¶1 The defendant’s motions that each of the indictments be quashed, and that judgment on each of the convictions be arrested, on the ground that the indictments were fatally defective, for that it did not appear by an endorsement of the foreman of the grand jury that any person whose name appeared on the back of the bill of indictment *585 as a witness for the State, bad been sworn and bad testified before the grand jury, were properly denied.
¶2 The absence of such endorsement was not sufficient to overcome the presumption of the validity of the indictment arising from its return by the grand jury as a “true bill.” S. v. Lanier, 90 N. C., 714. No evidence was offered by the defendant in support of his motion. S. v. Sultan, 142 N. C., 569, 54 S. E., 841. The provisions of C. S., 2336, with respect to the duty of the foreman of the grand jury, are directory, and not mandatory. S. v. Avant, 202 N. C., 680, 163 S. E., 806.
¶3 Defendant’s assignments of error based upon exceptions to the charge of the court to the jury cannot be sustained. There was no error in the charge. See S. v. Lancaster, 208 N. C., 349, 180 S. E., 577. The judgments are affirmed.
¶4 No error.