majority">Roberts, J.

This is an indictment for malicious mischief under 714th Article of the Penal Code, which reads as follows, to-wit:

“ Art. 714. If any person shall wilfully and wantonly kill, maim, wound, poison, or cruelly and unmercifully beat and abuse any dumb animal—such as is enumerated in the preceding Article—he shall be fined, not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars.”

The enumeration in the preceding Article is as follows: *749“Any horse, gelding, mare, jack, jinny, colt, cattle, sheep, goat, swine, or dog, of another.”

The indictment charges that the defendant “ wilfully and wantonly did maim, wound, and cruelly, and unmercifully beat and abuse one swine, a dumb animal, then and there being

the property of-, against the peace,” &c. ; omitting the name of the owner of the animal.

The question is, must it be made to appear in the indictment that the animal abused is not the property of the defendant ?

If the quality, of its being the property “ of another,” be applied to the last Section, as well as to the preceding, that settles the question. But if it cannot be so construed, then it is necessary to regard the last Article in connection with its general objects, and with the other Articles which bear a relation to it. The object of the preceding Article (713) is designed to reach the wicked malignity and spite, which may be harbored against the owner, which dastardly vents itself upon his dumb animal, because it belongs to him. Its punishment may be ten times the amount of the injury. The next Article, (714,) which imposes a much lighter punishment, is intended to prevent wanton cruelty to such animals of another though the trespasser may not inflict it through grudge to the owner, or if it exist, it cannot be proven. Or it is intended to prevent wanton cruelty to such animal, whether inflicted by the owner or another, as a humane protection to the dumb animal. It is legitimate to consider what was the idea of malicious mischief before the adoption of the Penal Code as a means of interpreting what was meant by this Article. At Common Law, it was “any malicious or mischievous injury, either to the rights of another, or to those of the public in general.” (Wh. A. C. L. 2202.) However general and unsatisfactory such a definition may be, it serves to point out that it must be the property of another. Cruelty *750to animals by the owner had to be attended with such enormity and publicity, as to amount to a nuisance, or something in the nature of a nuisance, before it was treated as an offence; and, therefore, it did not fill the idea of malicious mischief, although the mere act of cruelty might be the same so far as the animal was concerned. (U. S. v. Logan, Cranch C. C. R. 279 ; U. S. v. Jackson, 4 Ib. 483.)

Our previous Statutes carried out the Common Law idea of malicious mischief by adopting in the Criminal Law two Sections, similar to those Articles in the Code, (713, 714,) in both of which, the animal injured was expressly required to be the property of another, the only difference between them, as to the character of the offences, being as to the intention to injure the owner. In one, such intention was a necessary ingredient in the offence, in the other not. (Hart. Dig. Art. 520 and 560.)

This Article (714) is to be found under the general title in the Code, “ Of offences against property other than Slaves,” and in a Chapter, headed “ Malicious Mischief.” In several of the Articles of that Chapter the words “ the property of another,” must necessarily be supplied by intendment. As the intentionally pulling or tearing down any wire, post, Ac., of a telegraph, &c., in Art. 710. As wilfully and mischievously injuring or destroying any growing fruit, corn, grain, &e., in Art. 716.

The object of this title in the Code is to protect property by the penal sanctions of the law. The notion of protection of property is always associated with the idea of its possible injury by another not the owner. The owner’s inducement to protect it, is strong enough usually, without the aid of compulsion. If we must supply the words “ the property of another,” in other articles, as it is obvious must be done, why not also supply them in this; should we construe them to have been omitted. It cannot be, from the existence of any known evil in this country, which would require a change of our for*751mer laws, so as to protect them from the cruelty of their owners. For such does not exist here, except as an accidental.^ occurrence.

Again, the Article, last quoted, contains an implied legislative construction, as to what was the object of this Chapter by the use of the word mischievous in connection with fruit, corn, &c. ; from which it is deducible plainly that their idea of malicious mischief, like that of our previous laws, written and unwritten, necessarily connected itself with and imported the injury of the property of another.

It is not the policy of the law, in this country, to establish an espionage over the domestic concerns, by which every intermeddling, malicious neighbor may have an excuse, on the ground of humanity, to thrust his own ideas of propriety or morality into the private affairs of others around him. The encouragement it would give to make humanity the cloak of malice and envy, would be a worse evil, by producing dissentions in the community, than any amount of cruelty to dumb animals, known to exist. Our slaves are protected from the cruelty of masters by law, because they are persons as well as property. All other property in animals is wisely left to the sufficient protection of self-interest of the owner, and the prevalent moral sentiment on that subject.

We think, therefore, that this indictment is defective in not showing that the swine was the property of some other person, and not that of the person inflicting the injury.

Judgment affirmed.

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