J-A03035-23
2023 PA Super 227
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
v. :
:
JAMAL RICE :
:
Appellee : No. 1036 EDA 2022
Appeal from the Order Entered March 25, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0008765-2021
BEFORE: KING, J., SULLIVAN, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
OPINION BY KING, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 7, 2023
Appellant, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, appeals from the order
entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, granting the
motion to suppress filed by Appellee, Jamal Rice. We reverse and remand for
further proceedings.
The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows.
The Commonwealth charged Appellee with possession of a firearm prohibited,
possession of firearm with an altered manufacturer’s number, firearms not to
be carried without a license, and carrying firearms on public streets in
Philadelphia.1 Appellee filed a motion to suppress all physical evidence on
March 10, 2022.
____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6105(a), 6110.2 (a), 6106(a), and 6108, respectively.
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The court held a suppression hearing on March 25, 2022. Officer
Zachary Zgleszewski testified that on May 27, 2021, he and his partner were
on patrol around the area of 4500 North 19th street in Philadelphia. Both
officers were in uniform and traveling in a marked car. Officer Zgleszewski
testified he was working overtime that day because additional police presence
was needed in the area due to heightened gun violence, homicides, and drug
sales. Officer Zgleszewski testified that at approximately 7:25 p.m., he and
his partner were driving westbound on Wingohocking street, approaching the
intersection of Wingokocking street and 19th street. Officer Zgleszewski saw
Appellee exit a corner store and begin to walk eastbound on Wingohocking
street towards the officers. Officer Zgleszewski observed an “L” shaped bulge
in the front of Appellee’s waistband that appeared to be a possible firearm.
As the officers continued to drive forward on the street towards Appellee,
Appellee quickly turned around and began walking in the opposite direction
and then northbound on 9th street after he reached the intersection.
The officers did not activate their car siren but pulled up next to
Appellee. Officer Zgleszewski exited the car and began to approach Appellee.
Appellee continued to walk down the street and began to look back in Officer
Zgleszewski’s direction. Officer Zgleszewski stated, “come here” and
simultaneously, Appellee fled northbound on foot. Officer Zgleszewski
pursued Appellee on foot while his partner followed in the car. During the
chase, Appellee reached toward the bulge in the front of his waistband,
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produced a firearm in his right hand, and continued to run with the firearm in
his hand. Officer Zgleszewski continued his pursuit of Appellee, while giving
numerous verbal commands to “drop the gun.” As he continued to run,
Appellee threw the firearm underneath a parked car. Officer Zgleszewski
recovered the discarded firearm. Appellee was apprehended and arrested by
Officer Zgleszewski’s partner.
At the conclusion of the suppression hearing, the court granted
Appellee’s motion to suppress all physical evidence. The Commonwealth filed
a timely notice of appeal on April 5, 2022, per Pa.R.A.P. 311(b).2. On April
11, 2022, the court ordered the Commonwealth to file a concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), and the
Commonwealth complied on April 19, 2022.
The Commonwealth raises the following issue for our review:
Did the [suppression] court err by suppressing the gun
[Appellee] voluntarily abandoned while fleeing from police,
where the pre-flight encounter between [Appellee] and the
officers did not constitute an investigative detention and
thus did not need to be supported by any level of suspicion,
and where [Appellee’s] subsequent unprovoked flight in a
high-crime area was sufficient to create reasonable
suspicion for police pursuit?
(Commonwealth’s Brief at 6).
____________________________________________
2 See Pa.R.A.P. 311(d) (stating that in criminal case, Commonwealth may
take appeal as of right from order that does not end entire case where
Commonwealth certifies in notice of appeal that order will terminate or
substantially handicap prosecution)
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The Commonwealth argues that the court erred in finding that Officer
Zgleszewski’s initial interaction with Appellee was an investigative detention
rather than a mere encounter. The Commonwealth argues that the officer’s
statement to Appellee to “come here” does not by itself escalate a mere
encounter to an investigative detention because the statement alone does not
communicate to an individual that they are not free to decline the request or
terminate the encounter. The Commonwealth contends that the officers did
not activate the emergency lights of the patrol car, brandish their weapons,
engage in any show of force, tell Appellee that he was not free to leave, or
position themselves in a manner that obstructed Appellee’s ability to continue
walking. The Commonwealth asserts that Appellee’s subsequent unprovoked
flight in a high-crime area, coupled with Appellee’s previous evasive behavior
and Officer Zgleszewski’s observations of an “L” shaped bulge in Appellee’s
waistband, was sufficient to create reasonable suspicion to justify the officers’
pursuit of Appellee. Additionally, the Commonwealth claims that the officers
were permitted to recover the gun that Appellee voluntarily abandoned during
his flight. The Commonwealth concludes the officers had reasonable suspicion
to justify their pursuit of Appellee, and the court erred in suppressing the gun
that Appellee voluntarily abandoned during his flight. We agree.
Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to the suppression
court’s order granting a suppression motion is well settled:
When the Commonwealth appeals from a suppression order,
we follow a clearly defined standard of review and consider
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only the evidence from the defendant’s witnesses together
with the evidence of the prosecution that, when read in the
context of the entire record, remains uncontradicted. The
suppression court’s findings of fact bind an appellate court
if the record supports those findings. The suppression
court’s conclusions of law, however, are not binding on an
appellate court, whose duty is to determine if the
suppression court properly applied the law to the facts.
Our standard of review is restricted to establishing whether
the record supports the suppression court’s factual findings;
however, we maintain de novo review over the suppression
court’s legal conclusions.
Commonwealth v. Korn, 139 A.3d 249, 252-53 (Pa.Super. 2016), appeal
denied,
639 Pa. 157,
159 A.3d 933 (2016).
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,
Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution guarantee the right of the people
to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and possessions from
unreasonable searches and seizures. Commonwealth v. Morrison, 166
A.3d 357, 363-64 (Pa.Super. 2017). “To secure the right of citizens to be free
from unreasonable search and seizure, courts in Pennsylvania require law
enforcement officers to demonstrate ascending levels of suspicion to justify
their interactions with citizens to the extent those interactions compromise
individual liberty.” Commonwealth v. Hampton,
204 A.3d 452, 456
(Pa.Super. 2019). Because interactions between law enforcement and the
general citizenry are widely varied, search and seizure law examines how the
interaction is classified and if a detention has occurred. Commonwealth v.
DeHart,
745 A.2d 633, 636 (Pa.Super. 2000).
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The focus of search and seizure law “remains on the delicate balance of
protecting the right of citizens to be free from unreasonable searches and
seizures and protecting the safety of our citizens and police officers by allowing
police to make limited intrusions on citizens while investigating crime.”
Commonwealth v. Moultrie, 870 A.2d 352, 356 (Pa.Super. 2005) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Blair,
860 A.2d 567, 571 (Pa.Super. 2004)) (internal
quotation marks omitted). “[I]n assessing the lawfulness of citizen/police
encounters, a central, threshold issue is whether...the citizen-subject has
been seized.” Commonwealth v. Strickler,
563 Pa. 47, 57,
757 A.2d 884,
889 (2000).
Contacts between the police and citizenry fall within three general
classifications:
The first [level of interaction] is a “mere encounter” (or
request for information) which need not be supported by
any level of suspicion, but carries no official compulsion to
stop or to respond. The second, an “investigative detention”
must be supported by a reasonable suspicion; it subjects a
suspect to a stop and a period of detention, but does not
involve such coercive conditions as to constitute the
functional equivalent of an arrest. Finally, an arrest or
“custodial detention” must be supported by probable cause.
Commonwealth v. Goldsborough, 31 A.3d 299, 305 (Pa.Super. 2011),
appeal denied,
616 Pa. 651,
49 A.3d 442 (2012) (quoting Commonwealth
v. Bryant,
866 A.2d 1143, 1146 (Pa.Super. 2005), appeal denied,
583 Pa.
668,
876 A.2d 392 (2005)). During a mere encounter, “[a]s long as the
person to whom questions are put remains free to disregard the questions and
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walk away, there has been no intrusion upon that person’s liberty or privacy
as would under the Constitution require some particularized and objective
justification.” United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554,
100 S.Ct.
1870, 1877,
64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980).
In evaluating whether an interaction constitutes a mere encounter, we
must consider “all circumstances evidencing a show of authority or exercise
of force, including the demeanor of the police officer, the manner of expression
used by the officer in addressing the citizen, and the content of the
interrogatories or statements.” Commonwealth v. Parker, 161 A.3d 357,
363 (Pa.Super. 2017). The following non-exclusive list of factors are also
relevant to the inquiry:
[T]he number of officers present during the interaction;
whether the officer informs the citizen they are suspected of
criminal activity; the officer’s demeanor and tone of voice;
the location and timing of the interaction; the visible
presence of weapons on the officer; and the questions
asked. Otherwise inoffensive contact between a member of
the public and the police cannot, as a matter of law, amount
to a seizure of that person.
Id.
Further:
An investigative detention, unlike a mere encounter,
constitutes a seizure of a person and thus activates the
protections of Article 1, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania
Constitution. To institute an investigative detention, an
officer must have at least a reasonable suspicion that
criminal activity is afoot. Reasonable suspicion requires a
finding that based on the available facts, a person of
reasonable caution would believe the intrusion was
appropriate.
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…
Reasonable suspicion exists only where the officer is able to
articulate specific observations which, in conjunction with
reasonable inferences derived from those observations, led
him reasonably to conclude, in light of his experience, that
criminal activity was afoot and that the person he stopped
was involved in that activity. Therefore, the fundamental
inquiry of a reviewing court must be an objective one,
namely, whether the facts available to the officer at the
moment of intrusion warrant a [person] of reasonable
caution in the belief that the action taken was appropriate.
Commonwealth v. Jones, 874 A.2d 108, 116 (Pa.Super. 2005) (internal
citations omitted).
“[T]he question of whether reasonable suspicion existed at the time of
an investigatory detention must be answered by examining the totality of the
circumstances to determine whether there was a particularized and objective
basis for suspecting the individual stopped of criminal activity.”
Commonwealth v. Cottman, 764 A.2d 595, 598-99 (Pa.Super. 2000)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Beasley,
761 A.2d 621, 625-26 (Pa.Super.
2000), appeal denied,
565 Pa. 662,
775 A.2d 801 (2001)). “These
circumstances are to be viewed through the eyes of a trained officer.”
Commonwealth v. Jackson,
907 A.2d 540, 543 (Pa.Super. 2006).
In making this determination, we must give due weight...to
the specific reasonable inferences the police officer is
entitled to draw from the facts in light of his experience.
Also, the totality of the circumstances test does not limit our
inquiry to an examination of only those facts that clearly
indicate criminal conduct. Rather, even a combination of
innocent facts, when taken together, may warrant further
investigation by the police officer.
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Commonwealth v. Young, 904 A.2d 947, 957 (Pa.Super. 2006), appeal
denied,
591 Pa. 664,
916 A.2d 633 (2006) (internal citations and quotation
marks omitted). Behavior indicative of the presence of a firearm contributes
to the totality of the circumstances in determining whether there is reasonable
suspicion to investigate further. Commonwealth v. Hicks,
652 Pa. 353,
208
A.3d 916 (2019), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___,
140 S.Ct. 645,
205 L.Ed.2d 410
(2019).
In Commonwealth v. Newsome, 170 A.3d 1151 (Pa.Super. 2017),
this Court considered the Commonwealth’s appeal of an order granting the
defendant’s suppression motion. In that case, a police officer responded to
an anonymous radio call that several individuals were passing around a
firearm in an area in Philadelphia known for shootings. The officer arrived at
the location in full uniform and a marked patrol car, without the lights or sirens
engaged. The officer approached the defendant, and he asked the defendant
“to come here” so he could talk to him, but the defendant refused and
continued walking down the street. No evidence suggested that the officer
brandished his weapon or engaged in an overwhelming show of force. Further,
the officer did not tell the defendant that he was not free to leave, nor was
there any evidence presented that he positioned himself in a manner that
obstructed the defendant’s ability to continue walking down the street.
Although the officer acknowledged that he “asked [the defendant] to stop”
two or three times, there was no evidence that the officer threatened any
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consequences for non-compliance or used an authoritative tone. Id. at 1156.
This Court reversed and remanded the suppression court’s grant of the
defendant’s motion to suppress. Id. Specifically, this Court held that that
officer’s initial interaction with the defendant was a mere encounter because
the officer’s request for the defendant to “come here” was not a substantial
impairment on the defendant’s liberty of movement.
Id.
Instantly, the suppression court found that the pre-flight interaction
between Appellee and the police officers constituted an investigative
detention, and the police officers did not have reasonable suspicion to
authorize the detention. The court acknowledged that when Officer
Zgleszewski exited his vehicle and began to approach Appellee, the interaction
between the officer and Appellee was a mere encounter. Nevertheless, the
court determined that Officer Zgleszewski’s statement to “come here”
escalated the interaction from a mere encounter to an investigative detention,
because a reasonable person would not have felt free to decline the officer’s
request or to terminate the encounter. We disagree with the court’s analysis.
Here, as in Newsome, the officers did not engage their vehicle’s sirens
or lights, brandish their weapons, position themselves in a manner that
hindered Appellee’s liberty to continue walking, tell Appellee that he was not
free to leave, or threaten consequences for non-compliance. Under the
circumstances present here, the officer’s mere statement to “come here,”
without more, did not escalate the mere encounter to an investigative
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detention. There is no evidence on this record that Officer Zgleszewski’s tone
of voice or the surrounding circumstances communicated to Appellee that he
was not free to leave or to decline Officer Zgleszewski’s request. See id.;
Parker, supra. In fact, Appellee did not feel compelled to stop based on the
officer’s statement to “come here,” as Appellee did not stop. Thus, the
suppression court erred in concluding that the officers’ pre-flight interaction
with Appellee constituted an investigative detention. See
Mendenhall,
supra. See also
Korn, supra. As such, the officers did not need reasonable
suspicion to justify their initial interaction with Appellee. See
Mendenhall,
supra;Goldsborough, supra.
The record further demonstrates that once Officer Zgleszewski began
chasing Appellee, Officer Zgleszewski had reasonable suspicion to pursue
Appellee. Officer Zgleszewski testified that they were in a high-crime area,
and he was working overtime because additional police presence was needed
in the area. Officer Zgleszewski observed an “L shaped” bulge that appeared
to be a firearm in Appellee’s waistband before Appellee tuned around and
walked away from the officers’ car. Further, Appellee began running from
Officer Zgleszewski after the officer approached Appellee. Taken together,
the circumstances gave rise to reasonable suspicion to justify an investigatory
stop. See Commonwealth v. Jefferson, 853 A.2d 404 (Pa.Super. 2004)
(holding that unprovoked flight in high-crime area was sufficient to create
reasonable suspicion to justify pursuit of appellant under state and federal
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law). See also Commonwealth v. McCoy, 154 A.3d 813, 819 (Pa.Super.
2017) (holding that appellant’s evasive behavior in high crime area and
unprovoked flight gave officers reasonable suspicion to pursue appellant);
Commonwealth v. Carter,
105 A.3d 765 (Pa.Super. 2014) (holding officers
had reasonable suspicion where appellant was in high crime area, officers
observed angled bulge in appellant’s coat pocket, and appellant turned his
body away from officers multiple times as officers approached). Thus, Officer
Zgleszewski lawfully recovered the firearm that Appellee voluntarily
abandoned during his flight. See Commonwealth v. Cook,
558 Pa. 50,
735
A.2d 673 (1999) (holding where police possess reasonable suspicion to stop
suspect, they may lawfully recover contraband abandoned by suspect during
flight).
In sum, the officers’ initial interaction with Appellee was a mere
encounter, Officer Zgleszewski had reasonable suspicion to pursue Appellee
following his unprovoked flight, and Officer Zgleszewski’s recovery of the
firearm abandoned by Appellee during his flight was lawful. Accordingly, the
suppression court erred in granting Appellee’s motion to suppress evidence,
and we reverse the suppression order and remand for further proceedings.
Order reversed. Case remanded for further proceedings. Jurisdiction is
relinquished.
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Date: 11/7/2023
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