United States v. Ray’s Empirical Analysis
21 F.3d 1134 · 1994
Citation profile
27 federal appellate ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 38 later decisions — most recently May 2021 · most notably United States of America v. Aaron Ferguson (2000), United States v. Wolfe (2001)
27 federal appellate ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 2113 · 18 U.S.C. § 924 · 28 U.S.C. § 294
Relies on Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder · County Court of Ulster Cty. v. Allen · Smith v. United States · Chapman v. United States · Ratzlaf et Ux United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 38 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[I]f a defendant has the capacity to murder, if he possesses a firearm or some other device capable of killing, during the commission of the robbery, and threatens someone with it, he has used that weapon or device to put lives in jeopardy and is therefore guilty of violating § 2113(d).”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“evidence that the defendant had a gun in his pocket but did not display it, or refer to it, could nevertheless support a conviction for 'carrying' a firearm”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“approves precisely the kind of speculating which jurors should not do and courts should not permit much less encourage them to do.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.