[Cite as Norman v. Pearson,
2022-Ohio-4317.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
IESHA S. NORMAN, et al. :
:
Plaintiffs-Appellants : Appellate Case No. 29506
:
v. : Trial Court Case No. 2020-CV-2923
:
MARK E. PEARSON, JR. : (Civil Appeal from
: Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellee :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 2nd day of December, 2022.
...........
ROBERT B. ACCIANI, Atty. Reg. No. 0096025, 600 Vine Street, Suite 1600, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45202
Attorney for Plaintiffs-Appellants
BRIAN L. WILDERMUTH, Atty. Reg. No. 0066303 & TABITHA D. JUSTICE, Atty. Reg.
No. 0075440, 50 Chestnut Street, Suite 230, Dayton, Ohio 45440
Attorneys for Defendant-Appellee
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.............
DONOVAN, J.
{¶ 1} Iesha S. Norman, Justin Norman, and Justin Norman as guardian of Liona
Norman (“Appellants”) appeal from the trial court’s order that granted summary judgment
in favor of Mark E. Pearson on their negligence claim. The trial court found that
Appellants had failed to meet their burden under Civ.R. 56 to demonstrate any genuine
issue of material fact and that Pearson was entitled to judgment as a matter of law, based
upon the defense of sudden medical emergency, after Pearson drove into a vehicle driven
by Iesha Norman. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
{¶ 2} Appellants filed their negligence complaint against Pearson on July 28,
2020. They alleged that on January 10, 2019, Iesha was operating a motor vehicle on
Chambersburg Road in Huber Heights when Pearson negligently caused a head on
collision with Iesha’s vehicle. According to the complaint, Iesha and Liona, a passenger
in Iesha’s vehicle, suffered temporary and permanent injuries. Appellants asserted a
derivative claim on behalf of Justin for loss of consortium. Finally, Appellants claimed
that United Health Care claimed a subrogated interest in the proceeds of the litigation.
{¶ 3} Pearson answered the complaint on August 27, 2020. He asserted,
among other things, that he had been “confronted with a sudden medical emergency” at
the time of the accident, which absolved him of responsibility.
{¶ 4} After discovery was conducted, Pearson filed a motion for summary
judgment on January 5, 2022, asserting that Appellants’ claims were barred by the
sudden medical emergency defense. Pearson attached an affidavit in which he averred
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that he had been diagnosed with diabetes in 1988 and had suffered a diabetic emergency
that led to the automobile accident on January 10, 2019. According to Pearson, he had
never previously been involved in a car accident related to his diabetes. Pearson
averred that he had had seven instances of severe hypoglycemia over a period of 30
years, and none of them had happened while driving a car. He also stated that he had
been under the regular care of a physician since being diagnosed with diabetes and that
no physician or other medical provider had ever advised him not to drive or to take any
additional precautions while driving due to his diabetes. Finally, Pearson averred that,
prior to the accident, he had “never lost awareness of [his] surroundings during a
hypoglycemic event.”
{¶ 5} Pearson also attached an affidavit from Ashley Davis. Davis, who
witnesses the accident, stated that, while she was turning right onto Chambersburg Road
from Brandt Pike, she had observed “a green Jeep fly like a bat out of hell from Speedway.
He hit the curb on the right side of the street when leaving Speedway. He sped off at a
high speed swerving, almost hitting a van. Right after missing the van, he drifted into the
opposite lane hitting the other car head on.”
{¶ 6} Rick Demis also witnessed the accident, and Pearson attached his affidavit
to his motion for summary judgment. Demis averred that he had seen “the green Jeep
pull out of Speedway turned west on Chambersburg. Jeep hit the curb and turned into
oncoming traffic and struck the Silver Chevy Equinox. I checked on the Jeep and the
driver was unconscious ….”
{¶ 7} Pearson also filed his deposition. As background, Pearson testified that he
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had worked for Dayton Freight Lines for over 34 years and was an operations supervisor;
Pearson supervised 30 forklift operators who load semi-trucks. He testified that he walks
approximately four miles a day while at work, that he also does some lifting at work, and
that his job was “mentally strenuous” because of the large volume of materials that were
moved in a four-hour period. He worked from 5:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., Monday through
Friday, and had completed the 12th grade.
{¶ 8} With respect to the accident, Pearson stated that he did not remember the
day of the week on which the accident occurred, but that he knew that it was on January
10, 2019. He stated that he was aware of the time of the accident from the police report.
According to Pearson, he left work between 1:30 and 2:00 and was going to Meijer for
groceries; after not finding what he was looking for a Meijer, he remembered going to his
car to go to Walmart, but from then on his memory was “blurry.” He testified that the
Meijer store was half a mile from his work.
{¶ 9} Pearson stated that he could not explain why he did not make it to Walmart,
because his “sugar levels” had “dropped low and caused confusion,” and he had missed
his destination of Walmart. Pearson testified that he believed his blood sugar “must
have dropped” because that was the only reason that he “would have been in the
condition that [he] was in”; “[c]onfusion sets in when my blood sugar levels drop low.”
Pearson stated that he had experienced this before “but never to that degree” in 30 years
of being diabetic. Pearson explained that it was not uncommon for a Type 1 diabetic to
have ups and downs; when his blood sugar is high, he feels “very worn out” with “[a]lmost
flu-like symptoms” and a little nausea, whereas when his blood sugar is low, he
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experiences confusion and a feeling similar to inebriation.
{¶ 10} Pearson stated that, after the accident, he went to an endocrinologist and
“chang[ed] everything that [he] was doing prior to the accident.” At the time of the
deposition, he had a blood glucose sensor that was attached to him and had an insulin
pump that communicated with the sensor, so that he did not experience ups and downs
like he had in the past. According to Pearson, he had not had another incident in which
his sugar dropped and he had been “unconscious … or discombobulated” since the
accident, because the pump alerts him before it gets to that point. Pearson testified that
the pump was prescribed for him on January 22, 2019. Prior to the accident, Pearson
had used a glucometer, testing himself three times a day at breakfast, lunch, and dinner
by means of a fingerstick.
{¶ 11} Pearson submitted notes from Dr. Parilo’s January 22, 2019 appointment
with Pearson. Pearson acknowledged that, in a section titled “History of Present Illness,”
the notes stated that he had a history of “hypoglycemia unawareness.” Pearson testified
that, based on his conversation with Dr. Parilo, he (Pearson) assumed that the
“unawareness” to which the notes referred related to how quickly “it had came on.”
Pearson also acknowledged that the notes indicated his blood glucose had been 26
milligrams, which was “severely low.” Pearson stated that he believed he had had a
“hypoglycemic event” on January 10, 2019, and that he had had “several” other
hypoglycemic events in the year prior to the accident, “but nothing ever to the degree of
the 26.” Pearson stated that his pump alerts him at 74 that his sugar is dropping low,
but he is not “unaware” at that level. Pearson testified that there’s a “fine line - - between
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70 and 50,” referring to lack of awareness, and that the worst his lack of awareness had
ever been was on the day of the accident.
{¶ 12} Pearson testified that his “second worst” hypoglycemic event was an
incident at work when his coworkers called the paramedics; this event had occurred within
the previous three years. Pearson had been treated by the paramedics and not taken to
the hospital. According to Pearson, that event had occurred because he was unable to
ingest sufficient carbohydrates “to counteract the insulin” while working; he did not give
himself “enough time to get into the office and get something to eat.” He stated that he
had been aware during that event and had asked coworkers to help him reach the break
room, where he drank orange juice. Pearson explained that drinking orange juice is a
fast-acting solution to the problem, but it doesn’t last very long, so the paramedics also
administered medication. Pearson stated that when the paramedics tested his blood
sugar, it was “in the 20’s”; he described that he had “lost all of [his] senses” at that time
but “was still aware” of his surroundings and was “not unconscious.”
{¶ 13} When asked if failing to eat something had always caused his severe
hypoglycemic events, Pearson responded that stress was also “a major factor” and had
“a tendency to counteract … with your blood sugar.” He also stated that taking too
much insulin relative to carbohydrates eaten could also cause a hypoglycemic event.
{¶ 14} During Pearson’s deposition, records from his emergency room visit at
Miami Valley Hospital after the accident were introduced. Appellants’ counsel read from
the attending physician’s notes, which stated that Pearson had reported switching to a
relatively new insulin pen with a “70/30 mix” in the previous three or four days and had
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“found himself to be hypoglycemic repeatedly.” Pearson testified that he had switched
insulin in consultation with his insurance company and his doctor about a month before
the accident; he had previously used “the 75/25 mix,” and after the switch he was
hypoglycemic more often. Pearson reported having had seven severe hypoglycemic
events in 30 years, which he defined as a blood sugar level less than 50. But he stated
that he knew his blood sugar level only after testing following a severe event; “[t]hat’s the
only way I’m going to know if it was severe.”
{¶ 15} Pearson testified that he was not aware of any severe event between the
workplace event and the car accident. He testified that, in 2015, a year before the
incident at work, he was in bed and his wife recognized that he was having an “insulin
reaction” because he was “sweating profusely” and “she woke up wet”; his wife
administered orange juice and sugar and then he got something to eat. Pearson did not
require medical attention on that occasion and believed he had not consumed enough
carbohydrates.
{¶ 16} Describing another incident, Pearson stated that at a pool party at his
sister’s home in 2015 or 2014, his carbohydrate intake was not what it should have been
and that, coupled with “excessive play and vigor,” made his sugar levels drop quickly.
Pearson also recalled that he had been “sweating real bad”; needing to urinate was also
sometimes a symptom that his blood sugar was low. He remembered the incident and
had not lost consciousness; it took about 30 minutes to get his sugar level back above 50
by drinking “coke” and eating something. Pearson stated that he had “started to get
confused” but that the symptom of confusion had appeared last.
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{¶ 17} Pearson recalled one other incident within six months of the pool party
where his wife awakened him in bed due to excess sweating; he again recovered by
drinking orange juice mixed with sugar and believed he had failed to consume enough
carbohydrates the previous night.
{¶ 18} Pearson testified that most of his hypoglycemic events occurred because
his carbohydrate intake had not been enough to counteract the insulin he had taken that
day. Prior to obtaining the insulin pump, he had followed a regular routine to care for his
diabetes: he got up at 3:00 a.m., administered his insulin shot at 4:00 a.m., then ate
breakfast. He checked his blood sugar before mealtimes with the glucometer and,
depending on the reading and how he felt, he had taken insulin up to five times a day.
{¶ 19} Pearson stated that, on the day of the accident, he had administered his
insulin and had had an Aunt Jemima breakfast entrée before going to work; he had a
peanut butter sandwich “and probably some chips” for lunch around 10:30 or 11:00 a.m.
He then left work around 1:30 p.m. Pearson stated that he had not consumed any
carbohydrates after lunch and leaving work. He did not specifically remember checking
his blood sugar at work that day, but based on his routine, he would have checked it that
day. Pearson stated that he did not talk to anyone before he went to Meijer, and he
remembered leaving Meijer with the purpose of going to Walmart.
{¶ 20} Pearson testified that, on the day of the accident, which happened at 3:55
p.m., he did not remember going to Speedway. He remembered passing the Meijer gas
station, but then he got confused as to where he was, which was his only clue of low
blood sugar. Pearson testified that he did not remember sweating or feeling the need to
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use a bathroom. Passing the Meijer gas station was the last thing he remembered until
the paramedics got him to the ambulance and got his sugar back up to above 26. He
stated that his confusion had “set in very quickly” and “was way worse” than the workplace
incident three years earlier, during which he still had “awareness” and “knew what was
going on.” He had never previously experienced anything like what he experienced on
the day of the accident, which he believed was attributable to not consuming enough
carbohydrates.
{¶ 21} Pearson was questioned about his medical records, which indicated that in
the emergency room, he had stated that he had remembered and felt the impact of his
car striking another car. At the deposition, he stated that he did not remember the
impact; he assumed that the impact had “kind of startled” him into “knowing that
something happened,” but he did not have any real memory of it.
{¶ 22} Pearson testified that he had not had any “severe events” in the month prior
to the accident after switching insulin pens, but that he had found himself to be
hypoglycemic by testing his sugar level. He stated that, around the time of the accident,
he occasionally had to eat something between eating lunch and dinner. At the time of
the accident, he was taking 24 units of insulin in the morning and 18 at night.
{¶ 23} Pearson stated that his doctor had not offered him an insulin pump prior to
the accident; Pearson’s father, who was also diabetic, had been trying to get him to use
an insulin pump because it was an easier way to control his insulin and blood sugar, but
Pearson had been apprehensive because of his level of activity and not wanting to have
something hooked to him.
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{¶ 24} Pearson testified that he was not sure how long he had been at Meijer the
day of the accident, but it was “probably 30 minutes or more.” He remembered being
inside Meijer, just on the grocery side, as he was getting something for dinner.
{¶ 25} Pearson stated that he was not injured as a result of the accident.
{¶ 26} Appellants responded to the motion for summary judgment on April 22,
2022. They argued that the accident had been caused “by a hypoglycemic event” that
had been “entirely foreseeable” and had resulted from Pearson’s failure to monitor and
control his well-known diabetic condition. They asserted that Pearson was “attempting
to expand the sudden emergency defense” to include his known diabetic condition, when
it had been well within his control to avoid the accident (and liability) in this case. They
also pointed out that he had offered no expert opinion on the issue and had failed to prove
that his medical emergency came about suddenly or unexpectedly. Appellants argued
that Pearson had admitted prior diabetic “ ‘events’ or ‘episodes,’ ” which meant that the
cause the collision had been within his knowledge and control, and he should be held
responsible for the accident.
{¶ 27} The trial court granted the motion for summary judgment on April 23, 2022.
In that decision, the court incorrectly stated that the Appellants (then Plaintiffs) had not
responded to the motion for summary judgment. The court found that Pearson’s January
10, 2019 accident “was the only severe hypoglycemic event he ever experienced in which
he lost complete awareness of his surroundings,” also noting that none of the prior
incidents had occurred while driving. The court also stated that Pearson’s physician had
never advised him to refrain from operating a vehicle. The court found that Pearson had
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established the “sudden medical emergency defense” by presenting undisputed evidence
that, during the incident, he had experienced “sudden confusion, disorientation and
ultimately unconsciousness,” which had made it impossible for him to control his vehicle.
The court also found that Pearson had established that this hypoglycemic event had not
been foreseeable. Based on its belief that the Appellants had not responded to
Pearson’s summary judgment motion, the court concluded that there was “no contrary
evidence upon which this Court could reach any other result.”
{¶ 28} On May 4, 2022, Pearson filed a reply in support of his motion for summary
judgment.
{¶ 29} On May 21, 2022, the trial court issued an amended order granting
summary judgment in order to address Appellants’ April 22, 2022 response and Pearson’s
reply. In that decision, the trial court stated:
It is clear that Mr. Pearson lost consciousness, as he testified that he
lost complete awareness of his surroundings, he was found unconscious in
his vehicle following the accident, and [he] needed medical aid to regain
consciousness. There is no contrary evidence to dispute this.
Plaintiffs assert that Mr. Pearson has not proved that the medical
emergency arose suddenly. They attempt to cast doubt as to the
suddenness of the hypoglycemic event by offering a vague timeline of
events. Yet, the Plaintiffs never explain how any timeline of the events
would change the fact that Mr. Pearson testified as to how suddenly he lost
total awareness of his surroundings, with none of the typical warning signs
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of low blood sugar. Plaintiffs offer no evidence supporting their argument,
relying instead on rank speculation. In short, Plaintiffs’ arguments fail
to establish a genuine issue of material fact.
There is no evidence that Mr. Pearson’s medical emergency was
somehow foreseeable. Mr. Pearson had never previously experienced a
hypoglycemic event in which he lost complete awareness of his
surroundings, and he had never been advised by a physician to refrain from
driving.
Plaintiffs’ argument, completely devoid of countervailing facts, simply
asserts that because Mr. Pearson is a diabetic, his hypoglycemic event was
foreseeable. Were the court to accept this premise, which the Court
expressly does not, diabetics in Ohio as a class would effectively be
prevented from driving.
(Emphasis sic.)
{¶ 30} Appellants appeal from the trial court’s judgment. They assert the following
assignment of error:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING SUMMARY
JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF [PEARSON].
{¶ 31} Appellants argue that Pearson could not adequately explain what had
happened “for the period of time (at least an hour and a half)” when he “allegedly lost
consciousness upon leaving Meijer around 2:00-2:30 pm” until he caused the accident
around 3:55. According to Appellants, after “passing the Meijer gas station, and despite
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knowing that his blood sugar was dropping,” Pearson apparently drove to the Speedway
gas station some two miles away. They also point to the fact that Pearson “has taken
measures to more easily control his diabetes” since the accident.
{¶ 32} Appellants further argue that the defense of sudden medical emergency
generally “is not appropriately decided on summary judgment” because it involves several
factual considerations that need to be decided by the jury. They assert that it was
“problematic” for the trial court to permit a defendant to establish the defense of sudden
medical emergency, as a matter of law, based only on the testimony of the defendant;
they also argue that the trial court’s decision “expand[ed] the defense” to persons with a
known, long-term diabetic condition who “admit their unconsciousness was a result of
their own failure to control their known condition.” Appellants contend that expert
testimony was needed because the factual issues in this case were beyond the ordinary,
common, and general knowledge and experience of a layperson and that Pearson’s own
“conflicting testimony” that he had suffered a sudden and unforeseeable medical
emergency was insufficient.
{¶ 33} Appellants argue that Pearson’s “own testimony and timeline” revealed that
his “period of unconsciousness was anything but sudden.” Appellants assert that
Pearson “would have this court believe that he was unconsciously operating his car …
for one to one and [a] half hours” and that, because Pearson cannot state when he lost
consciousness, he did not prove that it came about suddenly. They rely on Ciccarelli v.
Miller, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 03 MA 60, 2004-Ohio-5123.
{¶ 34} Appellants allege that Pearson’s statement to a physician at the emergency
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room that he did not remember exactly what had happened but did remember the impact
of the accident was inconsistent with his claim of unconsciousness. Appellants assert
that medical testimony was needed to “verify the cause and period of unconsciousness”
and that the trial court erred in determining, as a matter of law, that Pearson was
unconscious at the moment of impact. Therefore, summary judgment was inappropriate.
{¶ 35} Further, Appellants argue that the trial court failed to consider all the
evidence when it found that Pearson’s unconsciousness was not foreseeable. They
point out that Pearson testified to “many prior instances” when his blood sugar had
dropped, that he was able to recognize symptoms when it was happening, and that his
blood sugar monitoring in the month prior to the accident had revealed hypoglycemia
several times. Appellants argue that Pearson had sufficient warning about his condition,
knew that it needed monitoring, and knew how to counteract the hypoglycemic episodes.
{¶ 36} Finally, Appellants argue that the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment because Pearson failed to prove that it had been impossible to control his car.
{¶ 37} Pearson responds that his diagnosis of “hypoglycemic unawareness” was
part of the record and that Appellants mischaracterize the undisputed evidence by
suggesting that he drove to the Speedway gas station as “an intentional destination” and
consciously turned out of the parking lot. Pearson asserts that the witness statements
attached to his motion established that he had been traveling at a high rate of speed,
through the parking lot, over curbs, and then into the Appellants’ lane of travel, and there
was no evidence “that any of this was a conscious act.” He argues that Appellants had
not presented any Civ.R. 56 evidence to challenge his evidence of his diagnosis, how a
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26 blood glucose level might impact a person, or how hypoglycemia had impacted him in
the past. According to Pearson, Appellants simply argued that questions about the
timeline leading up to the accident created a question of fact to be resolved by the jury.
{¶ 38} Pearson argues that “there can be no reasonable dispute that [he] had a
diabetic emergency on January 10, 2019” and that none of the witnesses’ observations
suggested that he had been conscious. As such, he argues that his consciousness was
“not so much a medical issue for which expert testimony [was] required as … a
statement of fact” to which Appellants offered no “genuine rebuttal.”
{¶ 39} Further, Pearson asserts that this case does not involve a “genuine dispute
as to whether a 26 mg/dl blood glucose level would render [him] unconscious.” Pearson
had lived with diabetes for 30 years, which qualified him to testify to basic facts about
diabetes and its effect on him, and he testified that “26 mg/dl is well beyond any sort of
awareness.”
{¶ 40} Pearson asserts there was nothing in his medical history that would have
made him believe he would suddenly lose consciousness without warning the day of the
accident. He asserts that Appellants failed to create a genuine issue of material fact as
to whether he was conscious at the time of the accident or whether his loss of
consciousness had been foreseeable. Pearson cites McCoy v. Murray, 3d Dist.
Defiance No. 4-08-36, 2009-Ohio-1658, and Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Allen, 2d Dist. Clark
No. 2007-C
A-134, 2008-Ohio-3720, in support of his arguments. He also argues that
Appellants’ assertion that Pearson continued driving for a significant period when his
blood sugar dropped was “speculation” and “a mischaracterization of the evidence,” which
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was that he “was found clearly unconscious and had to be revived by medical personnel.”
{¶ 41} In reply, Appellants reiterate that Pearson did not produce any expert
testimony to support his “self-serving statement and self-serving medical diagnosis” that
he had suffered a sudden medical emergency. They argue that upholding the trial
court’s order would expand the sudden medical emergency doctrine and “open the flood
gates” to defendants asserting that they don’t know what happened and shifting the
burden to plaintiffs, which they characterize as “is a blatant distortion of the law.”
Appellants assert that the trial court’s opinion “eviscerates any liability even when the
medical emergency is brought about by one’s own doing or failure.”
{¶ 42} Appellants assert that Pearson did not cite one case where the defense of
sudden medical emergency was established without expert testimony, and they argue
that Pearson’s statements did not even establish the defense, because they did not
“speak about the crucial element of suddenness.”
{¶ 43} The standard of review for summary judgment as follows:
We review the trial court's ruling on a motion for summary judgment
de novo. Schroeder v. Henness, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2012 CA 18, 2013-
Ohio-2767, ¶ 42. De novo review means that this court uses the same
standard that the trial court should have used, and we examine the
evidence, without deference to the trial court, to determine whether, as a
matter of law, no genuine issues exist for trial. Ward v. Bond, 2d Dist.
Champaign No. 2015-CA-2, 2015-Ohio-4297, ¶ 8.
Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), summary judgment is proper when (1)
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there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, (2) the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds, after
construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, can
only conclude adversely to that party. Zivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, Inc.,
82 Ohio St.3d 367, 369-370,
696 N.E.2d 201 (1998). The moving party
carries the initial burden of affirmatively demonstrating that no genuine
issue of material fact remains to be litigated. Mitseff v. Wheeler, 38 Ohio
St.3d 112, 115,
526 N.E.2d 798 (1988). Once the moving party satisfies
its burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to respond, with
affidavits or as otherwise permitted by Civ.R. 56, setting forth specific facts
that show that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Dresher v.
Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 293,
662 N.E.2d 264 (1996); Civ.R. 56(E).
Throughout, the evidence must be construed in favor of the nonmoving
party. Id.
State v. Smith, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28762,
2020-Ohio-4088, ¶ 11-12.
{¶ 44} In McCoy v, Murray, 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-08-36, 2009-Ohio-1658, which
Pearson cites, the Third District noted:
… The defense of sudden medical emergency was initially stated
in Ohio in Lehman v. Haynam (1956), 164 Ohio St. 595,
133 N.E.2d 97, and
was subsequently clarified in Roman v. Estate of Gobbo, 99 Ohio St.3d 260,
791 N.E.2d 422,
2003-Ohio-3655. The rule articulated by the Ohio
Supreme Court is that unconsciousness is a defense against a claim of
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negligence as follows:
an operator of a motor vehicle who, while driving, becomes suddenly
stricken by a fainting spell or loses consciousness from an unforeseen
cause, and is unable to control the vehicle, is not chargeable with
negligence or gross negligence. Stated differently, fainting or
momentary loss of consciousness while driving is a complete defense
to an action based on negligence (and a fortiori to an action based on
gross negligence) if such loss of consciousness was not foreseeable.
Roman … at 266, … quoting Lehman, 164 Ohio St. at 599-600, 133
N.E.2d 97. The Roman Court also rearticulated that the party asserting the
sudden medical emergency defense bears the burden of proof with respect
to the defense. Roman, … at 273, … quoting Lehman, … at paragraph
three of syllabus. …
… In considering foreseeability, the Roman Court noted that “the
foreseeability inquiry in cases in which a defendant raises the defense of
sudden medical emergency frequently amounts to a consideration by the
factfinder of whether the defendant driver should have been driving at all.”
Roman, 99 Ohio St.3d at 271-272,
791 N.E.2d 422. To qualify for the
defense, the defendant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
he had no reason to anticipate or foresee the sudden loss of consciousness.
Dunlap v. W.L. Logan Trucking Co.
161 Ohio App.3d 51, 67,
829 N.E.2d
356,
2005-Ohio-2386 citing Lehman, 164 Ohio St. at 600,
133 N.E.2d 97.
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Moreover, the Roman Court clarified the foreseeability issue as
follows:
an automobile driver who suddenly and quite unexpectedly suffers a
heart attack does not become negligent when he loses control of his
car and drives it in a manner which would otherwise be
unreasonable; but one who knows that he is subject to such attacks
may be negligent in driving at all.
Roman, 99 Ohio St.3d at 272,
791 N.E.2d 422.
McCoy at ¶ 11-15.
{¶ 45} In McCoy, defendant Murray had submitted several affidavits, including one
by his physician, with whom he had had a relationship for several years. The physician’s
affidavit stated that, prior to the accident, Murray had not had a history of heart problems
or exhibited any symptoms thereof, and that the physician had never advised Murray not
to drive a motor vehicle. Id. at ¶ 16. The physician opined to a reasonable degree of
medical certainty that Murray had lost his vision while driving and had had a fainting
episode as a result of cardiac arrhythmia. Murray had also submitted an affidavit stating
that he had never been treated for any heart-related conditions. Id. In response, the
McCoys argued that Murray had been “ ‘a time bomb’ with a long history of high blood
pressure, high cholesterol, noncompliance with medication, chest pains, and smoking.”
They presented the opinion of another doctor who indicated to a reasonable degree of
medical certainty that Murray’s episode had not been a sudden medical emergency but
that it had been foreseeable. Id. at ¶ 17.
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{¶ 46} The Third District determined as follows:
The present case presents a factual scenario very similar to that at
issue in Roman. In Roman, the defendant suffered a fatal heart attack
while driving, resulting in his own death and the death of other drivers. The
Roman defendant had a prior medical history of heart disease, including a
prior bypass surgery. Roman, 99 Ohio St.3d at 263,
791 N.E.2d 422.
However, the defendant, in Roman, had not been advised not to drive and
his physician had described his condition as stable.
In considering the foreseeability of the defendant's heart attack in
Roman, the Ohio Supreme Court specifically rejected the argument that “a
driver who operates a vehicle with knowledge of any medical condition
should bear the risk of injuries that result from loss of consciousness or
incapacitation due to the condition. Appellants contend that assumption-
of-the-risk principles should apply in a situation where a driver with a
medical condition chooses to operate a vehicle.” Roman, 99 Ohio St.3d at
271,
791 N.E.2d 422. In reviewing that argument, the Roman Court
concluded that “[i]f we accept this argument, then only those defendants
who have never had any inkling of any medical condition would be able to
assert and prevail on the sudden-medical-emergency defense, and all other
drivers would be precluded from relying on the defense.”
Id.
This Court finds the rationale of the Roman Court and the trial court
in the present case persuasive. Although one can look at Murray's history
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as a smoker with high blood pressure and cholesterol, and a family history
of heart disease and determine that he was bound to suffer a heart
condition, it would have been impossible to predict how and when such a
condition might occur. Moreover, there was nothing in Murray's history that
would lead a reasonable person to believe they were in danger of suffering
a loss of consciousness. While the McCoys make much of Murray's
history, nothing indicated a known risk of losing consciousness. See
Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Allen, 2nd Dist. No.2007-CA134, 2008-Ohio-3720
(Defendant with a history of lightheaded spells could not have foreseen that
he would experience a total blackout while driving as he had never
experienced such an incident in the past).
McCoy at ¶ 20-22. The Third District concluded that “there was no genuine issue of
material fact with regards to the unforeseeable nature of Murray’s unconsciousness” and
affirmed the grant of summary judgment in his favor. Id. at ¶ 23.
{¶ 47} Ciccarelli v. Miller, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 03 MA 60, 2004-Ohio-5123, cited
by Appellants, involved a diabetic emergency, and the Seventh District reversed the grant
of summary judgment in favor of the diabetic defendant, Miller. The following was
significant to the Seventh District:
… Miller presented expert testimony from Dr. Wise that she had
suffered an unforeseen blackout. It is clear, though, that Dr. Wise had no
way of knowing when the blackout allegedly occurred, and whether it
occurred before or after Miller's act of pressing the accelerator while her car
-22-
was still in reverse. The only person who could testify about this was Miller,
and her deposition testimony only reveals that she did not remember what
happened. (Miller Depo., p. 88.) There are some indications in Miller's
deposition that she may have left skid marks, which would tend to show that
she was conscious enough to hit the brakes. (Miller Depo., pp. 85-86.) It
is also clear that Miller hit her head during the collision, which could help to
explain how and when she became unconscious. (Miller Depo., p. 10.) It
is difficult to comprehend how this type of contradictory evidence could be
the basis for granting summary judgment in Miller's favor.
In addition, there are some credibility problems that arise from
Miller's evidence. First, Miller relies heavily on the unrebutted expert
opinion of Dr. Wise, who began treating Miller for diabetes in November
1999. This was only five months before the automobile accident. Miller
stresses the importance of Dr. Wise's unrebutted affidavit which asserts that
she had a “syncopal episode and lost consciousness,” on the day of the
accident, and that there was no reason to foresee that this would happen.
A “syncopal episode” is simply another way of saying “loss of
consciousness.” Dr. Wise submitted this affidavit before he knew that
Miller had been in a diabetic coma for eight days approximately 13 years
before the automobile accident. (Wise Depo., p. 10.) Miller never shared
this information with Dr. Wise and he eventually learned about it from other
sources. (Wise Depo., p. 10.)
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According to Miller, the coma came on very suddenly. (Miller Depo.,
p. 28.) In contrast, Dr. Wise testified that the information he received from
Miller was that she had never had an incident where she suddenly blacked
out. (Wise Depo., p. 11.) A sudden diabetic coma that lasts for eight days
certainly seems like something an expert witness would need to know about
prior to giving an expert opinion. Miller may have been less than
completely forthcoming with Dr. Wise.
Miller also failed to tell Dr. Wise that she was having regular dizzy
spells in the few months prior to the accident. (Wise Depo., p. 71.)
Although Dr. Wise only treated Miller twice for dizziness prior to the
accident, he learned from another source that she regularly complained of
dizziness. (Wise Depo., pp. 16, 39, 71.)
Based on the analysis in Lehman, and based on the credibility issues
surrounding Miller's evidence, the trial court should not have granted
summary judgment in favor of Miller.
The additional cases Wheeler cites in his brief reinforce the principles
outlined above. In Castle v. Seelig (July 9, 1993), Sixth Dist. No. H-92-
059, the trial court granted summary judgment to two separate defendants
based on the “sudden loss of consciousness defense.” The Sixth District
Court of Appeals reversed the trial court based on Lehman. Id. at 9-10, 133
N.E.2d 97. The Sixth District noted that the defendants established some
evidence to prove that they blacked out and that the blackout was not
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foreseeable. Id. at 10-11, 133 N.E.2d 97. Nevertheless, the appellate court
found that there were credibility issues with the defendants' testimony about
when and if they blacked out, and found it significant that one of the
defendants had suffered a head injury during the accident. Id. at 11,
133
N.E.2d 97. Although Appellee would like to distinguish the facts of Castle
from those of the instant case, the two cases appear to be quite similar.
{¶ 48} Regarding the foreseeability of Miller’s blackout, Ciccarelli noted:
… The main evidence showing that Miller could have foreseen a
blackout consists of: 1) the diabetic coma that occurred thirteen years prior
to the accident; 2) repeated cases of dizziness in the few months prior to
the accident; 3) Miller's report of dizziness just days prior to the accident
(Wise Depo., p. 39); 4) the fact that Miller had some type of viral infection
requiring antibiotics just three days prior to the accident; 5) Miller's surgery
just three days prior to the accident, for which she was taking painkillers; 6)
the multiple drugs that Miller was taking, including anti-depressants and
pain killers, that could cause dizziness, lightheadedness and loss of motor
functions (Wise Depo., p. 38); and 7) Miller's refusal to follow the dietary
plans essential to controlling her diabetes, leading to possible
consequences of very high or very low blood sugar, including blackouts and
coma (Wise Depo., pp. 11, 12, 15, 19, 24, 25, 27).
Although Dr. Wise did not recall ever telling Miller that she should
avoid operating a motor vehicle, it might be possible for a jury to decide that
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a person who has diabetes, is constantly dizzy, has the flu, has just had
surgery, is taking painkillers and anti-depressants, is not controlling her
diabetes, and has suffered a diabetic coma, should be aware of the risk of
blacking out. Looking at all this evidence in a light most favorable to
Appellants, it is possible that a jury could conclude that Miller should have
foreseen some type of problem similar to the blackout that allegedly
occurred on April 20, 2000. …
Id. at ¶ 48-49.
{¶ 49} In Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Allen, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2007-CA-134, 2008-Ohio-
3720, James Allen became lightheaded and nauseous while stopped at a red light,. A
minute after proceeding on the subsequent green light, he became unconscious,
damaging the property of a church. Id. at ¶ 3. Allen moved for summary judgment,
asserting that he had suffered a sudden unexpected medical emergency, and the trial
court granted the motion. On appeal, Appellants, the church and Cincinnati Insurance
Co., asserted that the court had erred in failing to strike portions of Allen’s affidavit.1 Id.
at ¶ 8. Specifically, they argued that the trial court improperly had allowed the medical
diagnosis to remain in paragraph five of Allen’s affidavit and that Allen should not have
been allowed to testify to the legal conclusion that he suffered a “sudden medical
emergency.” Id. at ¶ 15. In paragraph five, Allen stated: “At no time before the sudden
medical emergency … had I ever received treatment for, or been diagnosed with, sick
1
The trial court had already struck paragraph 4 of the affidavit, which provided: “I was
taken by ambulance to Community Hospital where I was diagnosed with syncopal
episode secondary to sick sinus syndrome.”
-26-
sinus syndrome or syncopal episodes secondary to sick sinus syndrome.”
{¶ 50} This Court determined:
Although Allen testified to suffering a “sudden medical emergency,”
that phrase is not a legal term of art. Allen's affidavit can reasonably be
interpreted as stating that he suffered a sudden onset of a medical problem,
which is admissible. In addition, we find no error in the trial court's denial
of the motion to strike paragraph five of Allen's affidavit. Unlike paragraph
four, Allen's statement that he had not previously been diagnosed with sick
sinus syndrome or syncopal episodes secondary to sick sinus syndrome is
not hearsay. Regardless, the issue is not whether Allen was aware of a
diagnosis for his medical condition, but whether he knew he had a medical
condition that might cause him to lose consciousness. See Dunlap v. W.L.
Logan Trucking Co., 161 Ohio App.3d 51,
2005-Ohio-2386,
829 N.E.2d
356, ¶ 51.2 The statement in paragraph five that Allen had not previously
been diagnosed with a particular medical condition—particularly in the
absence of paragraph four—is not probative of whether the
unconsciousness was foreseeable. Although the trial court may have
elected to strike this paragraph, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial
court's failure to strike additional portions of Allen's affidavit.
2
Dunlap held that, “… despite the fact that [employee-driver] Munnal’s sleep apnea was
not specifically diagnosed until after the accident, Munnal was aware of excess fatigue
and aware of falling asleep at inopportune or unusual moments prior to the accident.
Thus, the court did not err in concluding that Munnal failed to prove by a preponderance
of the evidence that his loss of consciousness was not foreseeable, and so Munnal did
not qualify for the sudden-medical-emergency defense.”
-27-
(Footnote added.) Id. at ¶ 16.
{¶ 51} Appellants in Allen further argued that summary judgment was
inappropriate because “genuine issues of material fact existed as to whether Allen could
have foreseen the occurrence of the blackout.” Id. at ¶ 31. They asserted that the
sudden medical emergency defense was “not appropriately resolved by summary
judgment.” Id. at ¶ 34. In response, we stated:
… [T]he Supreme Court has stated that “many cases in which
sudden medical emergency is raised as a defense to negligence are not
well suited to resolution by summary judgments or directed verdicts, but
must proceed to trial, where it is incumbent upon the factfinder to determine
whether the requirements of the defense have been met.” Roman, 99 Ohio
St.3d at 273,
791 N.E.2d 422.
While the Supreme Court noted that the first element of the
defense—whether the driver was unconscious—often involves a credibility
determination that cannot be resolved through summary judgment, the
Supreme Court has not stated that all cases must be resolved by a trial.
To conclude that summary judgment is per se unreasonable whenever the
sudden medical emergency defense is raised would abdicate our
responsibility to resolve the issue on a case's individual merits.
Id. at ¶ 34-35.
{¶ 52} Further, we observed:
… At the time of the accident, Allen had been experiencing
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lightheadedness for approximately eleven years. There was no evidence
that Allen had ever lost consciousness due to the lightheadedness prior to
the September 2004 accident, and he stated that he had not previously—
and has not since—felt symptoms as severe. Although Allen indicated that
he usually stopped what he was doing until the lightheadedness passed,
Allen further indicated that the lightheadedness passed whether he stopped
or not, without becoming more severe. Based on this undisputed
evidence, which is buttressed by Dr. Ericksen's opinion that Allen's loss of
consciousness was not foreseeable, the trial court did not err in finding no
genuine issue of fact that Allen could not have reasonably anticipated
blacking out on September 11, 2004.
Id. at ¶ 43.
{¶ 53} Herein, regarding Pearson’s loss of consciousness, he averred in his
affidavit that on January 10, 2019, he had “suffered a diabetic emergency that led to an
automobile accident,” and he testified at deposition that he had been rendered
unconscious and “lost awareness.” Pearson further testified that driving past the gas
station was the last memory he had until the paramedics had him in the ambulance and
“got [his] sugar back up above 26.” Pearson’s testimony was not the only evidence that
he suddenly lost consciousness. Rick Demis observed the accident and averred that
Pearson had been unconscious when he checked on him after the crash. Pearson
testified, in response to questions from Appellants about his medical records, that the
record reflected “hypoglycemia unawareness” and a blood glucose of 26 milligrams at the
-29-
time of the accident. While Appellants argue that the diagnosis was inadmissible
hearsay, Appellants had elicited this testimony (and thus had not objected to it), which
differed from the situation in Allen. Appellants offered no Civ.R. 56 evidence to rebut
Pearson’s evidence that he had been unconscious at the time of the accident.
{¶ 54} Also, unlike in Ciccarelli, there was no evidence that Pearson was
conscious at the time of the accident, such as skid marks indicating that he had applied
the brakes, and there was also no evidence that Pearson had sustained a head injury
during the accident which might explain how he became unconscious. While Appellants
suggest that Pearson was awake at the time of the impact, they offered no evidence in
support of this speculation. Accordingly, Appellants failed to establish the existence of a
genuine issue of material fact as to whether Pearson had been unconscious.
{¶ 55} Regarding the suddenness of the onset of Pearson’s lack of consciousness,
Appellants mischaracterize the record when they assert that Pearson’s timeline was
“vague, ambiguous,” and did not explain how he suddenly lost consciousness.
Appellants assert that Pearson was “unconsciously operating his car and/or doing
whatever else for one to one and a half hours.” This assertion was speculative, and we
agree with the trial court that Appellants failed to explain how any discrepancies or
ambiguities in the timeline of the events had any bearing on Pearson’s testimony that he
“suddenly lost total awareness of his surroundings, with none of the typical warning signs
of low blood sugar.” Pearson provided competent summary judgment evidence that he
had experienced confusion, suddenly lost consciousness, drove erratically, and crashed
head on into the vehicle driven by Norman.
-30-
{¶ 56} Regarding foreseeability, Pearson met his Civ.R. 56 burden on this issue,
and Appellants failed in their reciprocal burden. Pearson averred that he had been under
the regular care of a physician to manage his diabetes, had never been advised by any
medical provider not to drive or to take additional precautions while driving, and had never
had an accident attributable to his diabetes diagnosis. As in McCoy, 3d Dist. Defiance
No. 4-08-36, 2009-Ohio-1658, the trial court reasonably concluded that, considering
Pearson’s 30-year history of diabetes, including his seven severe events in all those
years, it would have nevertheless been impossible to predict that the accident on January
10, 2019, would occur. Pearson testified that, although he had experienced confusion
in prior episodes, he had never previously lost consciousness. He also testified that, on
this occasion, his confusion set in very quickly while driving, and that he had not
experienced other common symptoms, such as sweating and an urge to use the
bathroom. Pearson testified that the accident was the “worst day” of his diabetic history,
and that it was much worse than the second-worse episode (at work), during which he
had remained aware of his surroundings. He also stated that there had not been a
severe event between the workplace event three years prior and the accident.
{¶ 57} Importantly, there were no credibility issues surrounding Pearson’s
evidence, as in Ciccarelli (defendant’s prior, sudden diabetic coma for eight days and
regular complaints of dizziness prior to the accident). Pearson voluntarily testified to
isolated incidents of severe hypoglycemic events, which he remembered. Further, in
Ciccarelli, the Seventh District listed seven reasons Miller could have foreseen a blackout,
including that she had refused “to follow the dietary plans essential to controlling her
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diabetes,” increasing the possibility of very high or very low blood sugar, including
blackouts and coma. Pearson’s testimony reflected that he had followed a routine in
managing his diabetes and was cautious about his condition, checking his blood sugar
levels up to five times a day. We agree with the trial court that, if the court accepted the
premise that Pearson’s hypoglycemic event was foreseeable, then “diabetics in Ohio as
a class would effectively be prevented from driving.” This is not the same as holding that
a defendant’s simple claim of “I don’t know what happened” will establish the defense of
sudden medical emergency, as Appellants claim.
{¶ 58} Regarding Appellants’ assertion that Pearson had failed to establish that he
was unable to control his car in the course of his medical emergency, we note that Black’s
Law Dictionary defines an emergency as a “sudden and serious event or an unforeseen
change in circumstances that calls for immediate action to avert, control, or remedy
harm,” or an “urgent need for relief or help.” Black’s Law Dictionary 660 (11th Ed. 2019).
Pearson testified that he had no memory of driving into Appellant’s vehicle. Ashley Davis
observed his vehicle “fly like a bat out of hell from Speedway,” “hit the curb,” and swerve
at a high rate of speed, almost hitting a van before drifting into the opposite lane and
hitting Appellants’ vehicle head on. Demis also observed Pearson hit the curb and turn
into oncoming traffic before hitting Appellants’ vehicle. Appellants provided no Civ.R. 56
evidence establishing a genuine issue for trial regarding Pearson’s inability to control his
vehicle.
{¶ 59} While it is true that there was no expert testimony offered in support of
“establishing any element of the defense” of sudden medical emergency, “sudden
-32-
medical emergency” is not a term of art, and on this record, given Pearson’s history of
diabetes, no expert testimony was required to establish the cause of his lack of
consciousness. The lack of expert testimony did not create a genuine issue of material
fact as to any element of the defense, and the trial court did not err in rendering summary
judgment in the absence of an expert opinion.
{¶ 60} Finally, Appellant’s argue that the defense of sudden medical emergency is
not appropriately resolved on summary judgment. As noted in Allen, 2d Dist. Clark No.
2007-CA-134, 2008-Ohio-3720, “the Ohio Supreme Court has not stated that all [such]
cases must be resolved by a trial.” Construing all the evidence in a light most favorable
to Appellants, and in the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, Pearson was entitled
to summary judgment as a matter of law. Accordingly, Appellants’ assignment of error
is overruled.
{¶ 61} The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
.............
TUCKER, P.J., and LEWIS, J. concur.
Copies To:
Robert B. Acciani
Brian L. Wildermuth
Tabitha D. Justice
Hon. Steven K. Dankof
