as an abuse of discretion is unconvincing.
As we have frequently reiterated,
An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment,
but rather a misapplication of the law or an unreasonable exercise
of judgment. A finding that the trial court abused its discretion
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must rest upon a showing by clear and convincing evidence, and
the trial court will be upheld on any valid ground.
Johnson v. Johnson, 222 A.3d 787, 789 (Pa.Super. 2019) (quoting
Portugal v. Portugal,
798 A.2d 246, 249 (Pa. Super.2002)). Moreover, past
conditions, such as those present when Judge Hamill presided over the
custody litigation, are relevant in custody modification proceedings only to
the extent that they continue to impact the child. In re Leskovich,
385
A.2d 373 (Pa.Super. 1978).
In rejecting Mother’s assertion that it committed an abuse of
discretion, the trial court stated:
This Court observed the parties and witnesses first-hand during
the five (5) day trial. When it comes to issues of credibility and
weight of evidence, the appellate court must defer to the trial
judge who viewed and assessed each witness and the evidence
first hand. The fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none
of the evidence. This Court issued a very detailed and thorough
Opinion in which all of the testimony and evidence which was
presented was discussed and analyzed. We specifically noted
in our Opinion that none of Father’s treating professionals
believed him to be so severely or morally deficient as to pose a
grave threat to the welfare of the children. We had the
opportunity to observe Father first-hand and hear his testimony
and found him to be a credible witness. We noted that there
are currently no indicated, founded, or substantiated findings
of sexual or physical abuse of a child against Father. Both the
court-appointed custody evaluator, Dr. Esteve, and the GAL
opined that the children should participate in supervised
reunification therapy with Father.
The appellate court is not in a position to dispute the trial
court’s determination unless the custody order is manifestly
unreasonable as shown by the evidence of the record.
Therefore, it is respectfully submitted that the Court completed
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a comprehensive review of the custody factors in light of the
entire record presented and that this Court did not commit an
error of law or abuse its discretion in ordering supervised
reunification therapy between Father and the children.
Trial Court Rule 1925 Opinion, 11/4/20, at 6-7.
The certified record reveals the following facts that support the trial
court’s determination. Wayne County Children and Youth Services
investigated the allegations of physical and sexual abuse of Jo.D. and J.D.
and determined that there were no indicated, founded, or substantiated
findings of either sexual or physical abuse of a child of record against
Father. N.T., 9/14/20, at 10-11. Likewise, no investigations conducted by
the Pennsylvania State Police or the Office of the Attorney General resulted
in criminal charges associated with the alleged physical or sexual abuse of
Jo. or J.D. Id. 7-8.
Moreover, the certified record bears out that the results of Father’s
psychiatric evaluation by Robert M. Gordon, Ph.D., and his psychotherapy
with Steven M. Timchack, Psy.D, established that Father did not pose a
threat to any of the children. Significantly, Dr. Gordon testified that the
purpose of his evaluation was to determine, inter alia, “whether [Father] is
currently mentally and emotionally stable to be allowed to have supervised
visitation with his four children and to evaluate progress made under the
care of his therapist[, Dr. Timchack].” N.T. 9/15/20 at 177. In making this
assessment, Dr. Gordon administered a battery of psychological tests,
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including the HARE Revised Psychopathy Test, which he characterized as
the “gold standard” of psychopathy evaluations—and the test
recommended by the Pennsylvania Sexual Offender Assessment Board.
Id. at 178-81. He highlighted that Father’s HARE score of zero was
consistent with a person who is not a threat of abuse. Id. at 181. Dr.
Gordon explained that Father’s results demonstrated “there’s just no
psychopathic traits in his personality.” Id. at 180. Hence, he opined to a
reasonable degree of professional certainty that Father does not pose a
risk of sexual abuse to his children. Id. at 189-90.
Likewise, Dr. Timchack, who has treated Father since March 2018,
posited that Father exhibited remorse over his use of corporal punishment
and now recognizes alternate means of disciplining the children. N.T.
9/16/20 at 11, 18-21, 28. Dr. Timchack also expressed that Father
demonstrated personal growth over the ten treatment sessions that Father
completed. Id. at 26. In this vein, Dr. Timchack shared,
[Father] continues to impress me as a man who was able to
quickly identify and come to terms with some of the errors in
judgment he had. He quickly identified how . . . these beliefs
. . . started and he has maintained a very kind of optimistic,
forward looking and motivated demeanor throughout . . . the
entire process[.]
Id. at 28.
Similar to the expert testimony of Dr. Gordon and Dr. Timchack, the
court appointed custody evaluator, Dr. Esteve, noted that Father expressed
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regret and remorse for his use of corporal punishment and testified that
Father’s psychological testing did not reveal any significant pathology that
would indicate that Father posed a threat to the children. N.T. 9/15/20 at
33, 54, 79-80. Indeed, Dr. Esteve administered his own battery of testing
and clinical questionnaires to both Mother and Father, and ultimately
concluded that, while it would be emotionally difficult for J.D., Sh.D. and
S.D., at least initially, supervised reunification therapy would serve the
best interest of all three children.4 Id. at 83-87. The only qualification
that Dr. Esteve noted was that the ultimate success of therapeutic contact
was dependent upon Mother’s level of cooperation and her ability to forego
efforts to undermine the process. Id. at 83.
Lastly, we observe that Jo.D., now an adult, is thriving in Father’s
home, and planning on pursing post-secondary education. As the trial
court succinctly stated in its best interest analysis, “Jo[.D.]’s decision to
live with his Father and the fact that he is thriving in . . . Father’s care also
contradict Mother’s ongoing concerns of harm that she believes Father may
pose to the children.” Trial Court Opinion and Order, 10/2/20, at 14.
Phrased differently, in light of the fact the Jo.D. moved into Father’s home
before he reached the age of majority, Mother’s decision to relinquish her
____________________________________________
4 Likewise, Attorney Muir, the guardian ad litem testified in support of
supervised physical custody in a therapeutic setting. N.T., 9/16/20, at 68, 69,-
70.
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then-minor child to Father undercuts her present argument that Father is
an incurable perpetrator of abuse that remains a threat to the three
younger children during supervised therapeutic physical custody.
As the foregoing evidence in the certified record supports the trial court’s
factual determinations, we find no merit to Mother’s claims. Stated plainly,
the trial court did not disregard Father’s past actions. Rather, it considered
all of the evidence concerning Father’s history relating to corporal punishment
and allegations of abuse, including those that Judge Hamill considered in
2018, and determined that Father does not currently present a threat to his
children. As the certified record supports the trial court’s determination, we
do not disturb it.
In her final issue, Mother contends that the modification of custody to
permit supervised therapeutic visitation does not serve the best interests of
the children. Traditionally, the denial of a right to visitation is rare.5
____________________________________________
5 Indeed, Pennsylvania Courts applying the former statutory regime routinely
held, “A parent will be denied visitation only in those instances where the
record shows that the parent is severely mentally or morally deficient so as to
constitute a grave threat to the child's welfare.” Rosenberg v. Rosenberg,
504 A.2d 350, 352 (Pa. Super. 1986) (citing Niadna v. Niadna,
494 A.2d
856, 858 (Pa.Super. 1985) and Somers v. Somers,
474 A.2d 630, 631
(Pa.Super. 1984). However, the authority concerning a “grave threat” in
relation to child custody precedes the effective date of the Child Custody Act,
which does not specifically establish the “grave threat” standard. In M.J.M.
v. M.L.G.,
63 A.3d 331, 338 (Pa.Super. 2013), we held that judicially-created
doctrines cannot be grafted on the best interest factors that the Legislature
established in § 5328(a). See also D.R.C. v. J.A.Z.,
31 A.3d 677, 688 (Pa.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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As we recently reiterated, “The standard of review of a visitation order
is the same as that for a custody order.” Graves v. Graves, 2021 PA Super
207 (filed October 18, 2021) (quoting T.B. v. L.R.M.,
874 A.2d 34, 37
(Pa.Super. 2005)). We review the child custody order according to the
following scope and standard of review:
This Court reviews a custody determination for an abuse of
discretion. We will not find an abuse of discretion merely because
a reviewing court would have reached a different conclusion.
Rather, appellate courts will find a trial court abuses its discretion
if, in reaching a conclusion, it overrides or misapplies the law, or
the record shows that the trial court’s judgment was either
manifestly unreasonable or the product of partiality, prejudice,
bias or ill will.
R.L. v. M.A., 209 A.3d 391, 395 (Pa.Super.2019) (cleaned up).
Moreover,
on issues of credibility and weight of the evidence, we defer to the
findings of the trial court which has had the opportunity to observe
the proceedings and demeanor of the witnesses.
The parties cannot dictate the amount of weight the trial
court places on evidence. Rather, the paramount concern of the
trial court is the best interest of the child. Appellate interference
is unwarranted if the trial court’s consideration of the best interest
____________________________________________
2011) (Then-Justice, now-Chief Justice Baer, concurring) (observing,
following the enactment of the Child Custody Act, “there is no need for any
trial court to find a “grave” threat of harm.”).
However, the M.J.M. Court also acknowledged that trial courts may
nevertheless consider judicial doctrines under the catch-all provision of
§ 2328(a)(16). M.J.M., supra at 338 (“to the extent the trial court finds it
necessary to explicitly consider [non-statutory doctrine], it is free to do so
under subsection (a)(16).”). Hence, it was within the purview of the trial court
to consider the absence of grave threat in reviewing the custody factors.
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of the child was careful and thorough, and we are unable to find
any abuse of discretion.
A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 820 (Pa.Super. 2014) (cleaned up).
As noted, in addressing Mother’s foregoing arguments, the Child
Custody Act permits modification of a custody order “to serve the best interest
of the child.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5338(a). When awarding any form of custody, the
Child Custody Act provides an enumerated list of factors a trial court must
consider in determining the best interests of a child:
(1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit frequent
and continuing contact between the child and another party.
(2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or member
of the party’s household, whether there is a continued risk of harm
to the child or an abused party and which party can better provide
adequate physical safeguards and supervision of the child.
(2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a) (relating to
consideration of child abuse and involvement with protective
services).
(3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf of the
child.
(4) The need for stability and continuity in the child’s education,
family life and community life.
(5) The availability of extended family.
(6) The child’s sibling relationships.
(7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the child’s
maturity and judgment.
(8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the other
parent, except in cases of domestic violence where reasonable
safety measures are necessary to protect the child from harm.
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(9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,
consistent and nurturing relationship with the child adequate for
the child’s emotional needs.
(10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily physical,
emotional, developmental, educational and special needs of the
child.
(11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.
(12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or ability to make
appropriate child-care arrangements.
(13) The level of conflict between the parties and the willingness
and ability of the parties to cooperate with one another. A party’s
effort to protect a child from abuse by another party is not
evidence of unwillingness or inability to cooperate with that party.
(14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or member of
a party’s household.
(15) The mental and physical condition of a party or member of a
party’s household.
(16) Any other relevant factor.
23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)(1)-(16). This Court has stated that, “[a]ll of the factors
listed in § 5328(a) are required to be considered by the trial court when
entering a custody order.” J.R.M. v. J.E.A., 33 A.3d 647, 652 (Pa.Super.
2011) (emphasis in original).
In granting Father periods of supervised therapeutic partial custody, the
trial court reviewed the relevant custody factors outlined in 23 Pa.C.S.
§ 5328(a). It determined that four factors were either neutral or inapplicable,
three favored Mother, five militated in favor of Father, and four factors would
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be addressed by the trial court’s order and continued oversight of the
therapeutic process. Specifically, as to subparagraph (a)(16), the catchall
provision for any relevant factor, the trial court determined “the facts and
circumstances surrounding this matter have changed significantly since the
testimony and evidence was closed on Father’s last request for custody more
than four years ago. This Court finds that it is the current situation of the
parties and children that is relevant in making this determination.” Opinion
and Order, 10/2/20, at 23.
Ultimately, the trial court concluded,
The current trial record does not support a finding that the Father
is so severely or morally deficient so as to pose a grave threat to
the subject children’s welfare. This Court observed the parties
and witnesses first hand. The Court Appointed Custody Evaluator
and Guardian Ad Litem recommend that supervised partial
custody in at therapeutic setting be directed. This Court has done
a comprehensive review of all of the custody factors in light of the
trial record and concludes that it is the best interest of the subject
minor children that Father be granted supervised partial custody
in a therapeutic setting.
Id. at 23.
Mother’s challenge to the trial court’s exercise of discretion focuses on
two factors that favored Father: subparagraphs eight and thirteen, concerning
the attempts of a parent to turn the child against the other parent; and the
level of conflict between the parties, respectively. We address the arguments
collectively.
In addressing the eighth factor in Father’s favor the trial court
determined that Father encouraged Jo.D. to maintain a relationship with
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Mother and the younger siblings after he moved into Father’s residence. See
Trial Court Opinion and Order, 10/2/20, at 20. As to Mother, however, the
court found a heightened level of alienation, reasoning, in pertinent part, as
follows:
It is abundantly clear to this court, based on the trial record, that
Mother has not only consistently attempted to turn her children
against the Father since 2015, but has successfully managed to
do so with respect to her three younger children. Mother has
repeatedly told them frightening stories about their Father. She
has shared with them things that they are too young to process,
such as his alleged viewing of [pornography, which she labeled]
“bad pictures.” She has created an environment in which the
children feel they must carry continued hatred and fear of their
Father. She devalues Father by identifying him [by his first
name]" to J.D., S[h].D. . . . and S.D. . . . . She has expressed
disdain for Jo[.D.]’s choice to live with Father to her children. . . .
Mother has continued to engage in polarizing conduct which goes
far beyond what could be deemed a necessary safety measure for
the children. Her conduct served solely to further turn J.D.,
S[h].D. . . . and S.D. . . . against their Father.
Id. (cleaned up).
Mother contends that the trial court erred in finding that she attempted
to alienate the children from Father and in elevating the level of conflict
between the parties. Mother’s brief at 34-36. Essentially, she contends that
the court erred in punishing her for her efforts to protect the children from
abuse. She notes that the custody law does not require that a parent validate
her desire to protect her children with evidence that the allegations of abuse
were founded or proven, which she nevertheless asserts was established by
Judge Hamill’s 2018 determination.
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Similarly, as to factor thirteen, the trial court observed that the extreme
conflict between the parties was due to Mother’s preoccupation with the past
allegations that Father abused Jo.D. and J.D.6 The trial court explained,
Mother continues to harbor suspicion and hostility against Father.
Mother has not cooperated with Father in any manner since 2015.
This Court will not hold that against her as the prior Court Order
did not direct any cooperation and Mother maintains that she
believed that her actions were necessary to protect her children
from abuse. Of concern to the Court is that Mother appears to be
so firmly entrenched in her position that Father should not be
granted any type of custody with the minor children, that she has
been unwilling or unable to fathom the possibility of having to
cooperate with Father. Mother demonstrated reluctance to
cooperate in these court proceedings by her dilatory conduct
during the evaluation process with Dr. Esteve. Mother's extreme
position causes this Court to have reasonable concern over
Mother's willingness to cooperate with Father to the extent
necessary for her to comply with an Order of Court.
Id. at 22.
Mother maintains that her concern for the children’s safety and her
efforts to protect the children from Father is not evidence of her unwillingness
or inability to cooperate with him. She continues that, while the trial court
acknowledged that Judge Hamill did not order her to cooperate with Father,
and even stated that it would not hold her efforts against her, the trial court
erred in concluding that this factor militates in Father’s favor. She complains
____________________________________________
6 The court accepted as true Father’s testimony that he is willing to cooperate
with Mother but noted that Mother’s desire to cooperate was nonexistent. Trial
Court Opinion and Order, 10/2/20, at 22.
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that the trial court characterized her behavior as dilatory and doubted her
willingness to cooperate.
In this vein, Mother also asserts, “the trial court engage[d] in mind-
boggling ‘logic’ to justify its punishment of [Mother] for relying upon and
abiding by the factual findings and opinion of the trial court in 2018.” Mother’s
brief at 35. Ultimately, she surmises that the trial court erred in finding that
Father no longer presented a grave threat to the children and by engaging in
the statutory analysis of the children’s best interests, “[g]iven the multitude
of evidence against [Father], and his refusal to accept any responsibility for
the 2018-established abuse of the children at issue[.]” Id. at 36. For all of
the following reasons, Mother’s claims fail.
The certified record is replete with evidence of Mother’s alienation of
Father under the pretense of protecting the children from abuse. First, we
observe that Father conceded that both he and Mother committed past
physical and emotional abuse in accordance with a religious doctrine that he
no longer follows. In fact, two separate experts testified that Father exhibited
remorse for his past practices and no longer follows those tenets.
Second, the allegations that Father perpetrated sexual abuse against
Jo.D. and J.D. were not substantiated under the CPSL, a fact that Judge Hamill
acknowledged in concluding that it was nevertheless inappropriate for Father
to engage in clinically supervised visits with the two younger children when
the matter was before him in 2018. However, Father’s petition for
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modification contended, and the trial court expressly found, that Father
addressed the safety concerns that Judge Hamill noted in his 2018 decision to
deny supervised visitation. Thus, the trial court’s statement regarding the
absence of an indicated, founded or substantiated finding the Father
perpetrated sexual abuse or physical abuse was made in the context of these
facts. More importantly, and contrary to Mother’s resolute pronouncements
that she is merely protecting her children, the trial court’s statement is
supported by the certified record. Against this backdrop, we cannot discern
that the trial court abused its discretion in viewing Mother’s dogged allegations
that continue to paint Father has a perpetrator of abuse as evidence of
parental alienation under subparagraph eight of the enumerated custody
factors.
As it relates to the trial court’s consideration of the lack of parental
cooperation pursuant to subparagraph thirteen, Dr. Esteve noted four general
“observations” that are essential to the children’s welfare: (1) a working and
productive relationship between the parents; (2) the need for parents to assist
the children in learning to love the other parent; (3) the children’s healthy
relationship with both parents; and (4) the need for both parents to maintain
a healthy outlook. Id. at 75-78. Addressing these principles seriatim, we
note that Dr. Esteve found that Mother had a negative impacted on the first
three observations. He testified that Mother dismissed “out of hand” the
thought of maintaining a positive relationship with Father. Id. at 76.
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Likewise, Mother was unwilling to help the children find anything positive
about Father, or build any form of a relationship with him. Id. at 77-78. As
it relates to the third point, Dr. Esteve observed, “the three youngest
[children] certainly have this very, very frightening and dark view of their
father.” Id. at 78. While Dr. Esteve did not relate the final observation to
Mother, it is patently clear from the certified record that Mother’s perspective
in this protracted custody litigation is clouded by an unresolved conflict with
Father.
The above observations illustrate the unfortunate reality that Mother’s
perspective of Father precludes even the smallest measure of cooperation.
This actuality is further illuminated by Dr. Esteve’s apprehension that Mother
would undermine the very therapeutic contact that he recommended to the
trial court. N.T., 9/15/20, at 83. He testified, “[b]ased on all of my experience
with [Mother], . . . all of that leads me to believe that she will not support
[therapeutic partial custody] and will undermine that [process]. Id. at 84.
The GAL, Shannon Muir, Esquire, expressed similar concerns about
Mother in her testimony regarding Mother’s “strongly held” convictions that
Father is not only a danger to her children but “a danger to the community at
large.” N.T., 9/16/20, at 71. Further, noting Mother’s social-media posts and
public protests in anticipation of the evidentiary hearing, Attorney Muir
testified that she did “not believe that [Mother] would follow a [c]ourt [o]rder”
that required the children to have supervised contact with Father. Id.
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Attorney Muir even expressed her concern that Mother could be a flight risk if
the outcome of the custody hearing was not favorable. Id. at 78-79. The
GAL noted that she believed that Dr. Esteve had similar concerns about
Mother’s potential flight risk. Id. at 78.
Finally, as to the effect of this prodigious dissonance on the children,
Attorney Muir opined,
[I]n my interactions with the children, they are very distressed by
the continuing nature of the litigation. They feel as if it consumes
them. . . and [M]other seemed to be unable or unwilling to
contemplate what her role in that could be[.] . . . I believe [that]
it is detrimental to the children in that it prohibits them from being
able to kind of have some semblance of normalcy in their everyday
life.
Id. at 76.
In view of the evidence in the certified record, we reject Mother’s
assertion that the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that Mother
was principally responsible for the extreme conflict between the parties and
that her preoccupation with the allegations against Father impeded any ability
to cooperate with Father for the benefit of the children. We also are not
persuaded by her argument that the trial court employed “mind boggling” logic
in making Mother accountable for her persistent belief that Father would
present a danger to the children if supervised contact was permitted. The
weight of the evidence in the certified record bears out that Mother’s reliance
on Judge Hamill’s findings of fact from 2018 as a basis to continue to alienate
Father at this juncture in the custody litigation is unfounded. Stated
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succinctly, for all of the reasons we explained supra, the certified record
supports the trial court’s current determination in favor of Father,
notwithstanding Judge Hamill’s finding of abuse in 2018.
In sum, the trial court engaged in a comprehensive best interest analysis
pursuant to § 5328(a)(1)-(a)(16) before granting Father’s modification
petition and fashioning a custody arrangement that permits supervised
therapeutic visitation. The trial court’s analysis relative to whether Father
currently presents a threat of harm to the children is careful, thorough, and
reasonable, as shown by the evidence of record, and we discern no abuse of
discretion. Therefore, we do not disturb the trial court’s determination. See
A.V., supra at 820 (“Appellate interference is unwarranted if the trial court’s
consideration of the best interest of the child was careful and thorough, and
we are unable to find any abuse of discretion.”).
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/16/2021
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