majority">White, Presiding Judge.

This is a companion case to that of M. M. Smith, just decided, and grew out of the same transaction.

In each of these cases the sufficiency of the indictment is attacked with regard to the averment of want of consent to the taking of the cattle. Five of the cattle are alleged to be of the property of Eugene Trammell, and eight of W. A. Trammell. Now, the averment of want of consent is as follows: “Without the consent of the said owners.” Upon this point we copy from the opinion of Judge Hurt in Jim Smith’s case, where the same question came up for review. He says: “It is urged by counsel for defendant that this is not sufficient, because each owner’s consent is not denied. This criticism is j ust, but, under the allegations of this indictment, is it essential to the sufficiency of the indictment for the consent of each to the taking of all the cattle to be denied? It is not alleged that Eugene Trammell owned, controlled, or had possession of the eighteen head of cattle, nor that W, A. Trammell managed, controlled, or had possession of the *136five head. There was no authority in Eugene to give defendant or anyone else his consent, to take the eight head, or any part thereof. The fact that they were running together, when taken, certainly would confer no such authority. The observations ap- ' ply with equal force to the authority of W. A. to give consent to the taking of the five head, the property of Eugene. This is not a case in which there is joint possession and ownership.” The allegation of want of consent is therefore sufficient.

The first bill of exceptions is explained by the judge, and from his explanation the evidence objected to, appears to have been expressly withdrawn by him from the jury. If it had not been withdrawn we are of opinion it was admissible as evidence, it being part of the res gestee of the transaction, and a declaration of one of the co-conspirators pertinent to the transaction.

The second bill of exceptions was taken to the admission of the testimony of the witness Guyger to the fact that, on the sixteenth of July, he saw Tom Saunders and Willis Brooks driving ten or fifteen head of cattle, about a quarter of a mile from Buckner’s crossing on the Brazos. This matter is similarly presented and fully discussed in M. M. Smith’s case, and for the reasons therein stated we hold the evidence was admissible.

The third bill of exceptions as explained by the judge shows no error. It was legitimate to permit the witness Kenyon to testify that M. M. Smith, one of the conspirators, told witness that he had thirty or more head of cattle out west. The evidence threw light upon a subsequent portion of the transaction; and, besides, it is not manifest that, at the time of these statements to the witness, the conspiracy did not already exist, with defendant. But suppose it did not then exist, so far as defendant was concerned, yet, if afterwards he came into it, and adopted the conspiracy as formed by other parties, he would be bound by the conspiracy as adopted; which seems to have been to steal some thirty odd head of cattle. This defendant was the party- to whom M. M. Smith executed his power of attorney to go out west and gather the cattle.

Under the explanation given by the judge there is no merit shown in the matter stated in the fourth bill of exceptions.

The fifth bill of exceptions was reserved to supposed errors in the charge of the court, and more especially to the third paragraph, which was as follows, viz: “If you believe from the evidence that the defendant, Dave Smith, at or about the time, and in the county alleged, wilfully took into his possession the *137said cattle, and removed the same from their accustomed range, without the consent of the alleged owner, and with intent to defraud the said owner; and if, moreover, you believe from the evidence that the said cattle were not, at the time of such removal, the property of the defendant, but were in fact the property of the parties charged in the indictment to have been the owners, you will, if you so believe and find, find the defendant guilty of theft, and assess his punishment at confinement in the penitentiary not less than two nor more than five years; or you may assess the punishment at a fine in any sum not exceeding one thousand dollars; or you may, in your discretion, assess both such fine and imprisonment.” This charge was based upon Article 749 of the Penal Code, which denounces a wilful driving of stock from its accustomed range, under the conditions stated in the Article, to be theft.

It is contended that the charge was not warranted under the allegations of the indictment in this case, which was one in the ordinary form for theft. Thjs whole subject was recently discussed by us fully in the case of Foster v. The State, recently decided, wherein it was held that the crime denounced by Article 749 of the code was a lesser degree of theft, containing all the elements of theft; and that it was not only legitimate, but,”if the facts warranted, it was the duty of the court to charge the law of this Article under an indictment charging theft of animals in the ordinary form. There was no error in the court charging as above in this case; it was. a charge favorable to defendant.

As a whole, the charge is unobjectionable in its presentation of the law of this case. Mo additional instructions were requested for defendant. We have been unable to find any such error in the record as requires that this judgment should be reversed, and it is therefore affirmed.

Affirmed.

Dissenting Opinion of Hurt, J.

Hurt, Judge.

This is a conviction for theft of cattle, the property of Eugene Trammell and W. A. Trammell, being a companion case to that of Jim Smith v. The State, decided at a former day of this term; M. M. Smith, Jim Smith, Dave Smith, Tom Saunders, and Frank Saunders being indicted jointly.

In the case of Jim Smith we gave our views in full, first, upon *138the sufficiency of the indictment; and second, upon the acts and declarations of Bud Taylor and M. M. Smith, holding that they, the acts and declarations, were competent evidence, notwithstanding Jim Smith was not present, nor had he, when the acts and declarations were committed and made, entered into the conspiracy.

We also gave our views upon the competency of the fact that Willis Brooks and Tom Saunders were seen by Guyger in possesion of, and driving a bunch of cattle towards Weatherford. This transaction is minutely described in the opinion in Jim Smith’s case. Under the facts of that case, the writer held that this transaction was not competent evidence against Jim Smith, and there being no material difference in that and this case, turning upon the competency of this transaction, he must hold it incompetent evidence in this case.

The indictment alleges the commission of certain acts, committed with certain intents, such acts so committed being declared by Article 724 Penal Code to be theft. And by reason of the fact that the indictment charges against the defendant the commission of the certain acts, with certain intents, this indictment is held sufficient, because it informs defendant of the acts denounced by law to be an offense in plain and intelligible language. Acts and omissions constitute offenses, and no.t names. ■ -

The learned judge, notwithstanding the fact that this indictment is as silent as the grave with reference thereto, charged the jury, in substance, that if the defendant wilfully took into possession, and drove, used, or removed from their accustomed range, tho cattle in question, without the consent of the owner, and with intent to defraud the owner thereof, they should find him guilty,—instructing them to assess the punishment fixed by Article 749 Penal Code.

If the elements composing the offense called theft in Article 749 be the same as those set out in the indictment and called theft in Article 724, then there was no error in giving this charge, for things equal to the same thing are equal to each other.

Again, if the acts charged in the indictment included each and every act mentioned in Article 749, there is no wrong done defendant by this charge. But is this true? Let us take one clause of the sentence: “ or remove from its accustomed range.” Now, most evidently, to convict of this offense, the other ingredients being conceded, the State, by indictment, must allege *139that the stóck was “removed from its accustomed range,” and the State must prove this allegation. Here we find an issue of fact presented, to-wit: “the accustomed range” of the stock; hence there must be proof that the stock had an accustomed range; and unless this proof is made by the State, a conviction could not be had under this clause. The indictment having informed him that the stock was removed from its accustomed range, which information is absolutely essential to the sufficiency of the indictment, he came prepared to meet that issue. How? By contesting the sufficiency of the State’s proof, either with or without evidence on his part; and if the State fails to establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the stock had an accustomed range from which to be removed, the accused would in law and in justice be entitled to an acquittal.

We find, therefore,- that this is a matter of vital importance. Did the stock have an accustomed range is a fact of such transcendant importance that the conviction of the accused may depend upon this fact alone not being proved; for it may be the only fact in the case not established by the State, and hence an acquittal would follow.

Again, the stock when taken into possession must be removed from its accustomed range. It may be removed; this will not suffice unless removed from—beyond—its accustomed range. Here we also find an issue of fact as important as the first, and to which the same observations apply. Now are these or either of these issues of fact tendered to the defendant by the indictment in this case? No lawyer will so assert.

But it may be urged that these acts (contained in Article 749) are made, yea, called theft. Acts constituting embezzlement, and acts constituting swindling, may properly be called theft. The name of the offense has nothing to do with the question, it being one of pleading and proof. Acts and omissions—not names—constitute offenses, and they must be alleged in plain and intelligible language. And here let us suppose that the code makers had declared that the acts which constitute embezzlement should be theft, calling them such, or that the acts constituting swindling should be deemed theft.- would it be contended by any person at all familiar with criminal pleading that an indictment drawn under Article 7M Penal Code, alleging the acts therein contained, and no others, would be sufficient to admit proof of the acts constituting embezzlement or those composing swindling? I think not.

*140Opinion delivered March 23, 1886.

As the punishment is assessed at confinement in the penitentiary for four years, which is consistent with the offense charged in the indictment, as well as that prescribed in Article 749, and as the verdict does not determine of which acts defendant is found guilty, this matter becomes of very great importance, for, if convicted under Article 749, the conviction is fatally erroneous because not supported by allegation.

Because the court erred in admitting in evidence, over objection of defendant, the transaction relating to the bunch of cattle seen in possession of Brooks and Saunders, and because of the error in the charge of the court discussed above, the judgment should, in my opinion, be reversed and the cause remanded.

Affirmed.

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