J-S21040-24
2024 PA Super 264
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
NYAIRE GRAVES : No. 1238 EDA 2023
Appeal from the Order Entered May 3, 2023
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-51-CR-0003928-2022
BEFORE: LAZARUS, P.J., NICHOLS, J., and MURRAY, J.
OPINION BY MURRAY, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 12, 2024
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appeals from the order dismissing
the charges against Nyaire Graves (Defendant), based on a violation of
Pennsylvania’s speedy-trial rule, Pa.R.Crim.P. 600. After careful review, we
affirm.
The trial court aptly summarized the relevant procedural history of this
case:
On November 4, 2021, [the Commonwealth] filed a
Criminal Complaint against [Defendant]. On April 6, 2022,
approximately five months later, [Defendant] was arrested for
[the charges set forth in the complaint, which included] one count
[each] of manufacture, delivery, or possession with intent to
manufacture or deliver [a controlled substance, possession of a
controlled substance, and] possession of a firearm with
manufacturer number altered. [See 35 P.S. § 380-113(a)(30),
(16); 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6110.2.]
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The mechanical run date of the criminal complaint was
November 4, 2022[,] for purposes of Rule 600(A). N.T., 5/3/23,
at 5.
On January 24, 2023, [Defendant] filed a Motion to
Dismiss pursuant to Rule 600(A) arguing that [the
Commonwealth] did not meet [its] burden of due diligence and
failed to exercise due diligence throughout the life of the case
primarily due to pre-arrest delay. During argument, [the
Commonwealth] admitted the prearrest delay was an
example of “non-perfect diligence” by the Philadelphia
Police Department. N.T., 5/3/23, 10-11.
On January 25, 2023, [the Commonwealth] responded to
[Defendant’s] motion arguing the run date should be adjusted to
August 24, 2023, due to its diligence throughout the case.
On May 3, 2023, [the trial court] granted [Defendant’s] Rule
600(A) motion [to dismiss the charges against him for a Rule 600
violation].
Trial Court Opinion, 7/21/23, at 2 (footnotes omitted; citation and emphasis
added; capitalization modified). The Commonwealth timely appealed. The
Commonwealth and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
The Commonwealth presents the following issue:
Did the lower court err by dismissing all charges under Rule 600,
where the Commonwealth passed all available discovery before
the adjusted run date, and where trial was only thereafter delayed
due to an outstanding forensic lab report that the Commonwealth
had ordered months previously and was outside of its control?
Commonwealth’s Brief at 4.
In evaluating Rule 600 issues, “our standard of review of a trial court’s
decision is whether the trial court abused its discretion.” Commonwealth v.
Carl, 276 A.3d 743, 748 (Pa. Super. 2022). “The proper application of
discretion requires adherence to the law, and we exercise plenary review of
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legal questions.” Commonwealth v. Baird, 975 A.2d 1113, 1118 (Pa.
2009) (internal citation omitted).
We review challenges to a trial court’s ruling on a Rule 600 motion
bearing in mind that:
Our standard of review in evaluating speedy trial issues is
whether the trial court abused its discretion, and our scope of
review is limited to the trial court’s findings and the evidence on
the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing
party. An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment,
but if in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied,
or the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the
result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will[,] … discretion is
abused.
….
Rule 600 has the dual purpose of both protecting a defendant’s
constitutional speedy trial rights and protecting society’s right to
effective prosecution in criminal cases. In determining whether
an accused’s right to a speedy trial has been violated,
consideration must be given to society’s right to effective
prosecution of criminal cases, both to restrain those guilty of crime
and to deter those contemplating it.
Commonwealth v. Speed, __ A.3d __,2024 Pa. Super. LEXIS 391,
2024 PA
Super 206 (Pa. Super. filed Sept. 11, 2024) (slip op. at 6-7) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Womack,
315 A.3d 1229, 1237 (Pa. 2024) (formatting
modified; citations omitted)). “[O]ur scope of review is limited to the trial
court’s findings and the evidence on the record, viewed in the light most
favorable to the prevailing party.” Womack, 315 A.3d at 1237 (citation
omitted).
Rule 600 mandates, in relevant part, the following:
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[(A)](2) Trial shall commence within the following time
periods.
(a) Trial in a court case in which a written complaint is filed
against the defendant shall commence within 365 days from
the date on which the complaint is filed.
…
(C) Computation of Time
(1) For purposes of paragraph (A), periods of delay at any
stage of the proceedings caused by the Commonwealth
when the Commonwealth has failed to exercise due
diligence shall be included in the computation of the time
within which trial must commence. Any other periods of delay
shall be excluded from the computation.
…
(D) Remedies
(1) When a defendant has not been brought to trial within the
time periods set forth in paragraph (A), at any time before trial,
the defendant’s attorney, or the defendant if unrepresented,
may file a written motion requesting that the charges be
dismissed with prejudice on the ground that this rule has been
violated. A copy of the motion shall be served on the attorney
for the Commonwealth concurrently with filing. The judge shall
conduct a hearing on the motion.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(A), (C), (D) (emphasis added).
The Rule 600 analysis thus entails three steps:
First, Rule 600(A) provides the mechanical run date.
Second, we determine whether any excludable time exists
pursuant to Rule 600(C). We add the amount of excludable
time, if any, to the mechanical run date to arrive at an
adjusted run date.
If the trial takes place after the adjusted run date,
we apply the due diligence analysis set forth in Rule
600([D]). As we have explained, Rule 600[]
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encompasses a wide variety of circumstances under which
a period of delay was outside the control of the
Commonwealth and not the result of the Commonwealth’s
lack of diligence. Any such period of delay results in an
extension of the run date. Addition of any Rule 600[]
extensions to the adjusted run date produces the final Rule
600 run date. If the Commonwealth does not bring the
defendant to trial on or before the final run date, the trial
court must dismiss the charges.
Commonwealth v. Wendel, 165 A.3d 952, 956-57 (Pa. Super.
2017) (citation omitted).
Carl, 276 A.3d at 748-49 (emphasis added). It is the Commonwealth’s
burden to demonstrate due diligence by a preponderance of the evidence to
avail itself of an exclusion under Rule 600. Commonwealth v. Selenski,
994 A.2d 1083, 1089 (Pa. 2010).
Regarding a trial court’s delay in scheduling the case for trial, our
Supreme Court elucidated that,
in ruling on a defendant’s Rule 600 motion to dismiss, a trial court
must first determine whether the Commonwealth has met its
obligation to act with due diligence throughout the life of the case;
if the Commonwealth meets its burden of proving due
diligence, only then may the trial court rely upon its own
congested calendar or other scheduling problems as
justification for denying the defendant’s motion.
Commonwealth v. Harth, 252 A.3d 600, 618 (Pa. 2021) (emphasis added);
accord Commonwealth v. Lear,
2024 Pa. LEXIS 1571 *21 (Pa. filed October
24, 2024).
The Commonwealth filed its criminal complaint against Defendant on
November 4, 2021. Criminal Complaint, 11/4/21. Thus, under Rule 600, the
mechanical run date for Defendant’s trial was Thursday, November 4, 2022.
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Police arrested Defendant on April 6, 2022.1 The trial court determined,
and the Commonwealth agreed, the delay between the filing of the criminal
complaint and Defendant’s arrest is not excludable, as the Commonwealth had
not acted with due diligence in apprehending Defendant. See
Commonwealth’s Brief at 13 (“The Commonwealth does not dispute that this
153-day period of delay was includable in the Rule 600 calculation.”); see
also Trial Court Opinion, 7/21/23, at 2-3 (unpaginated) (finding the
Commonwealth did not act with due diligence in apprehending Defendant).
The Rule 600 run date for Defendant’s trial remained November 4, 2022.
The Commonwealth argues other specific time periods should have been
excluded from the trial court’s Rule 600/speedy trial calculation.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 13. The Commonwealth claims an excludable delay
of 25 days was caused by the unavailability of Philadelphia Police Detective
Timothy Gibson for the April 22, 2022, preliminary hearing. Id. The
Commonwealth asserts that delays attributable to the unavailability of police
witnesses are excludable.
Id. (citing Wendel,
165 A.3d at 957). To support
its claim, the Commonwealth points to the docket entry for April 22, 2022.
Id. That docket entry stated, in relevant part, the following:
Defense is ready. … Commonwealth is not ready, witness is
unavailable. Next Court Date 5/17/2022 ….
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1 Defendant was released on bail following his arrest. Bail was modified on
April 22, 2022. Bail Modification Order, 4/22/22.
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Docket, 4/22/22. At the Rule 600 hearing, the Commonwealth offered no
other reasons for this delay. The Commonwealth nevertheless claims,
“[a]dding the above-mentioned 25 days of [excludable] delay results in an
adjusted run date of November 29, 2022.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 14.
We observe that in Wendel, this Court addressed a Rule 600 issue,
where the unavailability of the arresting officer caused a seven-day delay of
the preliminary hearing. Wendel, 165 A.3d at 957. This Court deemed the
delay excludable time for Rule 600 purposes:
It is well-settled that [t]he Commonwealth cannot be held to be
acting without due diligence when a witness becomes
unavailable due to circumstances beyond its control. This
legal precept applies to police officers who are necessary
witnesses.
Here, Officer [Jason] Miller, who was the affiant and lead
investigator, was unavailable for March 10, 2015, due to
previously scheduled training related to his law enforcement
employment. [At the Rule 600 hearing, Officer Miller additionally
testified regarding his previously scheduled training. See id. at
954.] The officer’s unavailability was beyond the
Commonwealth’s control, and thus, [this Court] agree[d] with the
trial court that the period of time attributed thereto constitutes
excusable delay….
Id. at 957-58 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted; emphasis
added).
Here, by contrast, the Commonwealth offered no reasons for Detective
Gibson’s unavailability, or evidence establishing his absence was beyond the
Commonwealth’s control. Thus, the Commonwealth failed to demonstrate its
due diligence by a preponderance of the evidence. See Selenski, 994 A.2d
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at 1089. As a result, the 25-day delay of the preliminary hearing is not
excludable time for Rule 600 purposes. The Rule 600 run date for trial
remained November 4, 2022.
Our review also discloses a delay by the Commonwealth in delivering
discovery related to statements made by Defendant and a co-defendant, Tyrell
Anderson (Anderson). The record reflects that on May 7, 2022, Assistant
District Attorney Amando Dominick (Attorney Dominick) emailed Detective
Gibson requesting the statements of Defendant and Anderson.
Commonwealth Exhibit C-3. Four months later, on September 8, 2022,
Attorney Dominick emailed Defendant’s counsel advising that the statements
of Defendant and Anderson had been requested from Detective Gibson. N.T.,
5/3/23, Commonwealth’s Exhibit C-4. On October 18, 2022, Attorney
Dominick emailed Defendant’s counsel that he had “just received” a video of
Anderson’s interaction with detectives. Commonwealth’s Exhibit C-5. There
is no evidence regarding the Commonwealth’s efforts to obtain the statements
between May 7, 2022, and October 18, 2022. Without a preponderance of
the evidence establishing the Commonwealth’s diligence, the Rule 600 run
date for trial remained November 4, 2022. See Selenski, 994 A.2d at 1089.
The Commonwealth next argues it had passed all available discovery to
Defendant on October 17, 2022, “when only 322 days of potentially includable
time had passed.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 14. However, the
Commonwealth concedes that discovery was incomplete until the delivery of
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the Firearms Identification Report (FIU report) to Defendant. Id. at 15. The
Commonwealth delivered the FIU report to Defendant on January 18, 2023,
beyond the November 4, 2022, run date. Id. at 15. According to the
Commonwealth, “the evidence here showed that the report was incomplete
only because all of the FIU examiners were inundated with ‘major casework.’”
Id. at 14 n.2. The Commonwealth claims there “was no suggestion, much
less a shred of evidence, that the delay in the promptly ordered FIU report
was at all the fault of the Commonwealth.” Id. The Commonwealth contends,
“[d]elays due to outstanding forensic lab results are excusable.” Id. at 14
(citing Commonwealth v. Frye, 909 A.2d 853, 858-59 (Pa. Super. 2006)).
At the Rule 600 evidentiary hearing, the Commonwealth presented its
initial written request for the FIU report, dated April 18, 2022. N.T., 5/3/23,
at 12; Commonwealth’s Exhibit C2. The Commonwealth’s exhibits
documented that on January 11, 2023, Commonwealth paralegal Grace
Tinney emailed the FIU advising,
I have a case listed [] next Thursday, 1/19, with an outstanding
FIU report. I was just wondering if there is any chance you could
check on the status?
Commonwealth’s Exhibit C-6. The FIU responded by email:
[T]his case has not been assigned to anyone & the report is not
done. I will try and assign the job but please know that all (6) of
my examiners are currently in the middle of major casework.
I will email you when it is assigned but please call Friday if you do
not hear from me.
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Id. The Commonwealth ultimately emailed the FIU report to Defendant on
January 18, 2023, well beyond the November 4, 2022, run date.
The evidence on the record demonstrates that the FIU tendered the
report within one week of the Commonwealth’s January 11, 2023, request.
On the record, there is no evidence of any due diligence by the Commonwealth
to obtain the report between April 18, 2022, and January 11, 2023.2
Consequently, this delay is not excludable time for Rule 600 purposes. See
Selenski, 994 A.2d at 1089. The Rule 600 run date for Defendant’s trial
remained November 4, 2022.
Finally, the record discloses a judicial delay in scheduling Defendant’s
trial. At a conference on September 8, 2022, the trial court scheduled trial
for January 26, 2023, beyond the Rule 600 run date. The Commonwealth
____________________________________________
2 To discern whether the Commonwealth acted with due diligence and
established excludable delay, it is clarifying to ask: (a) whether the
Commonwealth put forth a reasonable effort to provide the FIU report to
Appellee, given that the Commonwealth made no efforts to obtain this report
for almost eight months; and (b) whether the delay was beyond the
Commonwealth’s control. See Selenski, 994 A.2d at 1089 (“[d]ue
diligence is fact-specific, to be determined case-by-case; it does not require
perfect vigilance and punctilious care, but merely a showing the
Commonwealth has put forth a reasonable effort”) (citation omitted); Frye,
909 A.2d at 858 (delay may be treated as excusable or excludable if due to
“circumstances beyond the Commonwealth’s control and despite its due
diligence” (citation omitted)). Here, although the FIU lab was busy it was able
to produce the FIU report within seven days of the Commonwealth’s followup. Therefore, the delay was not beyond the Commonwealth’s control nor did
the delay occur despite the Commonwealth’s reasonable efforts. Accordingly,
the Commonwealth failed to establish due diligence and excludable delay in
this instance.
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argues that this judicial delay is excludable time for Rule 600 purposes.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 15. We disagree.
Our Supreme Court has clearly stated, “a trial court may invoke ‘judicial
delay’ in order to deny a defendant’s Rule 600 motion to dismiss only after
the Commonwealth has demonstrated that it complied with the due
diligence requirements of Rule 600 at all relevant periods throughout
the life of the case.” Harth, 252 A.3d at 603 (emphasis added).
The evidence set forth above failed to demonstrate “it complied with the
due diligence requirements of Rule 600 at all relevant periods[.]” Id.
Applying Harth, the Commonwealth’s claim of excludable time based on
“judicial delay” warrants no relief. See id. The Rule 600 run date for
Defendant’s trial remained November 4, 2022. Thus, the Commonwealth was
not ready for trial on November 4, 2022.
Under the foregoing circumstances, we discern no error or abuse of the
trial court’s discretion in dismissing the charges against Defendant for a
violation of Pa.R.Crim.P. 600. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s order.
Order affirmed.
Date: 11/12/2024
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