majority"> Adams, J.

On a cause of action not arising out of contract the defendant may be arrested in a suit for the recovery of damages for injury to the person which has been inflicted intentionally or maliciously — that is, when the act is characterized by fraud, wilfulness, wantonness, or criminality, but not when it is merely negligent or accidental. Oakley v. Lasater, 172 N. C., 96; Weathers v. Baldwin, 183 N. C., 276; Coble v. Medley, 186 N. C., 479; Short v. Kaltman, 192 N. C., 154; Braxton v. Matthews, 199 N. C., 484.

The verdict establishes the fact that the defendant’s conduct was not wilful and wanton; but it is provided by statute that the defendant may be arrested in a suit for damages founded on a cause of action *648 not arising ont of contract “where be is not a resident of the State.” C. S., 768. The validity of this provision, which is the basis of the plaintiff’s action, is assailed and denounced by the defendant. It will be observed, therefore, that the controversy is reduced to the single question whether a defendant who in this State has negligently injured the person of another can be subjected to proceedings in arrest and bail on the sole ground that at the time of the injury he was a nonresident of North Carolina; and this question involves the constitutionality of the contested clause of the statute.

The Constitution of the United States provides that the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states, and that no State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. Article IY, sec. 2; Amendment XIY, sec. 1.

The first of these provisions was designed to protect persons who were citizens of one of the States; it did not apply to citizens of the United States resident in an organized or unorganized territory of the United States. Estate of Johnson, 96 A. S. R., 161. The Fourteenth Amendment provided for the latter contingency. The clause quoted from Article IY, sec. 2, does not operate as a limitation of the authority of a State over its own citizens. Cole v. Cunningham, 133 U. S., 107, 33 L. Ed., 538; Brown v. New Jersey, 175 U. S., 172, 44 L. Ed., 119. As to citizens of this State the limitation is prescribed by Article I, sec. 7, of the Constitution of North Carolina prohibiting the grant of exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges but in consideration of public services; but in the second section of Article IY there is no limitation upon the right of a State to confer such immunities and privileges upon its own citizens as it may deem fit. “The clause of the Constitution under consideration is protective merely, not destructive, nor yet even restrictive. Over and over again has the highest court of the United States so construed this provision. Thus in the Slaughterhouse cases, 16 Wall., 36, it is said: ‘The constitutional provision there alluded to did not create those rights which it called privileges and immunities of citizens of the states. . . . Nor did it profess to control the power of the state governments over the rights of its own citizens. Its sole purpose was to declare to the several states that whatever rights, as you grant or establish them to your own citizens, or as you limit or qualify or impose restrictions on their exercise, the same, neither more nor less, shall be the measure of the rights of citizens of other states within your jurisdiction.’ ” In the interpretation of these and similar provisions it is generally held that when a State undertakes to impose a burden upon citizens of other states not imposed upon its own citizens *649 such effort is void and the discrimination is of no effect. Estate of Johnson, supra; Black v. McClung, 172 U. S., 239, 43 L. Ed., 432.

In Conner v. Elliot, 18 Howard, 593, 15 L. Ed., 497, it was said to be safer and more in accordance with the duty of a judicial tribunal to leave the meaning of the words “privileges and immunities” to be determined in each case upon a view of the particular rights therein asserted and denied', but the term has been defined with sufficient accuracy to justify its application to the facts in this case. The courts have generally accepted and followed the definition given by Washington, Circuit Justice, in Corfield v. Coryell, 4 Wash. C. C., 371, 6 Fed. Cases, 546. He observed in the course of his opinion that Article IY, section 2, relates to privileges and immunities which are fundamental in their nature; which belong of right to the citizens of all free governments; and which have at all times been enjoyed by the citizens of the several states from the time of their becoming free, independent, and sovereign. Among these principles he enumerated protection by the government, the enjoyment of life and liberty, and the right of a citizen of one state to pass through or reside in any other state, remarking that the clause referred to was calculated “the better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different states.” Similarly the purpose and scope of the clause were pointed out in Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wallace, 168, 19 L. Ed., 357: “It was undoubtedly the object of the clause in question to place the citizens of each state upon the same footing with citizens of other states, so far as the advantages resulting from citizenship in those states are concerned. It relieves them from the disabilities of alienage in other states; it inhibits discriminating legislation against them by other states; it gives them the right of free ingress into other states, and egress from them; it insures to them in other states the same freedom possessed by the citizens of those states in the acquisition and enjoyment of property and in the pursuit of happiness; and it secures to them in other states the equal protection of their laws.”

It is obviously the purpose of this clause of the Constitution to confer upon citizens of the several states the privileges and immunities which citizens of the same State should be entitled to under similar circumstances, including the right of traveling in any other state subject, of course, to the laws applicable to its own citizens. Commonwealth v. Milton, 54 A. D., 522, 529. An Ohio statute made the nonresidence of a debtor a ground of arrest in a civil action; but in its interpretation the Court confined the operation of the statute to persons other than citizens of the United States, holding that the arrest of a citizen of another state for nonresidence only would be a violation of the Federal Constitution. Morrow v. Finch, 1 Ohio Dec. (Reprint), 7 Wes. Law Journal, 144.

*650 A nonresident of tbe State may be arrested bere in a civil action in like manner with a resident for sufficient cause (C. S., 768 et seq.) ; but be may not be arrested and beld to bail in a civil action instituted in this State for no cause other tban tbat of bis nonresidence. For mere negligent injury to tbe person a resident of North Carolina is not subject to tbe provisional remedy of arrest and bail; to subject a nonresident to liability on tbe sole ground of bis nonresidence would transgress bis right of free ingress and egress and would abrogate bis constitutional guaranty of immunity.

No error.

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