J-A14017-24
2024 PA Super 304
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
DEBORAH STACKHOUSE : No. 334 EDA 2023
Appeal from the Order Entered January 18, 2023
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No: CP-51-CR-0006496-2021
BEFORE: LAZARUS, P.J., STABILE, J., and LANE, J.
OPINION BY STABILE, J.: FILED DECEMBER 18, 2024
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appeals from the January 18, 2023,
order granting Appellee Deborah Stackhouse’s (“Appellee”) motion to dismiss
all charges based upon a violation of the speedy trial rule, Pa.R.Crim.P. 600.
In this appeal, we are called upon to review the propriety of the trial court’s
order granting Rule 600 relief where the Commonwealth was trial ready before
the Rule 600 adjusted run date, but nonetheless, had not exercised due
diligence throughout the entire life of this case. Upon review, we reverse and
remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
On November 21, 2019, Appellee was charged with arson, burglary,
causing catastrophe, criminal mischief, criminal trespass, possessing an
instrument of crime, recklessly endangering another person, and criminal
attempt-murder. Based upon the charge date, under Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, the
Commonwealth was obligated to bring Appellee to trial within 365 days, or by
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November 21, 2020. An arrest warrant for Appellee was issued the day she
was charged. Two attempts were made to apprehend Appellee, on November
22, 2019, and December 22, 2019. Neither attempt was successful. Appellee
was ultimately arrested pursuant to the warrant on July 3, 2021. A
preliminary hearing was conducted on July 19, 2021, and the case was held
for court. Due to a succession of COVID-19 related administrative orders in
the First Judicial District, Rule 600 was suspended from March 17, 2020, until
October 1, 2021, thus establishing an adjusted run date of June 6, 2022.
On August 23, 2021, a scheduling conference was held. At that time,
the Commonwealth was not trial ready because it had not completed the
passing of discovery. A second scheduling conference was held on November
2, 2021, at which time it was determined the Commonwealth again was not
trial ready, as it had not yet passed all discovery. A third conference was held
on February 2, 2022, by which time discovery had been passed. The court
proceeded to schedule trial almost a year later (355 days) for January 23,
2023.1 The Commonwealth has represented that it was trial ready as of
February 2, 2022.
On January 3, 2023, Appellee filed a motion to dismiss based on a
violation of Pa.R.Crim.P. 600. Following a hearing and argument held on
January 18, 2023, the trial court granted Appellee’s Rule 600 motion and
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1 The docket reflects a trial date of January 23, 2023. The court’s opinion
provides a date of January 18, 2023. We shall use the date found in the trial
court docket and orders. Regardless, this minor discrepancy does not affect
the disposition of this appeal.
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dismissed all charges. The trial court calculated, and the parties agreed, that
the adjusted run date for purposes of Rule 600 was June 6, 2022. The trial
court, citing Commonwealth v. Harth, 252 A.3d 600 (Pa. 2021), found that
the Commonwealth was not diligent throughout the life of the case and
therefore, the Commonwealth could not rely on judicial delay to exclude the
period between February 2, 2022, and January 23, 2023, in the Rule 600
calculation. See Trial Court Opinion, 8/10/23, at 4-5 (unpaginated). The trial
court reasoned,
I don’t have enough information provided on the record to
find that the Commonwealth was duly diligent in passing
the discovery over the lifetime of the case.
In fact, I have evidence to the contrary since discovery was
requested prior, even prior to you getting the file. I understand
you weren’t the assigned [Commonwealth attorney], but someone
was assigned. And discovery was requested. It’s on the docket.
And even if it wasn’t requested, it’s mandatory discovery. It [is]
just standard discovery, a Fire Marshall report. And it wasn’t
subpoenaed until November 2nd of 2021. So before we can even
address the fact that the [trial court’s] EPD wasn’t until
today, January 18th of 2023, . . . you would have to
establish that the Commonwealth was diligent over the
lifetime of the case. And you haven’t established that.
…
One of the reasons that I think the Supreme Court has said that
we have to establish the diligence before addressing court delay
is because in cases like this when discovery is not passed, it
creates an additional delay.
So follow this logic. If you will just indulge me for a second. . . .
If the Commonwealth starts passing discovery in a timely manner,
it will enable defense counsel to speak with their clients about that
discovery in a timely manner and proceed with full knowledge and
full information on how to proceed with their cases.
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So for example, if a defendant gets discovery right after the
preliminary hearing, that defendant then gets to make an
informed decision about whether to enter into a non-trial
disposition or a plea, whether to enter into a waiver trial, or
whether to proceed with a jury.
And . . . if somebody enters into a non-trial or a waiver trial, the
court date is a lot sooner than if they proceed with a jury trial.
. . . [A] lot of times the Commonwealth likes to say this is just
court delay. But we all bare responsibility for this delay because
of the fact that if they knew what the evidence would show then
they can make more informed decisions, and we can bring this to
trial sooner. How can you expect somebody to know whether
they’re going to do a non-trial disposition or whether they want to
plea open or negotiated, whether they want to waive or proceed
with a jury. How will they know that if they don’t even have the
discovery to discuss it with their attorneys until a week before
trial? So that’s why they get these really far our court dates. And
that’s why it’s so important that the discovery is passed sooner
because then it wouldn’t be a date a year from now if discovery is
discussed and the person decides that they want to proceed in a
different manner, but that’s not even a possibility.
So I think that’s why the Supreme Court puts so much
emphasis on showing that . . . the Commonwealth has been
diligent throughout the life of the case because it really
does matter as far as time calculations. It matters with
how people proceed, and it can affect the length of the
case.
N.T. Rule 600 Hearing, 1/18/23, at 53-57 (cleaned up; emphases added).
This appeal followed. Both the trial court and the Commonwealth have
complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
On appeal, the Commonwealth raises a sole issue:
Did the [trial] court err by dismissing all charges under Rule 600,
where the Commonwealth passed all discovery and was trial-ready well before the adjusted run date, and where trial was only
scheduled beyond the adjusted run date due to the [trial] court’s
own scheduling concerns?
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Commonwealth’s Brief, at 4.
The Commonwealth does not contest the assessment of delays to it up
to the February 2, 2022, scheduling conference. Rather, the Commonwealth
contends that the trial court erred by not excluding as judicial delay, the 355-
day period from the February 2, 2022, conference to the scheduled trial date
of January 23, 2023. Commonwealth’s Brief, at 15. The Commonwealth
contends “[t]his was a legal error because any lack of diligence on a prior
occasion has no bearing on a subsequent period of judicial delay – when the
Commonwealth is trial-ready before that delay begins.” Id. at 11 (emphasis
in original) (citing Commonwealth v. Mills, 162 A.3d 323, 325 (Pa. 2017)
(“[W]here a trial-ready prosecutor must wait several months due to a court
calendar, the time should be treated as “delay” for which the Commonwealth
is not accountable.”)). We need not consider, nor does the Commonwealth
urge us to consider, any period of time other than the 355 days between
February 2, 2022, and January 23, 2023, since that period of time is
dispositive of the issue whether the trial court properly granted Rule 600 relief.
We begin our analysis with the text of Rule 600 regarding computation
of time:
For purposes of paragraph (A), periods of delay at any stage of
the proceedings caused by the Commonwealth when the
Commonwealth has failed to exercise due diligence shall be
included in the computation of the time within which trial must
commence. Any other periods of delay shall be excluded from
the computation.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(C) (emphases added).
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It first must be observed that the examination of time within Rule 600
refers to “periods of delay” that must be identified. The rule then establishes
two requirements that must be met for Commonwealth delay to count toward
the 365-day deadline: (1) the delay must be caused by the Commonwealth;
and (2) the Commonwealth must have failed to exercise due diligence.
Commonwealth v. Lear, --- A.3d ---, 2024 WL 4559236 at *6 (Pa. 2024)
(citing Commonwealth v. Johnson,
289 A.3d 959, 982 (Pa. 2023). Other
periods of delay not resulting from the Commonwealth’s lack of due diligence,
are excludable and removed from the computation of the Rule 600 deadline.
Id.
As stated, we need not examine the periods of delay that occurred prior
to the February 2, 2022, conference.2 As of February 2, 2022, the
Commonwealth still had 125 days to bring Appellee to trial. There is no
contention that the Commonwealth contributed to or caused any delay from
that date to the scheduled trial date of January 23, 2023. The scheduling of
the January 2023 trial was made necessary due to the trial court’s calendar.
The trial court erred in assessing the time between February 2, 2022, and
January 23, 2023, against the Commonwealth because the Commonwealth
caused no delay during that “period of delay.” The rule speaks to periods of
delay. That being the case, it would make no sense to attempt to proceed to
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2 We do so without condoning the delay caused by the Commonwealth in
completing discovery.
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the second step in a Rule 600 analysis that inquires whether the
Commonwealth caused the delay, and if so, if that was the result of it acting
without due diligence. Where there is no assertion that the Commonwealth
caused delay during a “period of delay,” there exists no basis upon which fault
for delay can be assessed during that period of delay and attributed to the
Commonwealth. The trial court essentially held that the Commonwealth
forfeited its right to try Appellee because the Commonwealth caused some
inexcusable delay during the life of this case, regardless of when that delay
may have occurred. The trial court committed legal error when it assessed its
non-concurrent judicial delay after February 2, 2022, against the
Commonwealth and dismissed this prosecution.
We now turn to examining the centerpiece of the trial court’s reasoning
that under Harth “the Commonwealth must exercise diligence throughout the
life of the case.” Trial Court Opinion, 8/10/23 at 4 (unpaginated). The trial
court apparently understood this statement to mean that non-concurrent
judicial delay always is excused if at any time during the progression of a case
the Commonwealth caused delay resulting from a lack of due diligence.
Appellee parrots the essence of this argument in her brief.
In Harth, our Supreme Court considered whether a trial court may rely
upon its own unavailability as justification for denying a defendant's motion
to dismiss pursuant to the speedy trial provisions of Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, without
first requiring the Commonwealth to demonstrate that it acted with due
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diligence in prosecuting the defendant's case. In Harth, the defendant moved
for Rule 600 relief after the Commonwealth had failed to produce outstanding
discovery as of the scheduled trial date of May 23, 2016. The trial court found
itself presiding over another criminal trial at that time and continued trial to
November 28, 2016. However, on that morning, the Commonwealth
presented the defense with a discovery packet that included 15 exhibits that
the defense claimed were previously undisclosed. Defense counsel then
moved a second time to dismiss pursuant to Rule 600, arguing that the
Commonwealth failed to exercise due diligence, as it neglected to share
discoverable evidence, despite having such evidence in its possession since
early in the case.
The trial court denied the motion explaining that, in its view, the
defendant had not shown that the Commonwealth did not exercise due
diligence, and noted further, that in any event, even if the Commonwealth
was not ready to proceed, it was not "going to hold the Commonwealth
responsible," as the court was engaged in other matters which precluded it
from holding trial at an earlier date. Harth’s trial proceeded, after which he
was found guilty of robbery, burglary, and related offenses. Harth appealed
his convictions contending that the trial court erred in denying him Rule 600
relief because the Commonwealth's delay in disclosing discovery was not
excusable. Discovery was outstanding on the scheduled trial date in May
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2016, and remained so in November 2016, when the Commonwealth provided
the defense with discovery on the morning of trial.
In a unanimous memorandum, this Court declared that it was unable to
calculate the adjusted run date for Appellant's trial, opining that the record
was "inconsistent, at best." Commonwealth v. Harth, 2019 WL 5212395
unpublished memorandum (Pa. Super. filed October 16, 2019) at *14. We
emphasized that the trial court conducted no due diligence analysis with
respect to whether the Commonwealth had met its discovery obligations
throughout the case, and that it failed to determine when the Commonwealth
was legitimately prepared for trial to commence. In light of the perceived
shortcomings of the record, we remanded the case to the trial court to conduct
a hearing to clarify the cause for every continuance, the Commonwealth's
readiness for trial throughout the life of the case, and the Commonwealth's
due diligence, or lack thereof. Our Supreme Court granted review, reversed
our order, reversed Harth’s judgment of sentence, and ordered that he be
discharged. The Court found that the record amply demonstrated that the
Commonwealth failed to complete discovery through the date of trial – more
than 365 days after it filed its complaint in 2015 – and that it failed to
prosecute the case with due diligence.
Citing its previous decision in Commonwealth v. Mills, 162 A.3d 323
(Pa. 2017), the Harth Court embraced the Rule 600 linear methodology
described in Justice Wecht’s concurrence in Mills requiring courts first to
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consider the Commonwealth's role in causing the delay at issue, and only after
the Commonwealth proves that it acted with due diligence throughout the case
should a court consider other causes for delay in bringing a defendant to trial.
Harth, 252 A.3d at 617. The Court further agreed with Justice Wecht that
requiring the Commonwealth to demonstrate that it acted with
due diligence before a trial court excludes time from its Rule 600
time computation on the basis of "judicial delay" comports with
the language of Rule 600(C)(1) and its commentary, the purpose
behind the rule, and its prior jurisprudence interpreting Rule 600
and its predecessor.
Id. Citing with approval the comment to Rule 600, the Court also held (with
particular importance to our present purposes), that “the Commonwealth is
required to demonstrate that it acted with due diligence during a time period
before that period can be deemed excludable.” Id. at 617-618 (emphasis in
original). In further explanation, the Court concluded accordingly that,
in ruling on a defendant's Rule 600 motion to dismiss, a trial court
must first determine whether the Commonwealth has met its
obligation to act with due diligence throughout the life of the case;
if the Commonwealth meets its burden of proving due diligence,
only then may the trial court rely upon its own congested calendar
or other scheduling problems as justification for denying the
defendant's motion.
Id. at 618 (emphasis added).
Recently, our Supreme Court expressed that “Harth announced a
limited exception to the general rule in cases involving concurrent ‘judicial
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delay,’”3 wherein a court may invoke judicial delay to deny a defendant's Rule
600 motion only after the Commonwealth has demonstrated that it complied
with the due diligence requirements of Rule 600 at all relevant periods
throughout the life of the case. Lear, --- A.3d --- 2024 WL 4559236 at * 6
(citing Harth, 252 A.3d at 603). Harth did not hold, as apparently the trial
court and Appellee contend, that judicial delay always is excused if the
Commonwealth at any time during a case causes delay when acting without
due diligence.
The Harth Court did not have to analyze any periods of delay. It was
self-evident that the Commonwealth was not diligent throughout the life of
the case where it was still providing discovery up to the day of trial and the
trial date was beyond the time limits under Rule 600. The Rule 600 violation
was obvious. As importantly, Harth was a case that examined judicial delay
in conjunction with other periods of delay caused by the Commonwealth -
circumstances not present in this appeal.
We reconcile the Court’s statement that the Commonwealth is required
to demonstrate due diligence during “a time period” with its statement that
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3 Not all justices share the view that Harth created a limited exception for
judicial delay under Rule 600. See Lear, --- A.3d --- 2024 WL 4559236 at
*14 (J. Wecht, dissenting joined by J. Donohue) (“When we held in Harth that
any time attributable to ‘judicial delay’ could occur only after an assessment
of the Commonwealth's diligence, we were not creating some limited
exception to the rule. To the contrary, we held that courts must follow the
path expressly prescribed by the rule.”)
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the Commonwealth has an obligation to act with due diligence “throughout
the life of a case” as follows. It cannot be disputed that the Commonwealth
always has the obligation to proceed with a prosecution exercising due
diligence so that a defendant may be brought to trial within the time
constraints of Rule 600. That does not always happen. Regrettably, delays
to commencing trial are not uncommon. However, there is a world of
difference between a rule that holds the Commonwealth accountable for
periods of delays it causes when acting without due diligence and a rule that
would cause the Commonwealth to forfeit its right to bring a defendant to trial
due to the taint of an inexcusable delay, no matter how small, that occurs at
any time during the life of a case. It must be remembered that,
an appellate court may not ignore the dual purpose behind
Rule 600 and Rule 1013.4 The Rules serve two equally
important functions: (1) the protection of the accused's
speedy trial rights, and (2) the protection of society. In
determining whether an accused's right to a speedy trial has
been violated, consideration must be given to society's right
to effective prosecution of criminal cases, both to restrain
those guilty of crime and to deter those contemplating it.
…
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court adopted our speedy trial
rules as an administrative means of protecting the
constitutional rights embodied in the Sixth Amendment to
the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 9 of the
Pennsylvania Constitution. However, the Supreme Court's
administrative mandate was neither designed nor intended
to insulate a criminal accused from good faith prosecution.
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4 Rule 1013 is the speedy trial equivalent of Rule 600 for all proceedings in
the Philadelphia Municipal Court.
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In the absence of actual misconduct on the part of the
Commonwealth specifically calculated to evade the
fundamental speedy trial rights of an accused, the
applicable speedy trial rule must be construed in a manner
consistent with society's right to punish and deter crime.
Dismissing criminal charges punishes the prosecutor. It also
punishes the public at large as the public has a reasonable
expectation that those who have been charged with crimes
will be fairly prosecuted to the full extent of the law. In
weighing these matters, courts must carefully factor into the
ultimate equation not only the prerogatives of the individual
accused of committing a crime, but also must consider the
collective right of the community to vigorous enforcement
of the law. Strained and illogical judicial construction adds
nothing to our search for justice, but only serves to expand
the already bloated arsenal of the unscrupulous criminal
determined to manipulate the system.
Commonwealth v. Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 9-10 (Pa. Super. 2006) (en banc)
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
In recognition of these dueling functions, Rule 600 provides both for
holding the Commonwealth accountable for its inexcusable delays and
conversely, for not penalizing the Commonwealth for delays beyond its control
or when it has acted with due diligence. It does violence to these competing
functions to construe Rule 600 in a manner that would excuse non-concurrent
judicial delays5 any time the Commonwealth has caused an inexcusable delay,
no matter how small, at any time during the progression of a case. If that
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5 As compared to concurrent judicial delays which require that a court first
inquire whether the Commonwealth has proceeded with due diligence during
the applicable period of delay before attributing delay to the court. See
Harth, supra.
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were so, then even a small inexcusable delay of say seven days at the
commencement of a case would cause the Commonwealth to bear the fault of
judicial delay any time thereafter and lose its right to prosecute a defendant
if judicial delay caused trial to commence beyond the time limits under Rule
600. Not only would that run counter to the purposes and spirit of assessing
delay under Rule 600, but such a construction is at variance with the express
language of that rule and other of our other cases that require each period of
delay to be examined. See Johnson, supra.; see also Commonwealth v.
Lapaglia, 320 A.3d 745, 750-54 (Pa. Super. 2024) (each period of delay
analyzed to determine whether the Commonwealth was diligent);
Commonwealth v. Herring,
271 A.3d 911, 915-19 (same);
Commonwealth v. Mackey,
2022 WL 500585 unpublished memorandum
(Pa. Super. filed February 18, 2022) at *4-5 (same); Commonwealth v.
Simmons,
2023 WL 6229646 unpublished memorandum (Pa. Super. filed
September 26, 2023) at *6 (same); Commonwealth v. Coleman,
2024 WL
3858551 unpublished memorandum (Pa. Super. filed August 19, 2024) at
*13-14 (same). The Commonwealth’s obligation to exercise due diligence
throughout the entire course of a case is not repugnant to a rule that does not
assess non-concurrent judicial delay against the Commonwealth.
As previously stated, we conclude that under the facts of this case, the
trial court erred in assessing the 355 days of judicial delay from the February
2, 2022, conference until January 18, 2023, when it dismissed charges under
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Rule 600. It is uncontested that the Commonwealth did not cause trial delay
after the February 2, 2022, conference. Judicial delay after that time was
responsible for trial scheduling well after the adjusted run date of June 6,
2022. As the Commonwealth correctly notes, “[w]here a trial-ready
prosecutor must wait . . .due to a court calendar, the time should be treated
as ‘[judicial] delay’ for which the Commonwealth is not accountable.” Mills,
162 A.3d at 325.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Jurisdiction Relinquished.
Date: 12/18/2024
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