21 Va. App. 156 - Commonwealth v. Spencer’s Empirical Analysis
1995
Citation profile
14
cited by 14 later decisions
1
states following
August 2009
most recently cited
10 state decisions
Relationships
Relies on Delaware v. Prouse · United States v. Sokolow · 12 Va. App. 1066 - Commonwealth v. Grimstead · Zimmerman v. Commonwealth · 19 Va. App. 437 - Logan v. Commonwealth
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 14 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[T]he... officers knew that other cities and counties in the state do not require decals. Until the officers confirmed where the vehicle was registered, no specific and objective facts indicated that appellee’s vehicle was violating a local ordinance requiring a city or county decal. Although the City of Richmond requires decals and the car was being driven in Richmond, the lack of a city or county decal, without more, was insufficient to justify this stop of the vehicle.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“benefit gained from stopping individual vehicles without decals is marginal when compared to the constitutional rights of drivers and their passengers who are seized.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.