J-A23006-24
2024 PA Super 300
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JOSHUA ANDREW SCIARRINO :
:
Appellant : No. 1726 MDA 2023
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 15, 2023
In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-22-CR-0002230-2021
BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and STABILE, J.
OPINION BY BOWES, J.: FILED DECEMBER 17, 2024
Joshua Andrew Sciarrino appeals from the judgment of sentence of five
years of restrictive probation imposed after his initial term of probation was
revoked. We vacate and remand for resentencing.
The trial court summarized the background of this matter thusly:
Following a jury trial that took place on January 30-31,
2023, . . . Appellant was found guilty of unlawful restraint and
simple assault and not guilty of indecent assault. Appellant
received a hung verdict for attempted rape. On June 26, 2023,
. . . Appellant entered a negotiated plea to count 1[, which was]
amended from attempted rape to indecent assault.
On October 11, 2023, . . . Appellant was sentenced on count
1, the amended indecent assault charge, to two years of county
probation, on count 3, unlawful restraint, to five years of restricted
punishment, and on count 4, simple assault, to one year of county
probation.
Trial Court Opinion, 2/9/24, at 1 (cleaned up). All sentences were run
concurrently with each other. At sentencing, the trial court indicated that the
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ultimate goal was for Appellant to have his supervision transferred to
Colorado.
Barely one month later, on November 15, 2023, the court conducted a
probation revocation hearing based upon a technical violation. Therein, it
found that Appellant did not have a residence in Pennsylvania, and further
that he could not have supervision transferred because he likewise lacked a
Colorado address. The testimony also bore out that “local facilities were
unwilling to take Appellant due to the nature of his convictions.” Id. at 3.
Accordingly, the court revoked Appellant’s probation at count 3, unlawful
restraint, and resentenced him to five years of restrictive probation at the
Dauphin County Work Release Center. It did not revoke Appellant’s probation
with respect to the other two convictions. The court also stated on the record
that it was giving Appellant time credit of thirty months and sixteen days,
arising primarily from Appellant’s pre-trial incarceration. The court again
expressed that it would close out the case once Appellant took the necessary
steps to secure transfer of supervision to Colorado. See N.T. Revocation
Hearing, 11/15/23, at 8.
Appellant timely appealed and complied with the trial court’s order to
submit a statement of errors pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), arguing that his
revocation sentence is illegal. The court in turn issued a responsive Rule
1925(a) opinion.
Appellant presents a single question for our consideration: “Whether
the [c]ourt’s revocation sentence is legal when the revocation penalty
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constitutes a sentence effectively in excess of the statutory maximum period
of confinement when time credit is considered, and the entire sentence is
restrictive at the work release center?” Appellant’s brief at 5.
We begin with the legal tenets pertinent to our review. “When the
legality of a sentence is at issue on appeal, our standard of review is de novo
and our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v. Prince, 320 A.3d
698, 700 (Pa.Super. 2024) (citation omitted). Additionally, we note that “[i]f
no statutory authorization exists for a particular sentence, that sentence is
illegal and subject to correction. An illegal sentence must be vacated.”
Commonwealth v. Rivera,
95 A.3d 913, 915 (Pa.Super. 2014) (citation
omitted).
The Sentencing Code sets forth the sentencing alternatives a court may
impose, which include both probation and partial confinement. See 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 9721(a). If a court imposes probation, it “shall specify at the time of
sentencing the length of any term during which the defendant is to be
supervised,” and does not authorize imposition of both a minimum and
maximum term. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9754(a). Also, the court is permitted to
impose restrictive conditions on probation that either:
(1) house the person full time or part time, including inpatient
treatment; or
(2) significantly restrict the person’s movement and monitor the
person’s compliance with [a] program, including electronic
monitoring or home confinement.
42 Pa.C.S. § 9763(d).
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On the other hand, in instances wherein probation would be
inappropriate, “but it further appears that a sentence of total confinement
would not be required in accordance with the criteria established in [§] 9725
(relating to total confinement), the court may impose a sentence involving
partial confinement.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9724. In such circumstances, the court is
required to set both a minimum and maximum term for the partial
confinement. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9755(b). Additionally, while a court may
combine a sentence of partial confinement and probation, it can only do so
when “the maximum sentence of partial confinement imposed on one or more
indictments to run consecutively or concurrently total [ninety] days or less.”
42 Pa.C.S. § 9755(h)(2).
Throughout his brief and reply brief, Appellant proffers a two-tiered
argument as to why his sentence is illegal. He first contends that being
sentenced to work release equates to “partial incarceration,” not a restrictive
condition of probation. See Appellant’s brief at 14; Appellant’s reply brief at
5 (citing Commonwealth v. Snyder, 560 A.2d 165, 174 (Pa.Super. 1989)).
As such, Appellant argues that pursuant to § 9755(h)(2), any periods of
confinement must be less than a total of ninety days but that here, it could in
theory last up to five years. See Appellant’s brief at 15. He concludes that
while the court labelled the sentence as one of restrictive probation, it is in
actuality an incarceration sentence for a flat period and is therefore in violation
of the minimum/maximum rule at § 9755(b). Id. at 17.
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Appellant alternatively maintains that if the sentence is in fact
probationary, it is nonetheless illegal because it exceeds the statutory
maximum of five years. This is so because Appellant previously accrued time
credit while in jail, which cannot be applied to his probation sentence, only
confinement sentences. Id. at 15-19; Appellant’s reply brief at 1. Overall,
Appellant purports that when factoring his thirty and one-half months of pre-
trial confinement, the potential to be on restricted supervision for an additional
five years exceeds the statutory maximum penalty of five years for his
unlawful restraint conviction, a misdemeanor of the first degree.1 See
Appellant’s brief at 16-17.
In response, the Commonwealth avers that Appellant mischaracterizes
his sentence as consisting of partial confinement. See Commonwealth’s brief
at 11. It proclaims instead that the sentence is properly that of restrictive
probation, and that the court expressly allocated time credit at sentencing,
such that the period of supervision would not exceed the statutory maximum
of five years. Id. at 10. The Commonwealth notes that the General Assembly
sought to treat sentences involving restrictive probation and partial
confinement differently, as evinced by each being listed as distinct sentencing
alternatives in § 9721(a), and that Appellant conflates the two. Id. at 11. It
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1 See 101 Pa. Code § 15.66(b) (identifying that misdemeanors of the first
degree carry a maximum imprisonment penalty of five years); 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 9754(a) (“In imposing an order of probation the court shall specify at the
time of sentencing the length of any term during which the defendant is to be
supervised, which term may not exceed the maximum term for which
the defendant could be confined[.]” (emphasis added)).
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recounts that the impetus of the sentence imposed was to address Appellant’s
homelessness and to provide him with the benefit of county programs while
he sought to have his supervision transferred to Colorado. Id. at 12.
Therefore, the Commonwealth contends that the sentence is legal and in
compliance with the permissible imposition of restrictive conditions for
probation pursuant to § 9763(d).2
Upon review, we initially agree with the Commonwealth that Appellant’s
sentence does not constitute “partial confinement.” In Snyder, the case upon
which Appellant cites with no discussion, this Court merely analyzed provisions
of the Vehicle Code and determined that “the sentencing judge is clearly
permitted to consider assigning a prisoner to work release in any case where
the person has received a sentence of imprisonment for driving under the
influence.” Snyder, 560 A.2d at 174 (quotation marks omitted). The Snyder
Court did not hold that participating in work release, itself, equated to
confinement.
Rather, we are guided by this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v.
Pinko, 811 A.2d 576 (Pa.Super. 2002), which Appellant also acknowledges in
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2 For its part, the trial court analyzed this issue as a challenge to the court’s
discretion in imposing the sentence. See Trial Court Opinion, 2/9/24, at 4-6
(discussing case law pertinent to abuse of discretion and the considerations
required by a court before imposing sentence). As noted, however,
Appellant’s issue raises the legality of his sentence, not its discretionary
aspects. The court’s opinion did not discuss the distinction between partial
confinement and restrictive probation, nor did it address the applicability of
credit time to sentences of probation. This does not hinder our de novo
review.
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his principal brief. In that case, Pinko was sentenced to sixty months of
intermediate punishment, “all restrictive at the Dauphin Counter Work Release
Center or, if appropriate, inpatient treatment for his mental illness.” Id. at
577. Like Appellant here, Pinko argued that this sentence ran afoul of § 9755
because it did not contain a minimum and maximum term, as required for
sentences involving partial confinement. We rejected this claim, noting that
the sentence imposed was intermediate punishment, not incarceration, and
that it complied with the requirements set forth in the County Intermediate
Punishment Act. Id. at 576. The Pinko Court specifically articulated that the
sentence to Dauphin County’s Work Release Center was not partial
confinement. Id.
Appellant’s sentence of five years to the same work release center is
virtually identical to Pinko’s, and therefore does not constitute partial
confinement. Although the Pinko Court recognized the sentence therein to
be “intermediate punishment,” that classification no longer exists and has
been subsumed by probation. See Commonwealth v. Hoover, 231 A.3d
785, 793 (Pa. 2020) (stating that in light of then-recent legislative
amendments, “both county and state intermediate punishment programs now
fall under the umbrella of probation”); id. at 790 (“Further, [§] 9763, which
previously was titled ‘Sentence of county intermediate punishment,’ was
retitled ‘Conditions of probation,’ and intermediate punishment is now
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classified as a type of probation.”)3. As the Commonwealth notes, pursuant
to § 9763(d), restrictive conditions on probation may include restrictions that
“house the person full or part time” or “significantly restrict the person’s
movement and monitor the person’s compliance with [a] program[.]” 42
Pa.C.S. § 9763(d). Appellant has not persuaded us that he is serving a
sentence of partial confinement, and therefore his arguments pertaining to
any violation of § 9755 must fail.
Having concluded that Appellant’s sentence is that of restrictive
probation, we turn to his claim that the sentence is nevertheless illegal
because it exceeds the statutory maximum. In his reply brief, Appellant
acknowledges that the court purported to award him credit for time served
while incarcerated but insists that this is a “legal nullity” because credit does
not apply to probationary sentences. See Appellant’s reply brief at 1. We are
constrained to agree.
The statute governing time credit is clear that it applies to sentences
that involve incarceration. In relevant part, it states: “Credit against the
maximum term and any minimum term shall be given to the defendant
for all time spent in custody as a result of the criminal charge for which a
prison sentence is imposed or as a result of the conduct on which such a
charge is based.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9760(1) (emphases added). As noted above,
probationary sentences do not contain a maximum and minimum length, and
____________________________________________
3 The amendment to § 9763 referred to by the Hoover Court became effective
on December 18, 2019.
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therefore fall outside the purview of the statute. Additionally, in other
contexts, we have expressly interpreted § 9760 as being inapplicable to
probation. See Commonwealth v. Crump, 995 A.2d 1280, 1284 (Pa.Super.
2010) (“The statutory language [of § 9760(1)] is clear that a person is entitled
to credit toward his or her sentence if time is spent in custody. The statute
does not address credit in relation to a probationary sentence.”).
Our research has not uncovered any case standing for the proposition
that credit time may apply to reduce a flat probationary sentence imposed by
the trial court, and neither the Commonwealth nor the trial court cite any.
Furthermore, “[i]t is well established that there is no constitutional right to
credit for time served prior to trial or sentence.” Commonwealth v.
Johnson, 967 A.2d 1001, 1003 (Pa.Super. 2009). Thus, as it stands, the
court’s imposition of credit time is an illegal component of the sentence insofar
as it lacks either statutory or constitutional authorization. Since the sentence
imposed was particularly crafted in contemplation of and dependent upon the
ineffective award of credit time, it must be vacated. See Rivera,
95 A.3d at
915.
We note that the trial court’s intent was to impose a sentence of
restrictive probation that would terminate upon the earlier of (1) Appellant
having his supervision transferred to Colorado, or (2) five years less thirty
months and sixteen days. See N.T. Revocation Hearing, 11/15/23, at 8 (the
court stating: “Count 3, five years restrictive probation with time credit. We’ll
put him on work release. Once he gets the mental health evaluation and gets
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set up in Colorado, we will close the case.”). The court’s aim would be
achieved if Appellant were to be resentenced to restrictive probation for a
period that is calculated by subtracting from five years all deemed appropriate
credit time. Appellant acknowledges that this would correct any illegal
sentence and satisfy his claims on appeal. See Appellant’s brief at 19 (“This
Court must either vacate the entirety of the sentence or clarify that he may
only be held for the maximum period of time, five years less his time credit.”);
Appellant’s reply brief at 1 (stating that if Appellant would have been
sentenced to two years, six months, and six days of restrictive probation
instead of five years with the purported credit, he “would have no argument”).
As our disposition upsets the trial court’s overall sentencing scheme, we
vacate the judgment of sentence and remand for resentencing. If the trial
court desires to give Appellant the benefit of credit for periods spent
incarcerated or serving his initial probationary sentence, it may opt to
reimpose a flat sentence of restrictive probation for a period of time equal to
five years less any time credit to which the court believes Appellant is entitled.
Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
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Judgment Entered.
Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/17/2024
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